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Gliomas are highly treatment refractory against immune checkpoint blockade, an immunotherapeutic modality that revolutionized therapy for many tumors. At the same time, technological innovation has dramatically accelerated the development of immunotherapeutic approaches such as personalized tumor-specific vaccine production, dendritic cell vaccine manufacture, patient-individual target selection and chimeric antigen receptor, and T cell receptor T cell manufacture. Here we review recent clinical and translational advances in glioma immunotherapy with a focus on targets and their cognate immune receptor derivates as well as concepts to improve intratumoral T cell effector functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advances in immunogenomics, the majority of tumor-specific antigens were found to be recognized by T helper cells (T H Cs). This observation led to the development of long epitope vaccines in various cancers. Mechanistically, we are still gaining a deeper understanding of the mode of action of T H Cs as precision antitumor agonists. Here, we discuss the specific cellular mechanisms of T H C functions in glioma immunology and contextualize current advances in anti-glioma vaccination exploiting T H Cs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]