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This paper proposes a distinctive strategic model (Strategic Confrontational and Collaborative Interaction Model [SCCIM]) for nonprofit organizations acting within the business ecosystem. The SCCIM maps both confrontational and collaborative strategies and tactics, thus accommodating the extensive range of nonprofit interaction alternatives toward business. Whereas confrontational and collaborative methods are well researched in the nonprofit-political realm, a comprehensive overview of these nonprofit strategies in the economic sphere is currently lacking. This research builds on both the business management and social movement literature, extending existing approaches via case analysis with a nonprofit-centric perspective, leveraging stakeholder theory. The resulting encompassing model provides a theoretical framework that may generate alternative insights for further academic research in nonprofit–business interaction. In addition, the SCCIM may be leveraged as a tool for practitioners: first, to enhance nonprofits' strategies and tactics toward business, and second, to optimize the impact of the chosen interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The future of work is constantly evolving and changing, making it increasingly challenging for businesses to anticipate and respond to these changes. Strategic foresight, the process of systematically exploring the future to identify and understand potential opportunities and threats, has become an essential tool for organisations that want to remain competitive and adapt to the changing nature of work. This paper focuses on the futures triangle tool, a widely used strategic foresight tool, and provides examples of how it can be used by organisations to prepare for the future of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the main trends in private voluntary initiatives about corporate social responsibility. Evolution of public discourse into a stylized debate that tends to focus on a particular facet of multinational economic behavior; Analysis of how companies address the concept of labor rights and problems; Trend towards voluntary self-regulation.

Entrepreneurship is regarded by policy makers and politicians as an accelerant for economic development. Economic geography demonstrates that rather than stimulating entrepreneurship in general, policy makers should support specific forms of entrepreneurship that fuel wider growth. The paper's original contribution is to insist that entrepreneurship research must also explore less growth-oriented, but crucially very widespread, forms of entrepreneurial activity. The paper therefore places solo self-employment – the self-employed without employees – centre stage as an exemplar of this trend. Research is presented on private tutors who run businesses from home, offering children one-to-one tuition in the burgeoning supplementary education industry. The paper scrutinises the causes, configuration and consequences of such solo self-employment as an economically marginal, but numerically dominant, form of entrepreneurship. In so doing, it makes three conceptual advances in the exploration of heterogeneous entrepreneurship. First, in examining why individuals become self-employed, the paper moves beyond classic efforts to understand entrepreneurship through binary push/pull mechanisms in models of occupational choice. Instead, the analysis demonstrates the importance of risk in entrepreneurship and paid employment, highlighting the multiple pathways into solo self-employment as opportunities and constraints coalesce in individual's lives. Secondly, in considering how the solo self-employed think about business, the research breaks through conventional definitions of entrepreneurship to demonstrate that solo self-employment involves a distinctively entrepreneurial subjectivity and practices. Thirdly, by investigating the consequences of solo self-employment, the findings transcend dualist interpretations of self-employment as the realm of entrepreneurial wealth or economic precarity, highlighting instead a security–precarity continuum in immediate and long-term outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries in the Global South are particularly vulnerable to social and political violence. This paper suggests that such violence makes certain recalcitrant economic interests more open to taxes and spending on social welfare. Using results from a survey experiment of business owners and operators in Mexico, we show that relative to more innocuous institutional weaknesses, concerns over violence generally increase support for anti-poverty spending and decrease support for tax cuts. To build a theory, we explore heterogeneous effects and textual data. The findings suggest that business interests see anti-poverty spending as a tool for shoring up costs of violence in consumer markets, with some leaders even extending support to welfare-enhancing taxes. However, violence can create challenges in labor markets that increase operational costs, leading some business interests to resist tax policies that ask them to help fund social programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite numerous promises and pledges at national and international levels to confront what many acknowledge as a crisis, illegal trade in wild plants and animals continues to grow and diversify. Empirical research conducted in Norway and Uganda from 2013 to 2015 indicates that despite the different circumstances in which law enforcement operates in the two countries, policing agents face a number of comparable challenges. Drawing on institutional theory the paper argues that decoupling, that is, gaps between official policies and daily work activities within the policing organizations, compromises enforcement in both countries. Challenges stem from conflicting demands, poor resources and want of guidelines that oblige officers to prioritize the control of illegal wildlife trade in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutical supply chain (PSC) consists of multiple stakeholders including raw material suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, regulatory authorities, pharmacies, hospitals, and patients. The complexity of product and transaction flows in PSC requires an effective traceability system to determine the current and all previous product ownerships. In addition, digitizing track and trace process provides significant benefit for regulatory oversight and ensures product safety. Blockchain-based drug traceability offers a potential solution to create a distributed shared data platform for an immutable, trustworthy, accountable and transparent system in the PSC. In this paper, we present an overview of product traceability issues in the PSC and envisage how blockchain technology can provide effective provenance, track and trace solution to mitigate counterfeit medications. We propose two potential blockchain based decentralized architectures, Hyperledger Fabric and Besu to meet critical requirements for drug traceability such as privacy, trust, transparency, security, authorization and authentication, and scalability. We propose, discuss, and compare two potential blockchain architectures for drug traceability. We identify and discuss several open research challenges related to the application of blockchain technology for drug traceability. The proposed blockchain architectures provide a valuable roadmap for Health Informatics researchers to build and deploy an end-to-end solution for the pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wacquant's territorial stigmatization concept asserts that state/private actors mobilize discourses of stigmatization about specific areas in a city in order to legitimize spatial solutions in an attempt to solve complex political-economic problems. Unlike conventional studies of territorial stigmatization which delineate the concept between the production of stigma from 'above' and the resistance of stigma from 'below,' this paper contributes the concept of territorial stigmatization from the 'middle'. Given their conceptualization as key players in the urban assemblage, we specifically examine how Business Improvement Areas (also known as Business Improvement Districts in the U.S) negotiate territorial stigmatization throughout the neighbourhood revitalization process. We highlight Business Improvement Areas' unique middle position by drawing on data collected from interviews, media articles, and urban planning reports in London Ontario's Old East Village over a fifteen-year period. In short, we find the use of territorial stigmatization by Business Improvement Areas is contingent upon their relationship within the urban assemblage (both actors from above and below). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to his theoretical expectations, Veblen provided various reasons as to why a revolutionary overturn by the technicians was a remote possibility in America. In contrast to the American engineers, the engineers of Turkey have constructed an engineering outlook commensurate with Veblen's abstract line of reasoning and participated in a political struggle against business interests. In this paper, using Veblen's cumulative causation methodology, a theoretical answer for the origin, growth, persistence, and variation of the anti-business engineering outlook in Turkey is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on Pacific Island business activity is relatively small. Acknowledging the dilemma associated with a statistical approach, progress can be achieved by employing a qualitative research approach. The paper discusses traditional talanoa as a method for collecting information about Pacific businesses. Talanoa is a popular and preferred means of communication that captures the traditions and protocols of the Pacific Islands. Its merits are discussed here alongside that of both formal and informal interviews. Much can be gained from the use of talanoa for research into the business and accounting practices of Pacific businesses, as written records capturing their experiences and practices are often not recorded. Such knowledge is entrenched in an oral history and in the stories of their journey. Based on talanoa sessions with Tongan businesses in Auckland New Zealand, the paper seeks to establish the appropriateness of talanoa as an alternative method for collecting information from Pacific Island people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrates how businesses employ their advertising to socially control and thus censor viewpoints they do not like. In 1970-71, when the University of Iowa student newspaper the Daily Iowan (DI) started advocating anti-Vietnam Wan feminist and antigovernment positions, businesses withdrew a substantial amount of advertising, which caused the newspaper to lose money. This led to internal pressure within the paper to change content and staff. The newspaper's board refused to let these pressures affect the newspaper's staff The study analyzes the paper's content, board minutes, and financial data as well as interviews former DI staff and Iowa City businessmen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to understand the motives and effects of landscape adjustment during a period of heightened security consciousness. In this paper, the authors review aspects of the fear-landscape nexus in relation to the environments of everyday life, past and present, with particular reference to three important themes-marginality, spectacle and surveillance. In so doing this paper charts these three themes and clarifies the terminology of fear in order to identify some of the complementary ground between this term and landscape construction and reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section presents abstracts of papers on city planning published from 2007 to 2008, including "Streets, Sounds and Identity in Inter-war Harlem," by Clare Corbould, "(Re)making the Other, Heterosexualising Everyday Space," by Kath Browne, and "Rankings and Reactivity: How Public Measures Recreate Social Worlds," by Wendy Nelson Espeland and Michael Sauder.

This paper explores the relevance of Bourdieu's 1980 spatial theorisation in Le Sens Pratique (The Logic of Practice 1990, Polity Press, Cambridge) for understanding intercity relations in contemporary globalisation—specifically, interdependencies between Castells's 'space of flows' and 'places' in advanced business services. Bourdieu's relational concepts are reviewed with reference to evidence from in-depth interviews with business actors in London and Frankfurt at the time of European Economic Monetary Union. The intention is to deepen understanding of emergent relations between the cities and, in so doing, to contribute to the reinterpretation of Bourdieu's input to geographical thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international (and, increasingly, global) nature of grocery retailing is promoting the need to consider developments across numerous markets in order to understand fully any given country's market characteristics. However, compared with the breadth of research on various aspects of UK grocery retailing, there is a relative paucity of work across the same range of topics and scales in European contexts (broad national-level comparisons excepted). The paper therefore extends work on UK retail change, assessing the extent of corresponding or diverging development trajectories elsewhere in Europe. Key indicators are used to map spatial variations in competition, saturation, and internationalization at a subnational scale. Inferences are made regarding likely patterns of future development through the identification of growth opportunities that may be exploited by organic expansion or merger-and-acquisition activity. Some speculative merger-and-acquisition scenarios are also considered, which suggest the validity of regulatory concerns over local competition and spatial monopoly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creative industries development has been underway in the city of Stoke-on-Trent for the past fifteen years. Two urban quarters, a creative industries network, 'design-led' regeneration initiatives, and live-work spaces for craft businesses are some of the main projects undertaken in this period. In the past year, this raft of developments has been augmented by a creative industries mapping exercise, and a subsequent funding bid that seeks to draw on UK government and European structural funds in order to act on the research findings, and to put their recommendations into operation. This paper reviews this process both in terms of the political, economic, social, cultural and spatial context of the city, and in terms of broader urban agendas. It provides something of a corrective to the rather 'rose-tinted' picture often drawn of the role and significance of the creative industries for future economic and cultural well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a new cultural economy and the social configuration of autonomy. This paper tries to define the general features of a new economy in capitalism by analyzing three basic elements. It explores some of the conceptual and methodological issues raised by the emergence of the new economy. Moreover, an examination of the nature and cultural location of the artistic work is given with a criticism on orthodox economics. The precarious nature of the spaces for autonomy opened up by the new economy is discussed.

Malta, with a population of circa 400,000 and no natural resources, has had to exploit every niche business opportunity to enhance its economic prosperity since gaining independence in 1964. In this respect, current endeavours are focused on the generic pharmaceuticals industry. This sector should form the foundation upon which to build a Mediterranean healthcare centre of excellence. This paper explains why generic pharmaceuticals manufacturers locating in Malta within the next few years will have a distinct competitive advantage. Timing holds the key to success in this fiercely competitive industry. Malta offers a unique blend: the Bolar exemption incorporated into patent legislation; the negligible number of patents registered; and its location between Southern European and North African markets. Together, these bestow the desired timing and attractive marketing opportunities for generics manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines key success factors for global and regional generics companies, including the ability to license in or acquire products. It explores the importance of business development deals to secure early, exclusive access to active pharmaceutical ingredients for patent challenges, as well as more profitable dose-form products that fuel growth. Further explanation of consolidation among global generics companies, and the limited number of independent, high-calibre active pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturers to support these companies, is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Users of compact smart products with small screens often have trouble learning the menu structure. If they cannot master the menu structure, users are not able to fully utilize the products. It is argued in this paper that using visual momentum in menu representation design helps users develop effective mental maps of menu structures and promotes learning of the user interface. To assess the effect of visual momentum in this study, four types of menu representations were developed. Additionally, two menu hierarchies, two types of function key layout, and two types of function key labeling were assessed to examine the effects of menu dimension and compatibility. Experimental results indicated that participants using a partial menu map with visual momentum design performed the best, and participants using a partial menu map without visual momentum performed the poorest, even worse than those-using command-only representation. The results also showed that the menu navigation problem appeared to be particularly significant with a deep menu hierarchy. Actual or potential applications of this research include menu representation design for compact smart products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a comparative perspective of pathways to entrepreneurship among Hispanic (mostly Mexican), Korean, non-Hispanic white, and Middle-Eastern/South-Asian entrepreneurs to identify common and unique circumstances conducive to business ownership. A stratified random sample business survey conducted in an immigrant neighborhood in Chicago is analyzed, to determine whether employment in a co-ethnic firm and informal self-employment serve as a stepladder to business ownership. The blocked mobility hypothesis is examined by considering self-reports about reasons for becoming self-employed. Results show that the informal economy is a common pathway to steady self-employment for Hispanics, whereas entry through employment in a co-ethnic firm was more common among Koreans than immigrants from Mexico, the Middle East, and South Asia. Koreans see business ownership as a way to overcome blocked mobility, but virtually all desire their offspring to acquire good jobs in the open labor market. For Hispanics, business ownership is not solely an instrument for overcoming discrimination, but rather a strategy for intergenerational mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter is about a very old question that is thrown up again in discussion related to ANT. Do orders have necessary limits to what can belong to them? It is possible to read ANT as containing or demanding a moral commitment to the inclusion of the disenfranchised. It can often seem to be in the business of giving credit where credit is due, spreading recognition to even the most unexpected quarters. To sustain itself such a morality would depend on the possibility of infinite inclusion. By identifying this picture of 'belonging-by-assemblage' and its traditional counterpart 'belonging-by-banishment' and by finding both at play within ANT, the paper argues that ANT is an ethical rather than a moral enterprise, bringing the unanswered question of the nature of belonging to bear across domains, rather than approaching each domain with a 'cookie-cutter' moral formula. The disturbing 'unsecuring' of belonging that ANT involves continues within the philosophical tradition ANT trades on and contributes to in the form of an abiding controversy over the place of the natural world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I report the results of a study of the directors of twenty large retail companies as a contribution to the delineation of the morphology of the British business elite. Although some studies of the business elite have examined the characteristics of elite members in different business sectors (i.e. finance versus industry) or have hinted at differences related to specific types of activity, such as brewing, shipping and oil, the systematic study of the commercial elite has largely been neglected.[2] Many of the studies in this field have either not been concerned to distinguish between industrial and commercial companies or have been inhibited in their generalisations because of the small number of retail concerns present in their samples. Paradoxically, we probably know more about the men who inhabit the arcane world of the City than we do of those whose names can be found in almost every urban high-street. Nevertheless, there is some evidence to suggest that the retail sector is to some extent the Cinderella of the business elite, characterised by a relatively plebeian leadership and a low level of integration with other sectors through the mechanism of interlocking directorships.[3] Here we will explore in greater depth the extent to which this characterisation is valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the sources of political consensus between major industries in the American economy, employing data on campaign contributions of corporate political action committees in the 1980 Congressional elections. Drawing on elements of the resource dependence and social class models of intercorpoorate relations, we examine the effects of volume of transactions between industries, the economic leverage of one industry over another, and interlocking directorates, on the similarity of contributions between dyads created by fourteen major industries. Volume of transactions is negatively related to consensus, as are direct interindustry officer interlocks. However, economic leverage between industries is associated with increased consensus, suggesting the importance of this variable as a source of conflict resolution within the business community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies some new research issues and sketches out some new research questions for education policy and leadership researchers as a response to ongoing changes in the landscape of English education policy. Three interrelated issues are considered: leadership, values and interests, and ownership. It argues for the need to ask new research questions and also to look in different places for answers to these questions and suggests that researchers need to acquire new research skills and sensibilities, in particular forms of business and financial analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]