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In the research, paper was successfully coated with curdlan and chitosan (CR/CH) coating solutions at different ratios (CR/CH ≈ 10:0, 8:2, 6:4, 5:5, 2:8, 4:6, 0:10% w/w). The novelty of this paper is in the use of combination of curdlan and chitosan, which led to a positive effect on the mechanical and water barrier properties. The tensile properties were improved when the ratio between polymers was 5:5. Coated papers were further investigated for their bursting strength, tear and bending resistance. Pure curdlan coating worsen the tensile and moisture properties and allowed to prepare the blend coatings with different amounts of chitosan. The equilibrium thickness of coatings as a function of curdlan content and tensile strength has shown a decrease in tensile strength. This has resulted in reduction of tensile strength especially at higher thickness. The resulting blend curdlan/chitosan coatings exhibited good water barrier and mechanical properties and could be used in many fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructured materials are difficult to prepare rapidly and at large scale. Melt-processed polymer-clay nanocomposites are an exception, but the clay content is typically below 5 wt%. An approach for manufacturing of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)/kaolinite nanocomposites is here demonstrated in pilot-scale by continuous production of hybrid nanopaper structures with thickness of around 100 μm. The colloidal nature of MFC suspensions disintegrated from chemical wood fiber pulp offers the possibility to add kaolinite clay platelet particles of nanoscale thickness. For initial lab scale optimization purposes, nanocomposite processing (dewatering, small particle retention etc) and characterization (mechanical properties, density etc) were investigated using a sheet former (Rapid Köthen). This was followed by a continuous fabrication of composite paper structures using a pilot-scale web former. Nanocomposite morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical properties were measured in uniaxial tension. The fire retardancy was evaluated by cone calorimetry. Inorganic hybrid composites with high content of in-plane oriented nanocellulose, nanoclay and wood fibers were successfully produced at pilot scale. Potential applications include fire retardant paperboard for semi structural applications and as reinforcement mats in molded thermoset biocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L.), is a potential alternative of natural wood fibers for biocomposite and pulp and paper industry. However, the average fiber length of kenaf is usually shorter than the critical length to be used for high quality biocomposite materials. Increasing fiber length and quality can diversify its application in fiber based industries. Gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) is an important plant growth regulator that is actively involved in cell elongation and other important physiological functions in plant growth, development and flowering. To investigate the effects of gibberellin on growth, morphology, and fiber quality, some selected cultivars of kenaf plants were treated with aqueous solution of varying concentrations of GA 3 . The effects on vegetative and reproductive growth were evaluated weekly for sixteen consecutive weeks and fiber morphology after harvesting at 18th week. Gibberellin treatment significantly reduced the vegetative growth in terms of stem diameter, leaf number, and leaf size but stimulated fiber elongation, resulted in a tall and slender plant with curled leaves. Gibberellin treatment also impaired reproductive growth by inhibiting floral initiation and development in all treated plants whereas the control plants were in its seed harvesting stage. This study provided novel insights into the effects of GA 3 in regulating vegetative and reproductive growth of kenaf as well as improving its fiber properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated mechanical properties of biocomposites developed from recycled polylactic acid (PLA) from packaging industry and treated cellulosic fibers from pulp and paper solid waste. Microwave and enzymatic treatments were used for extraction and surface modification of hydrophilic cellulosic fibers. Enzymatic treatment was specifically performed for activation of hydroxyl groups and improvement of adhesion between matrix and fibers including controlling the length of cellulosic fibers with size reduction of around 50% (142 and 127 μm for primary and mixed biosolids, respectively) as compared to microwave treatment. Microwave treatment produced cellulosic fibers of 293 and 341 μm, for primary and mixed biosolids, respectively. Mechanical properties of biocomposites with 2% (w/w) of treated cellulosic fibers (Young's Modulus 887.83 MPa with tensile strain at breakpoint of 7.22%, tensile stress at yield 41.35 MPa) was enhanced in comparison to the recycled PLA (Young's Modulus 644.47 ± 30.086 MPa with tensile strain at breakpoint of 6.01 ± 0.83%, tensile stress at yield of 29.49 ± 3.64 MPa). Scanning electron microscopy revealed size reduction of cellulosic fibers. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed strong mechanical properties of novel biocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The theory of shear lag model is extended. • Viscoelastic shear lag model is developed to illustrate the mechanical behavior of axon under transient tensile loading. • The paper explains how the vulnerable axons protect themselves from overall damage over the course of evolution. • The paper explains how axons achieve an outstanding mechanical balance of high stiffness and toughness. Axons with staggered microtubules cross-linked by tau protein possess a remarkable mechanical balance of high specific stiffness and toughness. Owing to their viscoelastic nature, axons exhibit stress rate-dependent mechanical behavior, which is relevant to their selective vulnerability to damage in traumatic brain injury. A Kelvin–Voigt viscoelastic shear lag model is developed to elucidate the mechanical responses of axons under transient tensile force. Analytical closed-form expressions are derived to characterize the relative sliding, stress transfer and failure mechanism between microtubule and tau protein while the axon is stretched transiently. The results from the theoretical solutions elucidate how the MT-tau interface length and stress rate affect the mechanical responses of axon. It is found that axonal failure mechanism may be different under different loading conditions. Long microtubules are more vulnerable to rupture at high stress rate, yet short microtubules are likely to detach from microtubule bundles under large deformations. In the view of multi-level failure of axon, it is illustrated how the vulnerable axons protect themselves from overall damage, and how the axon can simultaneously achieve an outstanding mechanical balance of high specific stiffness and toughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns the facile preparation of alginate beads encapsulating layered double hydroxide (LDH) intercalated with diclofenac sodium as drug delivery systems. To better evaluate the effect of LDH carrier, alginate beads loaded with free diclofenac were also prepared. Composites hydrogel beads were ionotropically crosslinked in CaCl 2 solution at 4 °C. Thermal and barrier properties were evaluated and correlated with the presence of the inorganic phase. Swelling behavior was investigated over time. Release kinetics of diclofenac at different pH and temperatures were evaluated. The diclofenac release behavior appeared to be affected by the presence of LDH, the pH of release medium and the temperature allowing for fabricating a sustainable composite characterized by a triggered drug release rate. Finally, empirical relationships correlating the drug diffusion as a function of temperature and pH were extrapolated. [Display omitted] • LDH intercalated with diclofenac loaded in alginate beads were fabricated. • Release kinetics of diclofenac were modeled by applying the Baker-Lonsdale model. • The effects of temperature and pH on the release kinetics of diclofenac were studied. • The drug release was evaluated simulating the in vivo processes at different pHs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agri-food waste is an exciting way to use as a polymer filler. It is an ecological option for cutting down the material cost, especially relatively expensive biodegradable plastics. In this paper, lignocellulosic residues of chokeberry pomace (CP) and beetroot pulp (BP) are grafted with lactic acid oligomers (OLAs) in direct condensation of lactic acid (LAc) into the lignocellulosic backbone. Biocomposites with modified and unmodified fillers were prepared using poly (lactic acid) (PLA) matrix. Additionally, the influence of an epoxy-based chain extender (Joncryl® ADR 4468 (ADR)) on the properties of the biocomposites mentioned above was checked. SEM was used for the characterisation of modified and unmodified fillers. The success of the grafting reaction was confirmed by FTIR and 1HNMR analyses. DSC, DMA and TGA was applied for the characterisation of thermal properties of produced biocomposites. The influence of chemical modification and introduction of ADR to the biocomposite on water absorption, rheological and mechanical properties were tested. Moreover, the reaction between ADR and the lignocellulosic backbone of the CP filler was studied by FTIR analysis. Results showed, that modification of the filler using OLAs has a significant influence on reducing water absorption by 48.3 and 56.5 % for CP and BP biocomposites, respectively. The tensile strength increased after the modification and introduction of ADR. The chemical treatment of the filler causes an increase in the tensile strength by about 29 and 8 % compared to unmodified CP and BP fillers, respectively. 0.75 % of ADR in CP/PLA biocomposite allowed for an increase in tensile strength by 51 %. Rheological study showed that presence of ADR compensates the consequences of hydrolysis and segment exchange of the PLA chains caused by water and OLAs, respectively. Results are promising for the production of ecological biocomposites with satisfying mechanical, thermal and rheological properties compared to biocomposites with unmodified lignocellulosic filler. [Display omitted] • The modification of the filler has a significant influence on reducing water absorption. • The tensile strength increased after the modification and introduction of ADR. • Results are promising for the production of ecological biocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports, for the first time, incorporation of micro-fluorcanasite (μFC) chain silicate glass-ceramic particulates as a potential bioactive reinforcement for development of biocomposite bone scaffolds. Micro-fluorcanasite glass-ceramic particulates were dispersed in a systematic manner within poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) biopolymer at different loading levels. Biocomposite scaffolds were then fabricated through thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) technique. X-ray diffraction studies of μFC revealed generation of targeted fluorcanasite and frankamenite phases, while reinforced biocomposite scaffolds indicated presence of PCL and additional crystalline phases. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies revealed interconnected porosity, micro-architectural details and successful incorporation of μFC within PCL matrix, indicating supportive physiological environment for bone tissue growth. The biocomposite scaffolds upon immersion in Hank's solution for different intervals, further established tunable biodegradability of the scaffolds. Image 1 • This paper reports, for the first time, use of micro-fluorcanasite (μFC) chain silicate glass-ceramic reinforcement within poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) biopolymer matrix to develop microporous biocomposite scaffolds. • Microstructural, functional and biodegradability studies of the obtained scaffolds indicated interconnected porosity, enhanced structural integrity and tunable biodegradability a supportive physiological environment for the developed scaffolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • PVA/starch (non-sonicated and sonicated) blends film were reinforced by BC fibers. • Opacity, tensile testing, XRD, FTIR, and TGA were used to characterize the films. • Sonicated blends film shows lower tensile strength than the non-sonicated one. • Sonicated biocomposite film had better performance than the non-sonicated one. Abstract This paper reports the characterization of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/cassava starch biocomposites. The cassava starch gel with or without ultrasonic probe treatment was mixed with PVA gel then short bacterial cellulose fibers were added. The presence of the sonicated starch gel in the PVA resulted in low thermal and moisture resistance, and low transparency of the blend film. After adding the fibers thermal and moisture resistance of the sonicated biocomposite increased due to stronger hydrogen bonding between the fibers and the matrix. Tensile strength of sonicated biocomposite with 10 g fibers increased 215% compared to the sonicated blend. However, addition of the fibers to the non-sonicated blend did not significantly increase mechanical and thermal properties or moisture resistance of the biocomposite. Opacity of the non-sonicated biocomposite was lower than that of the sonicated one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A new approach to manufacture biocomposite sandwich structure is introduced with all materials naturally derived, including jute, flax and cellulose textile as reinforcement skin; mycelium-bound agricultural waste as lightweight cores; and a soy-based bioresin as a matrix. This new material could be used to replace many of the plastic products that are widely used today and therefore preventing the production of waste, while increasing efficiencies in the use of nonrenewable resources. This paper focuses on the final step of the seven-step manufacturing process: resin infusion followed by curing in place for the grown then deactivated mycelium sandwich beams. Specific process details that are highlighted include designing and building the preliminary transparent resin transfer molding for resin flow behavior study, design and fabrication of the aluminum permanent mold prototype, three-point bending flexural tests of the resin infused then cured sandwich beams to determine their strengths, and finally, finite element simulation using Abaqus software to simulate the three-point bending process. To obtain the skin reinforcements' Young's and shear moduli, tensile and V-groove shear tests were performed based on corresponding ASTM standards. It is concluded that although the skin material is the one that carries most of the loads, the strength of the sandwich structure appears to largely depend on the degree of fungal colonization within the core and bonding between the skin and core. The cured resin increased the beams' core shear ultimate stress, core shear yield stress, skin ultimate stress and flexural strengths of the sandwich beams by factors of 1.5–6.5, and the finite element simulation results agreed with the actual situations, which well explained the beams' most common failure mode in flexural bending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Twenty first century has witnessed remarkable achievements in green technology in material science through the development of biocomposites. Oil palm fiber (OPF) extracted from the empty fruit bunches is proven as a good raw material for biocomposites. The cellulose content of OPF is in the range of 43%–65% and lignin content is in the range of 13%–25%. A compilation of the morphology, chemical constituents and properties of OPF as reported by various researchers are collected and presented in this paper. The suitability of OPF in various polymeric matrices such as natural rubber, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, phenol formaldehyde, polyurethane, epoxy, polyester, etc. to form biocomposites as reported by various researchers in the recent past is compiled. The properties of these composites viz., physical, mechanical, water sorption, thermal, degradation, electrical properties, etc. are summerised. Oil palm fiber loading in some polymeric matrices improved the strength of the resulting composites whereas less strength was observed in some cases. The composites became more hydrophilic upon addition of OPF. However treatments on fiber surface improved the composite properties. Alkali treatment on OPF is preferred for improving the fiber–matrix adhesion compared to other treatments. The effect of various treatments on the properties of OPF and that of resulting composites reported by various researchers is compiled in this paper. The thermal stability, dielectric constant, electrical conductivity, etc. of the composites improved upon incorporation of OPF. The strength properties reduced upon weathering/degradation. Sisal fiber was reported as a good combination with OPF in hybrid composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • The biopolymer-based from cassava starch (CS) and cellulose fiber (CF) from sugar cane leave was made by help of carboxylated styrene-butadiene rubber (CSBR) as an adhesion. • The addition of the cellulose fiber in the CSBR/CS blend exhibited higher in tensile strength compared to unfilled CF sample. • This study demonstrated a significant concentration of the CF improved the film properties. • The inexpensive biodegradable film was expected to be a promising candidate for alternative packaging materials. Abstract The biopolymer-based from cassava starch (CS) and cellulose fiber (CF) from sugar cane leaves was prepared by help of carboxylated styrene-butadiene rubber (CSBR) as an adhesion. The CF was isolated by using acid hydrolysis under heating (50 wt%, 140 °C for 2 h). The size, morphology, chemical structure, interaction bonding, dynamic mechanical behavior, thermal analysis, biodegradation, physical and mechanical performance of CSBR/CS/CF composites were investigated. The highest tensile value was found at 1.6 wt% CF loading (27.96 MPa) while preserving the large extent of their biodegradability (<80% after buried in soil for 30 days). Moreover, the increasing CF content led to decrease in the water contact angle, moisture content owing to the interfacial adhesion between carboxyl groups on the CSBR and hydroxyl groups on the CF surfaces. This study demonstrated a significant concentration of the CF on film properties. Moreover, these inexpensive biodegradable composites were preferable for packing, fruit container and paper coating applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • LGB/St/Al 2 O 3 as a new inexpensive and stable sorbent were synthesis from lignin. • LGB/St/Al 2 O 3 was proven efficient for dye removal with highest capacity (227 mg/g). • LGB/St/Al 2 O 3 has good thermal stability and also in both of acidic and basic medium. • Sensitive methods with 2.7–6.7 μg/L for detection of brilliant green were obtained. • LGB/St/Al 2 O 3 was regenerated and reused without decreasing their capacities. Abstract Biosorbent has excellent properties for the removal of dyes from wastewater but the leaching of its components in acidic and alkaline medium is a problem which necessitates preparing stable composite to overcome the leaching process. This paper focused on the synthesis of a novel biocomposite (LGB/St/Al 2 O 3) by coupling between lignin of guava stem, stearic acid and alumina. LGB/St/Al 2 O 3 was characterized using ultra violet/visible/infrared spectra, scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. The LGB/St/Al 2 O 3 was tested for removing of the brilliant green dye (Br.G) from wastewater; the various parameters like Br.G concentration, pH, temperature and shaking time were studied to optimize the best condition for removing of Br.G from aqueous solution. It was found that Br.G was removed 100% in pH range 3–9 with shaking 5 min at room temperature. The pseudo-second order model best described the kinetics for removal of Br.G (R2 = 0.999) with initial rate constant 0.1 mmol/g min. The equilibrium process is well described by the Freundlich isotherm model (R2 = 0.978), which attributed to the heterogeneous surface of LGB/St/Al 2 O 3. Value of ΔG was -2.0 kJ mol −1, this indicate the spontaneous nature of the removal process. The method exhibited a detection limit of 2.7–6.7 μg/L in wastewater samples with RSD of 1.2–3.2% (n = 5). It is indicate that LGB/St/Al 2 O 3 would find important application for removal of basic dyes from wastewater, owing to the advantages of high efficiency, low cost and environmental friendliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Porosity of scaffolds plays an indispensable role in tissue regeneration. In this paper, hierarchical scaffolds with tailored macro/micro-porosity architectures for bone tissue engineering applications were introduced. Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) has been innovatively blended into poly (lactic acid) (PLA) to fabricate composite filaments for fused deposition modeling (FDM). Customized macropores (pore size > 100 μm) of scaffolds were designed and precisely fabricated by FDM process. Then the blended scaffolds were subjected to gas foaming process to create micropores (pore size < 10 μm), which are hardly created by using 3DP techniques. Subsequently, PVA phase in the scaffolds was extracted by solvent etching method to create open pores, which are hard to create in gas foaming. The results showed that the scaffolds with 100–800 μm macropores can be precisely fabricated by FDM technique. Meanwhile, 2–10 μm micropores were successfully created. These novel scaffolds have the potential to be used in bone tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new technique based on tube shrinkage is proposed for the fabrication of composite archwires. Compared with a traditional pultrusion method, this new technique can avoid any fiber damage during the fabrication and can provide the archwire with a required curvature in its final clinical usage. The present paper focuses on the technique development and mechanical design and validation in terms of constituent materials by using a micromechanics bridging model. Prototype archwire has been fabricated using fiberglass and an epoxy matrix, with a wire diameter of 0.5 mm and a 45% fiber volume fraction. Tensile and three-point bending tests have shown that the mechanical performance of the prototype composite archwire is comparable to that of a clinical Ni–Ti archwire. Another purpose of the present paper is to provide an efficient procedure for a critical design of composite archwires. For this to be possible, the ultimate load especially flexural load carrying ability of the composite archwire must be assessed from the knowledge of its constituent properties. However, difficulty exists in doing this, which comes from the fact that the failure of the utmost filament of the composite archwire subjected to initially the maximum bending stress does not imply its ultimate failure. Additional higher loads can still be applied and a progressive failure process is generated. In this paper, the circular archwire was discretized into a number of parallel laminae along its axis direction, and the bridging micromechanics model combined with the classical lamination theory has been applied to understand the progressive failure process with reasonable accuracy. Only the constituent fiber and matrix properties are required for this understanding. Nevertheless, the ultimate bending strength cannot be obtained only based on a stress failure criterion. This is because neither the first-ply nor the last-ply failure corresponds to the ultimate failure. An additional critical deflection (curvature) condition must be employed also. By using both the stress failure and the critical deflection conditions, the predicted load-deflection up to the ultimate failure agrees well with the measured data. Thereafter, different mechanical performances of composite archwires can be tailored before fabrication by choosing suitable constituent materials, their contents, and the archwire diameters. Several design examples have been shown in the paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • A novel inverse biological crossed-lamellar structure was synthesized in CFRP. • This is the first non-biological prototype crossed-lamellar structure in the literature. • The tailored inverse-biologic crossed-lamellar structure is designed to achieve higher load-carrying capacity and stiffness. The remarkable toughness of Strombus gigas shell arises from its microstructure. In this study, inspired by the biologic crossed-lamellar microstructure of Strombus gigas shell, we prepared a novel carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite with inverse-biologic crossed-lamellar structure by replacing the inner and outer layers with the "tough" middle structure. The influences of the alternating arrangement of crossed-lamellar three-layer structure on the mechanical responses, including toughening mechanisms and biological mechanism, were studied. Experimental and numerical results indicated that as burrowing mollusks, Strombus gigas shells require a balance of certain load-carrying capacity and stronger protection function. Meanwhile, the tailored inverse-biologic structure achieved higher load-bearing capacity and stiffness. Additionally, the Bouligand-ply design strategy was proposed as an alternative to the traditional angle-ply design for the crossed-lamellar structure. By changing the laying-up form and pitch angle of the middle layer, a significant improvement in both load-bearing and energy dissipation capacity of the structures was achieved. The paper provides valuable insights for the design of high-performance biomimetic crossed-lamellar structures and holds great potential for the customization of fiber-reinforced composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State-of-the-art workflows within Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) are still caught in sequential planning processes. Digital design tools in this domain often lack proper communication between different stages of design and relevant domain knowledge. Furthermore, decisions made in the early stages of design, where sketching is used to initiate, develop, and communicate ideas, heavily impact later stages, resulting in the need for rapid feedback to the architectural designer so they can proceed with adequate knowledge about design implications. Accordingly, this paper presents research on a novel integrative design framework based on a recently developed 4D sketching interface, targeted for architectural design as a form-finding tool coupled with three modules: (1) a Geometric Modelling module, which utilises Points2Surf as a machine learning model for automatic surface mesh reconstruction from the point clouds produced by sketches, (2) a Material Modelling module, which predicts the mechanical properties of biocomposites based on multiscale micromechanics homogenisation techniques, and (3) a Structural Analysis module, which assesses the mechanical performance of the meshed structure on the basis of the predicted material properties using finite element simulations. The proposed framework is a step towards using material-informed design already in the early stages of design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aligning the sustainability in construction process can be achieved through material selection process with low impact on environment and human health. Today, biocomposite materials are investigated and developed to replace with none, and less eco-friendly materials used in the construction industry leading to emergence of next generation of sustainable and green building materials. This paper aims to develop a model of fully hybrid bio-based biocomposite based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and comparing it with fully petroleum-based composite, which are common conventional building materials. The methodology framework of this research is determined based on ISO 14040 and 14044. Also, the ReCiPe as the common method in SimaPro software is chosen for appraising and comparing LC impact assessment (LCIA). This research highlights the negative effect of these kinds of building materials with providing single scores coming from three gauges including Human Health, Ecosystems and resources. It is observed that substituting the biocomposite with the fully petroleum-based composite has led to a decline of about 30% in single score outcome. The significance of this research is related to important judgement information to policy makers and the prospective manufacturers in the commercialization phase of this new biocomposites as sustainable and green building materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibers are not as rigid as glass or carbon fibers. During composites extrusion and injection molding, they tend to bend and twist in the polymeric matrix, thus resulting in fiber waviness and decreased mechanical properties of natural fiber composites. The most widely used models for the estimation of interfacial shear strength (IFSS) and elastic modulus, which consider the fiber aspect ratio and mechanical properties of the fiber and matrix, do not consider these important features. In order to account for fiber waviness, an effective fiber length is proposed in this paper. The undulation of the fibers is approximated with a sinusoidal arc along with a calculated new length. The proposed correction factor depends on the wavelength and amplitude of the wave approximating the fiber. To verify this method, blends of polylactic acid (PLA) and polycarbonate (PC) (prepared with and without an interchange reactions catalyst) with addition to various percentages of cellulosic fibers (5 wt%, 10 wt% and 15 wt%) have been prepared and characterized. It has been demonstrated that by considering the corrected length values, it is possible to predict the mechanical properties and the effective reinforcement attained in the composites by using the most widely used models. In particular, the prediction of the elastic modulus is slightly affected by this correction, whereas the calculation of IFSS is strongly dependent on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A better and diversified technological use of by-products from the pulping industry. • Innovative hydrothermal phenolic resin from a blend of crude Kraft black liquor and tannin. • Thermal treatment was performed in the hydrothermal phenolic resin to obtain its carbon counterparts. • The thermal treatment increased the adsorbents basicity, which was confirmed through FTIR and pH PCZ studies. • The newly synthesized materials can be applied as a low-cost adsorbent for paracetamol and aspirin removal. An alternative use for the Kraft Black liquor, the main byproduct of the pulping process, is presented in this work. It is a promising route for new biorenewable materials production, reducing dependence on petrochemicals. The synthesis of the novel biobased composites from a blend of tannin and Kraft black liquor involved a polycondensation reaction followed by a crosslinking process. This paper is the first one emphasizing the synthesis of a novel biobased composite from a blend of Kraft black liquor and tannin by performing the conventional and hydrothermal crosslinking. The hydrothermal conditions proved to be an effective strategy to obtain an oxygen-rich functional material. Besides being environmental-friendly, the hydrothermal process successfully replaced conventional curing, providing a higher yield and better chemical, functional, and structural properties. The role of two different processes, hydrothermal and pyrolysis, on the properties and adsorption performance of the final composites, was also assessed. RFA was obtained by hydrothermal conversion, processed at relatively mild conditions when compared to the pyrolysis performed to produce its carbon counterpart, RFC. Pyrolysis promoted a mesoporous structure on the RFC and the textural properties were improved. On the other hand, the severe thermal treatment degraded the RFC functional groups, increasing its basicity and decreasing the number of polar groups on the surface. RFA exhibited a smaller surface area than RFC, but it retained volatile organic matter and functional oxygen groups. These surface characteristics are known to be relevant in adsorption processes since the adsorbate-adsorbent chemical linkages and electrostatic interactions are favored. Paracetamol and aspirin adsorption onto RFA achieved the equilibrium at 480 and 720 min. On the other hand, the equilibrium for the adsorption onto RFC was achieved at 720 and 240 min. The maximum aspirin adsorption capacities onto RFA and RFC were 50.17 mg g−1 and 91.66 mg g−1, respectively. On the other hand, for paracetamol, the maximum adsorption capacities were 49.95 mg g−1 onto RFA and 73.58 mg g−1 onto RFC. The kinetic study suggested fast adsorption through a chemisorption process and the equilibrium implies the multilayer adsorption. Additionally, the major advantages of using the raw Kraft black liquor blended with tannin to synthesize the novel composites are their great availability and low cost, enabling the material large-scale production. Therefore, the results confirm the great potential of these new biomaterials as alternative adsorbents for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibres retrieved from annual agricultural by-products offer diverse advantages, when applied as a main ingredient in biocomposite building materials. These fibres, such as straw and other non-wood fibres are annually renewable and are worldwide available having the lowest cost, in comparison to other natural fibres available in the industrial fibre market. In this paper, the author presents three case studies of natural fibre reinforced polymers (NFRP), discussing the agro-fibre densification, different architectural designs for customized applications and fabrication stages. The natural fibres were compounded with three different biopolymers: a thermoplastic, a thermoset and an elastic thermoplastic one. This allowed variations in the final designs and geometries that can be reached, but caused a necessity of changing the fabrication technique in each case accordingly. To prove the applicability of the developed products, mechanical properties and environmental assessment were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite materials based on renewable agricultural and biomass feedstocks are increasingly utilized as these products significantly offset the use of fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in comparison with conventional petroleum-based materials. However, the inclusion of natural fibers in polymers introduces several challenges, such as excess water absorption and poor thermal properties, which need to be overcome to produce materials with comparable properties to the conventional composite materials. Instead of using rather expensive chemical and physical modification methods to eliminate these aforementioned challenges, a new trend of utilizing waste, residues, and process by-products in natural fiber-polymer composites (NFPCs) as additives or reinforcements may bring considerable enhancements in the properties of NFPCs in a sustainable and resilient manner. In this paper, the effects of waste materials, residues or process by-products of multiple types on NFPCs are critically reviewed and their potential as NFPC constituents is evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, analytical and 3D numerical models are developed to investigate the mechanical behavior of sandwich pipe under internal pressure loading. The suggested models provide an exact solution for stresses, strains and displacement on the sandwich pipe, which is made of epoxy material for the core layer and reinforced materials with an alternate-ply for the skin layers. The aim of this analysis is to evaluate the potential applications of jute and pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) bio-fibers in order to replace glass synthetic fibers generally employed in sandwich pipes. In this subject, a failure analytical analysis was developed using TSAI-WU criterion. The results of stress, strain and displacement distribution through the thickness are presented for the analytical and numerical models. The comparison between the both models results show a very good agreement. In order to increase the rigidity of a biocomposite sandwich and reduce the gap compared with a synthetic sandwich, a gradual reinforcing of layer numbers was chosen, which permitted the best behavior. The ultimate pressure and safety factors obtained by increasing biocomposite layers are significant for composite transportation pressure pipelines, especially for sandwich pipe based on PALF/epoxy. • We aim at modeling a sandwich pipe under internal pressure loading using analytical and 3D numerical models for failure analysis. • The structure is a made of epoxy material for the core layer and reinforced materials with an alternate-ply for the skin layers. • Evaluate the potential applications of bio-fibers in order to replace synthetic fibers generally employed in sandwich pipes using TSAI-WU criterion. • Substituting synthetic fibers by bio-fibers yields a satisfactory result by increasing the number of layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Bio-based FRPs can effectively strengthen concrete structures. • Flax and jute are the most used natural fibres, and epoxy is the most used matrix in bio-based FRP composites. • Economic biopolymers need to be developed as matrix materials to make complete biocomposites for structural retrofitting. • The durability of bio-based composites for structural applications needs further evaluation. Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates/sheets have been used to retrofit concrete structures. Increased global awareness of environmental protection needs and recent legislation have propelled researchers to develop more environmentally friendly FRP materials to be used in place of synthetic FRP materials. Through a bibliometric and systematic literature review, this article reports on research on the use of bio-based FRP materials comprising of either natural fibres or biopolymers as external reinforcement for concrete structures. Eighty-seven experimental studies retrieved from Scopus and Google scholar databases were considered for this study. Analysis and visualization of research output per year and region, re-occurring keywords, co-authorship network and document co-citation networks are presented. The effects of various bio-based FRP materials used to strengthen various concrete members considering different FRP fabrication techniques and FRP configurations are presented. The study revealed that bio-based FRPs could effectively strengthen concrete beams and columns. Durability, cost and sustainability of these materials are also discussed. The paper also outlines pathways for further research and considerations for developing design frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Novel chitosan based bioactive biocomposite was successfully synthesized. • Nano crystalline hydroxyapatite material improves the mechanical properties. • Opuntiaficus-indica fruit gum directly increases the thermal stability of composites. • Cs-Lg/ n -Hap/Fg biocomposite owns higher antioxidant and antibacterial properties. • It provides substantial role against bone cancer cells beneficial for cancer therapy. In this paper, a novel bioactive Chitosan-Lignin/ n -Hydroxyapatite/ Opuntia ficus-indica -Fruit gum (Cs-Lg/ n -Hap/OFI-Fg) biocomposite was fabricated. The as-obtained biocomposite properties are analyzed by optical and structural investigation. The biological properties like antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer ability were evaluated for the biocomposites. The FT-IR spectrum result shows the biocomposites possess significant intermolecular interaction with biomolecules. The powder XRD result indicated the as-obtained Cs-Lg/ n -Hap/OFI-Fg biocomposites are crystalline in nature. The microhardness test shows the addition of fruit gum increases the mechanical strength of the biocomposite. The thermal stabilities of the as-obtained Cs-Lg/ n -Hap/OFI-Fg biocomposite were higher than to Cs-Lg/ n -Hap composite as revealed by TGA analysis. The SEM images show an addition of fruit gum leads to the formation of spherical-shaped discrete particle morphology evidenced by TEM analysis. The antioxidant and antibacterial activity of bioactive biocomposite shows better activity due to the presence of numerous biomolecules. The MTT assay result revealed significant activity in as-obtained Cs-Lg/ n -Hap/OFI-Fg biocomposite compared to Cs-Lg/ n -Hap composite against MG63 bone cells and L929 cells due to the active biomolecules extant in fruit gum. The anticancer results revealed that 5 µg/ml concentration biocomposite is a significant role against bone cancer cells which proves that the as-obtained composites could be more valuable for the treatment of bone deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was aimed to evaluate the effects of matrix types (with or without ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate compatibilizer) and rice husk (RH) loadings (40–80 wt.%) on RH-reinforced recycled high-density polyethylene/recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rHDPE/rPET) ecocomposites. Results showed that the thermal stability and flammability resistance properties increased as the RH loadings increased. The addition of RH has effectively delayed the thermo-oxidation process of rHDPE/rPET matrix by 10 °C, and evident flame retardant effect has also been observed (decreased burning rate up to 24% in comparison to neat polymer blend). It is interesting to note that compatibilization of polymer blend matrix has further increased the thermal stability of ecocomposites. SEM images confirmed the enhanced interfacial bonding of phases in the compatibilized matrix ecocomposites. It can be concluded from this study that the used agro-waste material (RH) is attractive reinforcements in recycled plastics from the standpoint of their thermal and flammability properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the utility of sericin, a degumming waste product, in the regumming of Bombyx mori silk fibroin fibres to form sericin-fibroin biocomposites. Regummed biocomposites have a chemical character that is somewhat closer to fibroin than sericin, though sericin presence is confirmed through FT-IR spectroscopy. Using direct measurements we further find the weight fractions of sericin in the regummed biocomposites and the native cocoons differ by only 5%. Mechanically, B. mori cocoons exhibit brittle stress-strain characteristics, failing at strengths of X ̅ = 16.6 MPa and at strains of X ̅ = 13%. Contrarily, aligning fibroin fibres to a unidirectional axis in the regummed biocomposites causes them to exhibit characteristics of strain hardening, which is itself a typical characteristic of silk fibre pulled in tension. Though they are half as strong ( X ̅ = 7.2 MPa), regummed biocomposites are able to absorb five times more mechanical energy ( X ̅ = 5.6 MJm − 3 ) than the B. mori cocoons ( X ̅ = 1.1 MJm − 3 ) and are furthermore able to elongate to more than ten times ( X ̅ = 180%) that of the native cocoons prior to failure. Our research shows that degummed B. mori cocoons can be regummed into sheets that have potential for use as load bearing engineering biocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid exhaustion of petroleum resources coupled with increasing awareness of global environmental problems related to the use of conventional plastics are the main driving forces for the widespread acceptance of natural fibers and biopolymers as green materials. Natural fibers and biopolymers have attracted considerable attention of scientist and industries due to their environmentally friendly and sustainable nature. Sugar palm is a multipurpose tree grown in tropical countries and it is regarded as a potential source for natural fibers and biopolymer. Sugar palm fibers (SPF) are mainly composed of cellulose ( ~ 66.49%) which leads to their outstanding mechanical properties. The starch extracted from sugar palm tree can be plasticized, blend with other polymers or reinforced with fibers to enhance their properties. From literature review, it is clear that no comprehensive review paper published on sugar palm fibers, starch, and its biocomposites. Present review focuses on recent works related to properties of sugar palm fibers and starch, and their fabrication as green composites. The review also unveils the potential of sugar palm fibers and biopolymer for industrial applications such as automotive, packaging, bioenergy and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nacre is a bio-composite made up of hard mineral and soft protein, and has excellent mechanical properties. This paper examines the effect of naturally occurring defects (initial flaws) in nacre on its mechanical properties such as toughness and strength. A random fuse model is developed incorporating initial flaws. Numerical simulations show that initial flaws affect different mechanical properties at different rates. The variation in the experimentally obtained mechanical properties of nacre reported in the literature is shown to be due to initial flaws. The stress in the mineral and protein increases due to initial flaws, but by different amounts. The results obtained in this study are useful for gaining insight into the failure of nacre and development of nacre-inspired composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Natural fibers have recently become attractive to researchers, engineers and scientists as an alternative reinforcement for fiber reinforced polymer composites. This paper is focused on the tensile properties of natural fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites. The untreated and flexible epoxy treated bamboo fiber, vetiver grass fiber and coconut fiber were used as reinforcement for PLA biocomposites. The stiffness of untreated biocomposites increased significantly with increasing of fiber content. However, the tensile strength decreased with increasing of fiber content. The flexible epoxy surface treatment reduced the stiffness of all composites while it considerably increased tensile strength when compared against the untreated composites. In addition, it can be seen that the effects of flexible epoxy treated on the tensile strength improvement were dependent upon the type of natural fiber. The tensile strength of bamboo fiber and coconut fiber reinforced PLA composites were significantly improved by the flexible epoxy surface treatment. Unlike the other combinations, vetiver grass fiber reinforced PLA composite showed less improvement in tensile strength when comparing with other natural fibers. Bamboo fiber proved to be the most effective reinforcement compared to other reinforcements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The use of pozzolanic and additional cementitious materials due to economic, technical and environmental considerations has become very common in modern concrete construction. Fly ash, when used as mineral admixture in high performance concrete, can improve both the compressive strength and durability properties of the concrete but the disadvantage is long setting time and a slower early strength development. These could be overcome in the presence of some other admixtures. In this paper we have systematically studied the hydration behavior of tertiary biocomposite cement consisting of fly ash, animal bone powder and Ordinary Portland cement. Water consistency, setting time, water percolation, compressive strength and expansion in corrosive atmosphere were measured. IR spectroscopic and TG/DTG studies were made to have an idea about hydration products. Heat evolution profile has been studied using TAM Air calorimeter. SEM studies have been made to have an idea about morphological changes during hydration. Results have shown that the compressive strength values and durability of tertiary biocomposite cement are higher as compared to other cements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents biosorption properties of U(VI) by bi-functionalized biocomposite adsorbent consists of macro marine algae (Jania rubens) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) immobilized on silica gel. Removal of U(VI) from aqueous solution by biosorption on biocomposite in a single component system with pH, initial concentration of U(VI), various contact time and temperature was investigated. Experimental equilibrium biosorption data was analyzed by five two-parameter equations, namely; Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R), Temkin and Flory–Huggins isotherms. Among these isotherm models, the Temkin model fits better with the experimental data compared to others. Thermodynamic parameters, such as the enthalpy (ΔH°), entropy (ΔS°) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) were calculated from the slope and intercept of logKd vs. 1/T plot. Results suggested that the bi-functionalized low cost biocomposite adsorbent is a suitable biosorbent material to remove uranium ions from diluted aqueous solutions. On the other hand, immobilization of algae and yeast on silica gel was found to improve their interaction properties with uranium ions in biosorption process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Over the last few years, intensive research has been devoted to the exploitation of “green products” based on natural resources for both matrices and as reinforcements in composite systems. The mechanical properties of reinforced biocomposites, such as flax/polylactic acid (PLA), are largely governed by interfacial properties between the two constituents apart from their intrinsic properties. Although many papers indirectly demonstrate the importance of optimising the interface between these two polymers, the exact nature of the interaction between the natural fibre and the polymeric matrix has not been clearly investigated on a fundamental level and is presently a major technological limitation of these materials. This work presents the first direct study of adhesion forces, by colloidal force microscopy, between smooth PLA films representing the polymer matrix, and a microbead of cellulose that mimic the cellulose material in flax fibres. Normalised adhesion force measurements have shown the importance of capillary forces when experiments were carried out under ambient conditions. Experiments, conducted under dry air, allowed for the deduction of the contribution of pure van der Waals forces, and our results, through the calculation of the Hamaker constant, show that these forces, for the PLA/cellulose/air system, were lower than those obtained for the cellulose/cellulose/air system and hence underlined the importance of optimising the interface among these materials. This study demonstrates the capacity of AFM to probe direct interactions in complex systems by adjusting the nature of the surface and the probe to mimic the materials in contact. Furthermore, the technique can be operated in a variety of environments, consistent with composite making and provides particular opportunity for testing and improving the properties of these new classes of composite materials. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper is focused on the analysis of the thermal and mechanical behaviour of processed biocomposites (biodegradable composites). These materials have been created by extrusion and injection moulding. The matrix, a biodegradable and aromatic copolyester (polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate), has been fully characterised (NMR, SEC). The lignocellulosic materials used as fillers are a by-product of an industrial fractionation process of wheat straw. Different filler fractions have been selected by successive sieving, and then carefully analysed (granulometry, chemical structure). Cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose contents have been determined through different techniques. The biocomposites thermal behaviour has been investigated by TGA (thermal degradation) and DSC (transition temperatures, crystallinity). These materials present good mechanical behaviour due to high filler-matrix compatibility. The impacts of filler content, filler size and the nature of each fraction have been analysed. To predict the mechanical behaviour, Takayanagi’s equation seems to provide an accurate answer to evaluate the modulus in a range, 0–30wt% of fillers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper is focused on the analysis of the behaviour of biocomposites (biodegradable composites) which are reinforced with different fillers fractions, with varying lignin contents. These materials have been carried-out by extrusion and injection moulding. The matrix, an aromatic copolyester (polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate), is biodegradable. The lignocellulose fillers are a by-product of an industrial fractionation process of wheat straw. From the raw agro-material and by lignin extractions, various fillers fractions have been obtained by varying the fractionation conditions, both on the liquid media (aqueous or organic) and on the temperature. The fillers lignin contents vary from 30 to 14wt% with a resultant increase of the cellulose content. We have analysed the impact of the different extraction conditions on the fillers surface and size distribution, and also on the final thermal and mechanical properties of the biocomposites. These materials present significant differences of behaviour which can fulfil some requirements for applications, such as non-food packaging or other short-lived applications (agriculture, sport …) where long-lasting polymers are not entirely adequate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper examines the possibilities of using an established energy crop; Miscanthus giganteus as a filler/reinforcement in injection mouldable thermoplastic composites utilising a starch-based biopolymer; Novamont Mater-Bi as the matrix. A design of experiments methodology was used to reveal how varying the processing parameters and material formulation affected the impact performance of the biocomposite. The addition of Miscanthus fibres to the polymer results in composites with higher impact absorbance and loading than those of standard Mater-Bi. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Insect cuticle as a natural biocomposite includes many favored microstructures which have been refined over centuries and endow the cuticle eminent mechanical properties. This paper first studies the microstructures of chafer cuticle through SEM observations. Several peculiar fiber configurations and fiber-ply arrangements such as branched fiber, acanth-fiber and helicoid plies are observed. These microstructures are useful for man-made fiber-reinforced composites to improve their mechanical properties. Then, a special configuration of the branched fiber found in chafer cuticle is in details analyzed through a mechanical model and experimental verification. The pullout force of fibers as an index is firstly studied through parameter study. The factors, which can improve the pullout forces, are identified. Finally, the maximal pullout force of the branched fiber is experimentally tested and compared with that of plain straight fiber. It is proved that the maximal pullout force of branched fibers is obviously greater than that of the plain straight fibers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper biopolymer chitosan was used as a matrix to fabricate cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots (QDs) with a narrow size distribution under mild conditions, resulting in a novel QDs biocomposite. The CdS QDs, whose size can be controlled by varying the reaction time and precursor concentration, were characterized by TEM and XRD. The limitation on CdS particle growth and agglomeration by chitosan was suggested by UV–vis spectrum and TEM results. FTIR-attenuated total reflectance (ATR) revealed strong hydrogen bonding between the CdS QDs and chitosan via N2 and O3 groups. This interaction was also reflected in AFM, XRD and swelling study results. The chitosan-capped CdS QDs exhibited improved aqueous solubility and stability. On the other hand, in the presence of CdS QDs, the thermal decomposition of chitosan was shifted toward a higher temperature by about 50 °C. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents and analyzes the behavior of bumper beams made of PLA/flax composites subjected to low velocity impacts. The relevance of this material resides in the biodegradability of both fibers and matrix. Moreover, the after-impact behavior of this composite is excellent due to the absence of delamination. Impact tests have been performed using a drop weight tower within the range of impact energies 5 J ≤ E imp ≤ 73 J. The experimental setup enabled the measuring of impact velocity, residual velocity, load-time history and failure mode. Results show that damage generated during impact produces a significant reduction of residual stiffness but the residual strength is not affected by damage generated in the range of the applied impact energies considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The effect of open-hole on mechanical properties of flax laminates was investigated. • Strain field around hole was analysed using Digital image correlation. • Acoustic emission was used to monitor the progressive damage during tensile testing. • Acoustic events were classified to calculate the contribution of each damage modes. • SEM pictures were used to visually identify the damage mechanisms. The present paper is dedicated to the assessment of the damage taking place in open-hole flax bio-epoxy laminates with different stacking sequences. Tensile test results have shown significant effects of the open hole on the performance of the laminate. Moreover, strain maps have allowed to detect the onset of cracks and to discuss their contribution to the laminates failure. For unidirectional laminate, splitting was observed as the main damage at the hole boundary along the fiber orientation and parallel to the loading axis. However, the [0 90] 6s laminate failure has caused by the onset of subsurface cracks in the 90° plies. Even if the tensile strength was decreased, the strain fields result has shown a less hole sensitive behavior of the [0 +45 90 −45] 3s laminate. Finally, damage monitoring using acoustic emission has shown a significant increase of the fiber-matrix debonding and fiber breakage contribution to the laminate failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of cassava pulp (CP) on morphological, tensile, and thermal properties of a thermoplastic cassava starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend was investigated. TPS/PLA/CP biocomposites were manufactured by melt extrusion and then converted into specimens using an injection molding. The weight fraction of PLA to TPS/CP was fixed at 40:60, whereas the final CP concentration in the composites was varied in the range of 4.4–22.1 wt%. CP could act as a reinforcement for TPS/PLA blend to enhance its tensile strength up to 354% and Young's modulus up to 722% when 22.1 wt% of CP was loaded and a nucleating agent for PLA as confirmed from the reduced T cc. In addition, TPS/PLA/CP composites showed a discrete phase structure (i.e., droplets in matrix) when CP with lower concentration (i.e., 4.4 wt%, 8.8 wt%, and 13.3 wt%) was incorporated and a bicontinuous phase structure (i.e., co-continuous) when higher concentration of CP (i.e., 17.7 wt% and 22.1 wt%) was employed. The results suggest that TPS/PLA/CP biocomposites have potential to be used in the manufacturing of injection-molded articles, particularly when biodegradability and renewability of the material are required. • Thermoplastic starch/poly (lactic acid)/cassava pulp (TPS/PLA/CP) composites were produced by melt extrusion. • CP could act as a reinforcement to enhance tensile strength and Young's modulus of the composites. • CP could act as a nucleating agent for PLA in the composites as confirmed from the reduced T cc. • The composites showed a discrete phase structure when CP with lower concentration was loaded. • Co-continuous phase structure was observed for the composites with higher concentration of CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, one high-performance hemicelluloses (HC)-based sprayable and biodegradable pesticide mulch film was developed. Firstly, HC was transesterified with vinyl acetate (VA) to improve its solubility and film-forming ability. Then abamectin (ABA) was encapsulated by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to endow mulch film persistent anti-pesticide activity. After that, sodium alginate (SA) and gelatin were added to develop the mechanical performances of the mulch film. As a result, the obtained mulch film showed good characteristics, with optimum mechanical strength, elongation at break, water vapor permeability (WVP), swelling ratio (SR), and weight loss (biodegradability) of 7.9 ± 0.3 MPa, 43.6 ± 2.0 %, 2.1 ± 0.1 × 10−11 g mm m−2 s−1 kPa−1, 73.8 ± 2.0 %, and 69.3 %, respectively. After covering with mulch film, the soil moisture and temperature were developed to 90.8 % and 19.3 ± 0.2 °C, respectively, which could facilitate Chinese cabbage growth, with optimum germination rate of 98.6 ± 6.4 %. [Display omitted] • Hemicelluloses-based sprayable pesticide mulch films were successfully developed. • Abamectin-loaded β-CDs were incorporated to give films sustained anti-insect ability. • The films had good water retention ability, mechanical strength and biodegradability. • The films improved the soil temperature and moisture, facilitating cabbage growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelatine is an excellent substitute for biodegradable packaging materials; nevertheless, it is necessary to mix it with other polymers due to its poor mechanical and high hydrophilicity. In the present study, we used Cylindropuntia fulgida mucilage (CF) as main constituent and gelatine (GTN). The Euphorbia caducifolia extract (ECE) was incorporated in concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 %, and its influence on the film's morphological, thermal, mechanical, and water vapor barrier properties was assessed. The surface of fabricated CF/GTN/ECE biocomposite films was more homogeneous and smoother with the high concentration of in ECE. The elongation at break improved from 2 to 60.59 %, and WVP enhanced from 3.34 to 2.59 10−4 g mm/mm2 day kPa and highest antimicrobial activity of 3.62 ± 0.71 Log CFU g−1 when CF/GTN was incorporated with 20 % ECE. Incorporating CF and ECE 10 to 20 % makes these films a good substitute for the packaging of food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose and silk fibroin were dissolved in 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Bmim][Cl] and regenerated with ethanol to form homogenous blend of regenerated cellulose/silk fibroin. The bioactivity of regenerated cellulose/silk matrix to assist calcium phosphate mineralization was studied in the current article. Cellulose/silk fibroin/calcium phosphate biocomposite was investigated by different characterization methods such as FT-IR, XRD, TGA, SEM and EDX. The potential of the prepared composite for removal of organic dyes, such as methylene blue (MB), was calculated. The prepared biocomposite exhibited high removal efficiency for MB (172.4 mg/g) compared to regenerated cellulose/silk fibrin blend which is 120.4 mg/g. The kinetic study and the isotherm results for the examined materials followed pseudo second order and Langmuir models, respectively. The regenerated cellulose/silk/calcium phosphate biocomposite, thus providing prospects for further research and application in the remediation of water from dye pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study has been focused on developing cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a biocomposite film, pretreated with 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([bmim]Cl). The dissolved polymers were blended and their biocomposite films including cellulose and cellulose/PVA were prepared. The effect of PVA composition with cellulose was evaluated by comparing the physical, mechanical, chemical and thermal characteristics of produced films with neat cellulosic film. The results showed that the ionic liquid had a great capability in dissolving the polymers. Furthermore, in composition of the raw cellulose some chemical bonds were incorporated between the two components. Water uptake, thickness swelling and water vapor permeability of blend films were increased comparing to cellulosic film. Mechanical strength and Young's modulus of the films made of cellulose/PVA were decreased while the strain at break was increased. The optical transparency and thermal properties of the blend films were almost the same as neat cellulosic film. This work demonstrated a promising route for the preparation of biodegradable green composites. In addition, this biocomposite film is composed of sustainable biodegradable resources, which is suitable for release to the environment. The biocomposite films showed good optical transparency, thermal stabilities properties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]