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Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has been linked to a number of long-term problems caused by diabetes mellitus. Inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways contribute to DN development and progression. Many studies have shown the preventive advantages of diets rich in substances like antiinflammatory and antioxidant elements like omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) in preventing DN. Milkfish (Chanos chanos F.), patin (Pangasius micronema Blkr.), and snakehead fish (Chana striata Bloch) are fish oils which are known to contain n-3 FA. This study aims to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of three types of fish oils in a rat model of diabetes mellitus. Thirty male rats were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into six groups (n = 5): the non-diabetic group, the diabetes mellitus group, the diabetic with 150 mg/kg metformin orally group, the diabetic with 1000 mg/kg milkfish oil orally group, the diabetic with 1000 mg/kg patin fish oil orally group, and the diabetic with 1000 mg/kg snakehead fish oil orally group. Diabetes models were induced using 65 mg/kg streptozotocin and 230 mg/kg nicotinamide intraperitoneally. The test was carried out for 8 weeks, followed by the observation of the biochemical profiles of blood, urine, oxidative stress, and the immunohistochemistry of the kidneys. A normally and homogeneously distributed test followed by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the LSD post hoc test were used to analyse data at P 0.05. The results showed that serum creatinine levels did not differ significantly after the administration of milkfish, catfish, and snakehead fish oil for 8 weeks (p≥0.05). Different results were shown where the levels of serum BUN, uric acid, urine urea, and microalbumin urine were significantly different after administration of the three types of fish oil (p≤0.05). The same results were shown in oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde) and inflammation (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) profiles (p≤0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine system and metabolic disorder caused by defects in insulin secretion and action. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae) are often used in anti-diabetic medicine due to their high polyphenol contents. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the role of phytochemical compounds in S cumini as traditional antidiabetic medicinal plants. The review covers related articles on antidiabetic AND S cumini AND phytochemicals OR bioactive compounds. The examined articles were published from 2001 to January 2023. Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar were utilized as the bibliographic databases in this systematic search. The inclusion criteria include articles written in English that describe experimental research, clinical trials, and randomized studies and articles containing phytochemical content profiling. The exclusion criteria were other types of reports such as literature reviews, conference articles, theses, dissertations, and cases that were irrelevant to the topic. The reporting item guidelines used for references in this review were the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Center for Systematic Reviews for Laboratory Animal Experiments (SYRCLE) risk of bias (RoB) tool. By the systematic compensation used, 15 articles that meet the requirements were obtained and were further reviewed thoroughly. Seeds, leaves, and bark of plant parts were reported to be non-toxic in acute experiments on mice or rats. S. cumini contains flavonol glycosides, especially myricetin, myricitrin, quercetin, and kaempferol; phenolics, such as ellagic acid, tannins, and gallic acid; alkaloids; and saponins. These compounds contributions to the overall anti-diabetic activity were discussed by covering an increase of insulin sensitivity, secretion, and usage of glucose in tissues; thereby reducing insulin resistance, oxidative stress, gluconeogenesis, and absorption of carbohydrates and sucrose. In conclusion, the review confirmed that the compounds of S. cumini have a potential for treating diabetes mellitus. Specifically, the seeds and leaves of S. cumini have a high potential as antidiabetic herbal product, and thus making it crucial to find the research gap to support the development of this herbal compound by establishing preclinical and clinical trials and reliable analytical methods for phytochemical profiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of diabetes mellitus (DM) cases has increased, and Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson is recognized for treating DM. Despite publications on T. crispa as an antidiabetic, there were no bibliometric reports on this topic. Thus, this study aimed to conduct bibliometric studies of existing articles on the preclinical trials of T. crispa in DM management. We used Scopus to obtain a bibliographic database of primary research related to the topic. There were 24 selected publications between 1989 and 2019. We analyzed data with VOSviewer 1.6.16. Malaysia, John Radcliffe Hospital (United Kingdom), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Hamdan Noor, and Stephen J.H. Ashcroft (John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom) were the most impactful country, institution, source, and author, respectively. This plant is promising for treating DM, meanwhile, there were case studies of harmful effects on the gastrointestinal tract and liver. The majority and diverse fields of this topic were phytochemistry and pharmacology. Our findings strengthen research collaboration and identify research gaps required for herbal medicine applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) is highly prevalent in diabetic patients, significantly diminishes the patient's quality of life, and has no definitive therapy currently. Based on the basic pathology of DPN, it's critical to restrict neuronal loss while also promoting neuron regeneration. As a peripheral regenerating cell, diabetic Schwann cells (SC) tend to have a low rate of cell proliferation and regeneration capacity. DLBS1033N, a protein hydrolysate obtained from Lumbricus rubellus, has been confirmed to promote Schwann cell line RSC96 growth and survival by inducting Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) expression via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. This pathway primarily contributes to SC proliferation and migration during the peripheral regeneration process. Herein, the contribution of DLBS1033N to peripheral regeneration in high-glucose (50mM)-induced rat Schwann cell line RSC96 injury, a well-known DPN in vitro cell model, was evaluated. RSC96 were treated with high glucose (50mM) with or without DLBS1033N 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL for 24, 48, and 72 h. MTS assay kit were used to evaluate cell viability. The results showed that DLBS1033N significantly improved cell proliferation in 48 h incubation time in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the scratch assay confirmed that DLBS1033N significantly increased cell migration at a concentration of 100 µg/ml by 19% for 48 H incubation (p < 0.05). In conclusion, DLBS1033N enhanced peripheral regeneration which can be used as an effective and promising DPN treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is one of the biggest causes of death after cardiovascular diseases. Alkaloid content of awar-awar leaf extract (Ficus septica Burm. f.) is reported to exhibit cytotoxic activity in several cancer cells. This research aimed to identify the antiangiogenesis potential of awar-awar leaf extract on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken embryo induced by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Awar-awar leaf extract was obtained by the maceration method by using ethanol (70%). CAM was cultured in ex vivo and the angiogenesis was induced by bFGF. The CAM was treated with the extract at concentration of 13.00; 9.75; 6.50; and 3.25μg/mL. The observation was done macroscopically and microscopically. Macroscopic observation showed that the extract inhibited angiogenesis at the concentration of 13.00μg/mL (62.30%), 75 μg/mL (51.37%), 6.50 μg/mL (28.42%), and 3.25mg/mL (13.11%). At higher concentration of the extract, the growth of new blood vessels was decreased, indicated by the reduction in erythrocyte density, parallel blood vessel pattern, and cellular density of mesenchymal tissue. The statistical analysis showed that the inhibition of new blood vessels growth by the extract was in dose dependent manner (p<0.05). Here, we found that awar-awar leaf ethanolic extract showed antiangiogenesis activity in CAM of chicken embryo induced by bFGF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naringenin (NAR), a natural flavonoid aglycone of naringin has been extensively investigated for its pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor effects. However, its poor bioavailability has been identified as the single most important challenge in oral drug delivery. Based in this condition, it is used nanoencapsulation to increase the effectiveness of NAR as anticancer. The objectives of this research were to develop the formulation of NAR-loaded nanoparticles (NARNPs) as well as to evaluate its potential as anti-cancer against T47D breast cancer cells line. NARNPs is prepared through the method of ionic gelation, meanwhile its characteristic is evaluated through photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), and different scanning calorimeter (DSC). The result of MTT test and cellular uptake indicate that NARNPs increase cytotoxicity and internalization of NAR to the cells compared to that of free NAR. The result of qualitative apoptosis study using fluorescence microscope indicates that both free NAR and NARNPs were able to induce apoptosis. It can be conclude that Chitosan nanoparticles- TPP conjugates have the capability to encapsulate naringenin hence increase the cellular uptake and cytotoxcicity of naringenin against T47D cell line. NARNPs also could induce the apoptosis effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) contains phytosterol and the isoflavone daidzein, which are thought to have immunomodulatory activity. There have been no studies reporting on the immunomodulatory effects of bengkoang extract containing polar and semi-polar compounds, such as phytosterols and isoflavone-like compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of bengkoang extracts, including petroleum ether extract (PEE), methanol extract (ME), and the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of bengkoang, in vitro. The immunomodulatory effects of PEE, ME, and EAF of bengkoang were determined according to the phagocytic activity of macrophages based on phagocytosis of latex beads, lymphocyte proliferation, and detection of cytokine production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. Results: The phagocytic index and phagocytic capacity of ME, PEE, and EAF of bengkoang on macrophage cells were significantly increased (p < 0.05), whereas on lymphocyte proliferation, ME showed a trend of increasing activity (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the PEE effect showed a decreasing trend of activity, and the others had no significant effect on lymphocyte proliferation (p > 0.05), and ME of bengkoang enhanced the levels of the cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. In contrast, PEE and EAF of bengkoang decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels compared with the control group. All of the bengkoang extracts decrease the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In conclusion, this study showed that PEE, ME, and EAF of bengkoang could increase the non-specific immune response (phagocytic activity) but had a lesser effect on the specific immune response (lymphocyte proliferation). The ME of bengkoang acts as an immunostimulant by increasing the levels of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and decreasing those of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10. Further investigation of in vivo immunomodulatory effects is needed to determine its effect on systemically innate and adaptive immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non Steroid Anti-Inflammatory (NSAID) is one type of Anti- Inflammatory drug that is used to treat pain in patients of osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The use of NSAIDs can cause gastrointestinal side effects. To prevent the side effects, NSAIDs are prescribed in combination with gastroprotective agent (GPA). The aim of the study is to determine the factors considered in the GPA prescription by the doctors in patients who have risk factors for gastric disorder due to NSAIDs use. This study was performed using a cross-sectional observational design. The data were collected retrospectively during a period of January to December 2010. The subjects were OA and RA patients considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data included patient characteristics (gender, age, occupation, payment method, the primary diagnosis), prescription of NSAID, prescription of GPA, history of gastrointestinal disease, NSAID prescription with corticosteroids, prescription with antiplatelet. The data were processed descriptively and quantitatively, and analyzed statistically using chi-square and log. regression with 95% Confidence Interval. The results showed that there were correlation between some predictor factors with prescription of gastroprotective agent. These factors were women patient, patient age of ≥65 years, oxicam prescribing, diclofenac sodium prescribing, prescribing >1 type of NSAIDs, prescription of NSAID concomitant with corticosteroids, prescription of NSAID concomitant with antiplatelet, patients with history of gastrointestinal, prescribing NSAIDs with duration of = 3 months. Patient with a history of gastrointestinal disease was the most predictor influential factor, with OR (odds ratio) of 3.6 (95% CI: 2.79 - 4.66). Predictor factor of patients with a history of dyspepsia possessed the highest OR {OR=4,29 (CI 95%: 3.23– 5.7)}. It means that patients with a history of dyspepsia prescribed NSAIDs would have greater risk of 4.29 times to get GPA prescription than patients without a history of dyspepsia. Prescribing NSAIDs >1 DDD (defined daily dose) had p value of 0.777, which means there was no relationship between GPA prescription with NSAIDs >1 DDD prescription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent work focuses on the physical characterization and dissolution study of PGV-0 loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). The PGV-0 SNEDDS was prepared by spontaneous emulsification method using oleic acid, tween 20:labrasol (1:1) and polyethylene glycol 400. The zeta potential of the PGV-0 SNEDDS was -34.4±7.66 mv. The nanoemulsion of PGV-0 SNEDDS was thermodynamically stable with forming droplet oil containing PGV-0 in it and spherical. The dissolution result showed that the dissolution profile of SNEDDS PGV-0 was dissimilar with the PGV-0 powder in AGF and AIF. The PGV-0 SNEDDS was able to increase the dissolution significantly (p <0.05) compared with PGV-0 powder of 44.13% in AGF medium and 30.37% in AIF medium. It is concluded that SNEDDS formulation was able to improve the dissolution profile of PGV-0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]