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India is the second largest producer of groundnut in the world. More than 85 lakhs of hectares of the land isapproximately used in groundnut cultivation. In 2022 groundnut is produced in 9.86 million metric tons in which 50% of waste has been produced. Agricultural waste can be recycled into different forms of energy sources. Groundnut crop residues were collected from Lattur located at Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu, India. The collected residues were separated as groundnut shell and plant residues. The plant residues are subjected to both vermicompost and natural composting processes. Groundnut shell is used to prepare paper by using the Kraft process (Chemical pulping method). Both the compost is mixed with soil with the ratio of 1:10, 2:10 and Nutrients like N, P, K were analysed. The results slow vermicompost having enriched nutrients. Comparing Natural compost, and the Groundnut shell were prepared as paper with a size of 210mm*297mm. Compost helps to improve the health and quality of the soil that is added to improve and maintain the environment. For the paper production trees were cut and used. This causes deforestation. To resolve this problem the better solution is preparation of paper using the non-wooden material. The groundnut shell is one of the non-wooden materials used for the production of the paper. These papers will be eco-friendly as well as it controls deforestation.

Characterizing the number of sheets in a stack of paper typically involves mechanical separation of the individual sheets. Here, we explore an nondestructive method that can be applied to the intact paper stack. Namely, terahertz time-of-flight tomography, together with post signal-processing technique sparse deconvolution based on a two-step iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm (SD/TWIST), is employed to reconstruct the stratigraphy of stacks of sheets of paper with multilayered structure in a nondestructive and noncontact manner. The double-Gaussian mixture model (DGMM) is also incorporated to suppress dispersion in the reflected THz echoes. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed adaptive sparse-deconvolution method are verified experimentally and numerically. Compared with the commonly used frequency wavelet-domain deconvolution (FWDD) method and previous implementations of sparse deconvolution based on an iterative-shrinkage and thresholding algorithm (SD/IST), the proposed sparse-deconvolution approach can provide a clearer and rapid stratigraphic reconstruction of the paper stacks studied, while ensuring accurate thickness information for each paper sheet in the presence of noise, revealing the potential usage of real-time THz tomographic-image processing.

The paper obtained during the study was mainly obtained from wheat straw cellulose and Jerusalem artichoke cellulose, which contained chitosan of various concentrations. An increase in the mechanical properties of the obtained papers was observed in samples using the substance chitosan. A 1.0% chitosan was added to the paper, mainly based on various plant celluloses. It should be noted that the obtained paper products were used without bleaching due to the fact that it was recommended to use them for wrapping paper. The youngest results were observed in samples prepared from a composition of wheat straw and artichoke pulp. From the fiber morphology, it was observed that the sized paper fibers became stronger, denser and smoother. Keywords: chytazone, Natural polymers, fibers, cellulose. Biocomposites of chitosan (CS)/cellulose nanocrystals (CN) were prepared by using solution casting method. Influences of solution preparation method and CN content on the properties of composites were investigated. Mechanical stirring/ultrasonication or micro fluidization were used to disperse nanocrystals in the chitosan matrix. The prepared nanocomposites were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, DSC, TGA, TMA and contact angle measurements.

The issues of intellectualization of equipment and control systems at pulp and paper industry enterprises are considered. The features of digitalization at large pulp and paper mills are shown. An example of the implementation of an intelligent system for assessing the functioning of technological equipment at one of the pulp and paper mills is demonstrated. The main sources of efficiency of intellectualization and intellectualization of production and automated systems are shown.

Plastic waste is now a major environmental problem worldwide, and it has worsened in the last few years. Scientists are studying how much plastic is in the environment, how dangerous it is, and how to learn it. This study looked at research papers on microplastics’ effects on plants listed by Scopus from 2011 to 2022. The goal was to see how this body of knowledge has grown and expanded over time and guess what it will do. The authors used the VOSviewer package and Scopus analytics for the bibliometric study. A total of 380 manuscripts, written by 159 authors, were taken out. Much study is being done on particle size, quantity, bioaccumulation, and environmental and community effects. Rillig, M.C., Das Berlin-Brandenburgisches Institut für Biodiversitatsforschung, Germany, is thought to be the most productive and often-cited researcher. The Ministry of Education China is the most essential printing house. China is the leader in terms of the number of papers and study partnerships. It is best to look at the International Journal of Pharmaceutics.

The filter paper bio-templating method has become a promising pathway in the fabrication of MgO with tunned physicochemical features. The filter paper-templated MgO (MgO-FPT) has been subjected to several characterisation analyses, and it has revealed that filter paper templating has demonstrated a positive outcome toward an improvement of physicochemical features, i.e., improved surface reactivity and surface area compared to MgO prepared via direct thermal degradation method of magnesium salt (MgO-CT). As the evidence of the FTIR spectra, the MgO-FPT has demonstrated a surface rich CO2-associated functional group, which indicate the enhanced surface reactivity of the MgO, which increase of the adsorbent affinity toward CO2 (even from atmospheric surrounding). Together with the improved structural features compared to MgO-CT (two-fold high surface area), it has significantly refined the CO2 adsorption uptake capacity to almost 15 times higher than MgO-CT with only 0.247 mmol/g. This shows the potential filter paper bio-templating method for the metal oxide-based adsorbent fabrication for CO2 adsorption application.

A chitosan based coating was prepared where eggshell powder was added. Eggshell is a product that appears in large numbers in everyday life, so it has great potential as waste, which can be used to turn it into a valuable material. Cellulose sheets were made from secondary fiber, and after coated with the chitosan based solution to investigate the properties of the sheets. The results of the treated handsheets were compared with the results of the control sheet. The control sheets were compared with 4 different type of paper: coatings of chitosan with 5wt% and 10wt% eggshell powder, only chitosan coating, and paper where eggshell powder was added to the paper pulp. The use of the eggshell powder as an additive in the coating would be a promising material, because it can improve in a large extent the water resistance and the air barrier properties of the paper.

The Paper industry is an energy-intensive and one of the most energy-consuming industries in Indonesia. In this study, Paper Mill energy sources come from coal and renewable energy such as black liquor as a substitute for coal and on-grid 9MW PV system are reassessed by using optimization software, HOMER. This study aims to present a feasibility study of increasing the use of renewable energy sources in Paper Mill to reduce coal consumption for more sustainability. The software HOMER is used as a tool to determine the most feasible combination of component considered in the study. It is feasible to reduce 10,84% coal consumption kg per year with the optimal renewable energy mix consisting of additional 24MW rooftop PV system and 5,94kW hydrokinetic energy from Kampar River located 6 km from the plant. Renewable fraction increased to 16%. This study result is good for sustainable growth of Paper Mill business that investments in climate and nature to support the Indonesian government in achieving net zero emissions.

In this study, cellulose was extracted from Heliánthus tuberósus (Jerusalem artichoke) stems, and its quality indicators were thoroughly investigated. The isolation process involved the removal of impurities and non-cellulosic components, resulting in a purified cellulose sample suitable for further analysis and application.To explore the potential of Heliánthus tuberósus cellulose, composite paper was produced by incorporating basalt fiber into the cellulose matrix. The resulting paper was subjected to comprehensive testing to evaluate its mechanical properties, with a particular focus on tensile strength and tensile length.The tensile strength of the composite paper was determined using standardized testing methods, providing quantitative data on the material's ability to withstand applied forces without breaking or deforming. Tensile length, on the other hand, refers to the maximum elongation the paper can undergo before rupture occurs. These properties were assessed to gauge the overall performance and suitability of the composite paper for various applications.The obtained results were presented in a clear and concise manner, utilizing tables and graphs to facilitate data interpretation and comparison. Tables allowed for the tabulation of the measured tensile strength and tensile length values, providing a comprehensive overview of the material's mechanical characteristics. Graphs were employed to visualize trends, patterns, and potential correlations between different variables, aiding in a deeper understanding of the composite paper's behavior under various loading conditions.

Abstract. In this study, a composite material was successfully produced by incorporating waste paper and basalt fibers. The utilization of waste paper as a raw material contributes to sustainable practices and waste reduction. The physical and mechanical properties of the obtained composite material were comprehensively investigated to evaluate its potential for various applications.The physical parameters of the composite material, such as density and porosity, were measured to assess its structural characteristics. Density provides insights into the compactness and mass per unit volume of the composite, while porosity indicates the presence of voids or open spaces within the material. These parameters play a crucial role in determining the overall performance and suitability of the composite for specific applications.Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the composite material were examined to evaluate its strength, stiffness, and durability. Tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact resistance were among the key mechanical parameters studied. Tensile strength determines the material's ability to withstand pulling forces, while flexural strength measures its resistance to bending or deformation. Impact resistance evaluates the material's ability to absorb energy when subjected to sudden or dynamic loads.

This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Apis mellifera, commonly referred to as the Western honey bee. The present study aims to examine the genetic diversity, population structure, and evolutionary history of a species of insect that holds economic significance. This study elucidates the genetic determinants that impact the adaptive capacity, behavioral patterns, and overall well-being of honey bees through the examination of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences derived from diverse honey bee populations across the globe. Furthermore, this study examines the potential implications of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) research on various aspects of beekeeping practices, conservation initiatives, and the comprehension of honey bee biology. This paper serves as a significant asset for researchers, beekeepers, and conservationists with a keen interest in exploring the genetic characteristics of Apis mellifera

The pulp and paper (P&P) industry is considered one of the production and manufacturing industries that consume immense amounts of natural resources, such as wood, water, and energy. It is also a significant contributor of pollutants to the environment, where various organic and inorganic contaminants are immensely produced into the environment. In this study, the color removal efficiency from P&P wastewater using a 1.5-L three-phase fluidized-bed reactor in combination with heterogeneous photo-Fenton reaction process was investigated. The process used synthesized Fe2O3/TiO2 catalyst by ultrasonic-assisted impregnation technique and applied UV-C light irradiation for the decolorization treatment of the P&P wastewater. The RSM-BBD was also used to optimize the color reduction efficiency of the P&P wastewater between three independent variables: pH, photocatalyst dose, and H2O2 dose. Under the optimal conditions (initial effluent pH = 3, [Fe2O3/TiO2] = 1.25 g/L, [H2O2] = 50 mM) with an air flow rate of 2 L min-1 at a reaction time of 30 min, the color reduction efficiency was achieved as 73.5%. Additionally, pH was found to be the most significant parameter for the decolorization of the P&P wastewater.

The tourism industries today have adjusted to a rapidly shifting landscape and increased competition. "Smart tourism" is a word used to describe the present phase of tourist development that has been impacted by the advancement of information technologies and is emerging as a viable strategy for adjusting to the changing market conditions. In the age of digital revolution, big data has become increasingly important in influencing both new players in the tourism sector and how people travel throughout the world. With the use of big data, all of these businesses can forecast traveler demand, improve decision-making, manage information flows and customer interactions, and deliver top-most service more effectively and efficiently. These days, it's thought that design is essential to the success of tourist sites and enterprises. This conceptual paper synthesizes the past literature and gives an overview of how data analytics has been used in smart tourism.

Soil is considered a complicated material as, in general, the behavior under loading is non-linear in addition it is anisotropic material and its behavior is time-dependent. Various models were developed in the method of finite element for modeling the behavior of soil under different loading cases, and it must be known that no constitutive model is available that can simulate completely the actual soil behavior under all conditions. This paper attempts to investigate the soft soil model and present a discussion about the advantages and disadvantages for the purpose of giving an overview, and discussing the main finding of the previous studies regarding using the Soft Soil model in the numerical analysis of geotechnical engineering problems and applications. In this research, it was observed from the previous studies that the relation between the modified compression index (λ*) and unloading index (κ*) is from (5 to 10). The Soft Soil model gives a stiffer stress-strain behavior compared to Hardening model. Using this model for compressible soils needs a longer calculation time than other models as the material stiffness matrix was included in each calculation step. It shows satisfactory results in the analysis of the settlement of immediate and consolidation cases of foundation in clayey soil than the model of Mohr-Coulomb.

This paper presents a bibliographical analysis of scientific research on cotton-picking machinery, focusing on countries, years, authors, and publishers involved in this field. The study utilizes materials from the Scopus database, describing the sequence of analyses and presenting the results through graphs and histograms. Cotton is a crucial product for human life, and its ecologically clean demand is increasing yearly. Traditional cotton growing remains relevant in Uzbekistan, where cotton picking by machine is essential due to labor-intensive and expensive manual methods. The international cotton industry actively participates in creating and using cotton-picking machines, with more than 90 countries growing cotton on 32 million hectares, including Uzbekistan’s 1.07 million hectares. Since the 1970s, the USA and Uzbekistan have been the primary countries improving cotton-picking machines based on scientific and practical research. However, by the 21st century, countries like China, India, Turkey, and Israel have joined this field. This study aims to ensure that cotton-picking machines produced in Uzbekistan meet state standards by analyzing scientific research in this field, studying the advantages and disadvantages of machines from various countries, and staying updated on the latest developments through the Scopus database.

A worldwide evaluation of the present status of renewable-energy generation, with a focus on photo-voltaic (PV) solar energy for the production of electricity. The most pertinent elements of the development and experiences of nations working to build and use these technologies are covered in this article. It also cites studies that highlight the efforts made by nations to reduce their emissions of green-house gas or to enhance the quality and accessibility of electric energy generation in light of their unique geographic and environmental circumstances. These studies focus in particular on remote communities that have limited access to the national power grid due to technological or financial constraints. This paper focusses on renewable-energy might serve as a starting point for assessing how clean energy affects the world's energy supply and demand, they are becoming an increasingly popular option in terms of cost and efficiency, which can attract new investors. By analysing recent data, case studies, and literature, this review aims to provide stakeholders with insights into the achievements and hurdles of solar energy, fostering informed decisions towards a sustainable and resilient energy future.

Inulin is a source of fiber that can be used as a functional food. Foods that contain inulin can help overcome health problems such as obesity, colon cancer risk, lower blood sugar levels and reduce insulin resistance. The purpose of this paper is to summarize some research results on inulin content in tubers and their extraction methods. The inulin content in dahlia, gembili, uwi, potato, sweet potato, jicama, onion and garlic tubers are 74%; 15%; 12%; 7%; 13%; 41% and 33%, respectively. Extraction methods used include ethanol:water precipitation, microwave-assisted extraction, hot water extraction and ultrasound. In the future, inulin is expected to contribute to the treatment of digestive-related diseases.

The integration of solarcellsinto construction materials, such roof tiles, isgaining traction. Nevertheless, solarcells' conversion efficiencyistemperature-dependent, and a high temperaturewouldlowerit. This study examines the functionality of mortar roof tilesthat have builtinsolarcells and safety glass. To control the temperature of the solar cells, phase modifying materials (P CM) are added to the first roof tiles at a concentration of 3% by weight.For solar roof tiles, the impact ofPhase change materials on the generation of solar-to-electrical power isassessed, and life cycle costanalysisiscarried out to determine the viabilityfrom an economicstandpoint.During six summerdays, the electricalenergy production of the solartileswith PCM appliedwas 4.1% higherthanthat of the tileswithout the component modification material. In contrast, during six winterdays, the improvementisbetween 2.2 and 4.3%. With the cost of the inverterincluded, the solar roof tileswith Phase change materials have an economicalpaybackperiod of 5.7 years. The application of Phase change materialsraises the initial cost of roof tiles by 1.2% ;nevertheless, the paybackperiodispredicted to bethreemonths shorter thanthat of the equivalentwithout PCM, given an overallimprovement in energy production of 4.1%.Whilemany countries are takingsteps to reducetheiremissions, the IEA’slatest report on global and carbonemissionsshowed an increase of 1.7 percent in emissionsyear-onyear2018 to 33.1 billion tons (IEA, 2019). Australia's 2018 increase in carbondioxideequivalentemissions of 0.7% raisesseriousconcerns about the countrysability to meetitsemissionreductioncommitmentunder the Paris Agreement (Cox, 2019).

Today, the industrial world is experiencing intense competition with challenges related to environmental issues, and the domestic paper industry is no exception. This study is a follow-up of the research conducted by Palupi et al. (2015) at Company X which, through an LCA study, found an acute water ecotoxicity value of 7.16 kPt, a chronic water ecotoxicity value of 6.5 kPt, and a soil human toxicity value of 2.69 kPt. However, that study did not come with a SWOT matrix. Therefore, using a desk study,the present study aimed to map a SWOT matrix. A desk study based on SWOT analysis from 12 international journals and two national journals sourced from Elsevier, IWA Publishing, MDPI Publisher, Taylor & Francis, and Garuda was used to determine the SWOT matrix. Desk studies have the objective of comprehensively evaluating published journal articles, books, and other sources on given problem domains.Based on the results of the study, some recommendations for actions on the internal and external factors of the company are offered, consiting of steps for the company to mitigate identified weaknesses and threats.This study found that most of the pulp and paper industry engaged in internal strengths and external opportunities and faced numerous internal weaknesses and external threats. Currently, Company X occupied the first quadrant (Growth), indicating that the company was in a highly profitable condition. The company was enjoying many strengths and opportunities. Therefore, it is critical for the company to use its strengths to capture opportunities to minimize its emissions to the environment and to implement LCA in the company.

This paper aims to report the investigation of the effect of online news items on students’ writing outcome of English as foreign language context. This research used quantitative methods with quasiexperimental research designs with non-equivalent groups’ pretest-posttest design. Two groups which 46 students were the experimental and control groups and both groups were given with some different treatments. Those treatments were given in a balanced and intensive manner without intervention from factors beyond the researcher’s control. The tests were then employed as the instrument to gain data with ANCOVA as design of analysis technique and SPSS as media to compute. The findings showed that online news items have strengthened students’ writing abilities and motivated students to write related problems. The results obtained from this study proven that the P-value (0.016)

Paper-based microfluidics offers a simple, cost-effective, and versatile platform for fluid manipulation and analysis. Despite significant advancements in paper fluidics, the flow control in paper channel remains a challenging task. In this regard, we have developed a flow delay channel in paper using rectangular tape patterns on the paper surface. We have investigated the effect of hydrophobic tape barriers with varying widths. The designing and cutting of the hydrophobic tape and paper channel was performed by CO2 laser machine using CorelDraw software. Once cut, the tape barriers were attached to the paper surface and then passed through the roller press machine for proper adhesion of tape pattern onto the paper’s surface. From experiments, we observed that by increasing the width of tape, the delay also increased. The hydrophobic tape on the paper surface caused resistance to the flowing fluid. Due to this surface resistance, flow velocity reduced, and the time delay increased. We believe that our novel approach will provide an alternative method of flow control for paper-based microfluidic devices and can be utilized in various food quality sensors and lateral flow devices.

Capital structure is the combination or proportion of various sources. An organization can procure funds by issuing equity shares, preference shares and debentures to the public. Apart from this, they may also borrow from the banks or financial institutions. These are the various sources available for a concern for procuring or mobilizing the capital. Whether capital is needed initially or additional fund needed for the smooth function there are various sources available for mobilizing the capital or fund. While designing the financial or capital structure manager has to consider the overall cost which will incur after constructing the capital structure. Paper industry is selected for the research. Five companies listed in the Bombay Stock Exchange were selected for the study. An attempt has been made to study the components of capital structure of paper industry.

In this article the possibility of using licorice root waste as a fibrous raw material in the pulp and paper industry is investigated. It is shown it is possible to add up to 25% of bleached cellulose from licorice root waste to the paper composition for the production of writing paper.

Land degradation has a big influence for Central Asia. The territory of Central Asia is rarely discovered and it can be seen by the number of published papers in English. There is a high potential of applying remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS) for the mapping and monitoring of degraded lands. In the present research we tried to collect all Scopus-based publications in English for 20 years using land degradation as a keyword. We analyzed the most popular journals, top authors, top-cited papers, top countries, and the role of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) in the land degradation issues of Central Asia. RS and GIS technologies are good tools, but in Central Asia researchers have to spread them widely. Data-sharing systems and lack of international cooperation could bring more joint projects and publications on land degradation issues.

The improper use of pesticides and excessive doses in the long term contribute to climate change and even threaten human health, organisms, and the balance of the ecosystem. A pesticide detection device is needed to monitor its levels to minimize risks to human health and the environment. A paper biosensor was developed in this study to detect organophosphates by utilizing the enzyme acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and silver nanoparticles (AgNP). The Whatman filter paper was used as a visual OP detection zone. AgNP, as an indicator, is adsorbed and gives a brownish-yellow color to the paper, while AChE is immobilized into the film and layered on the paper. The addition of acetylthiocholine chloride as a substrate to the film released thiocholine products which could replace the capping AgNPs causing the AgNPs to aggregate and the paper color to pale. The presence of OP in the sample will inhibit AChE activity so that paper fading is reduced. The biosensor response is quantized as an RGB value, which is determined using an application on a smartphone. The resulting biosensor has excellent performance with a linear range of 0.05-2.00 mg/L, a detection limit of 0.04 mg/L, and a CV of 0.48%. Biosensor measurements on vegetable samples showed conformity with the GCMS results as the standard method. Therefore, this biosensor is suitable for the on-site detection of pesticides offering easy, fast, and inexpensive analysis.

Agricultural products, including root fruits, make up a large part of a person’s vital needs. Therefore, cultivating root fruits and harvesting crops without harm is one of the main tasks of agricultural events. Considering the above, it is of great importance to have information about the scientific research and scientific results achieved by our scientists in this field. To this aim, a bibliometric analysis of articles on root harvesters published in the Scopus database between 1982 and 2022 was used to understand the current state of studying cultivating agricultural products, including root fruits, and harvesting their crops and to provide references for future studies. To carry out this research different tools such as Office Excel 2021, VOS Viewer and Mapchart.net were used. The literature retrieved totaled 201 articles, of which 70% were research papers. During the last four decades, the quantity of published papers has increased significantly. For example, there were 22 papers published in 2019, 22 times increase over the number of papers published in 2002 (1 paper). It was found that the top five countries that published the most literature were China, the United States, India, the United Kingdom, and Canada, which published 44, 43, 12, 12, and 10 articles, respectively. During the chosen period 159 authors from 58 countries contributed to the given field.

This paper discusses the potential of paper-based microfluidic devices for affordable diagnostics, and the importance of flow control. We have explored the variation of the width of paper, effect of 2D flow, and altering the surface wettability of paper to increase the resistance to fluid flow by physicochemical barriers. We used Whatman filter paper No. 40 and No. 1, mustard oil, and oleic acid, to examine the fluid flow due to capillary forces. Moreover, the effect of increase in thickness of the storage reservoir to decrease flow rate in the paper was also investigated. The experiments provide valuable insights into the behavior of fluid flow in porous media, and the findings have important applications in biomedical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.

This article observes the problems in the study of perspective species of the family Coccinellidae worldwide: a review of papers from the Scopus database published in English for the period of 2007-2021. Trends of publications in the family of Coccinellidae, various journals on Coccinellidae family, authors and their affiliated country, top countries in the study of the Coccinellidae family were analyzed throughout the article. Relying on the results of this analysis, it was found out that paper publishing beat records from 2007 to 2021 with 120 and 62 respectively. Also, number of journals that are frequently used by scholars worldwide were studied. There, top 15 journals were chosen by scholars to publish 721 (44,23 %) of their papers. Countries that held the largest number of researches on the Coccinellidae family was also considered in our article. We identified funding institutions, among which National Natural Science Foundation of China has possessed the largest number with 40. Last but not least, the most influential and productive countries, including China, Brazil, and others, were recorded in our research.

The article considers the problem of recycling waste paper and the main reasons for the deterioration of paper-forming and physical and mechanical indicators of finished products during recycling of recycled fiber. A study was carried out on the effect of increasing the number of recycling cycles of waste paper of the MS-8V brand on such indicators as fractional composition, breaking length and resistance of paper to punching when using a jet-barrier type knifeless grinding unit.

Contamination of recycled paper and board food packaging by mineral oil hydrocarbons caused several crises in the past years. Although the migration from paper and board to foodstuffs has been proved many times, the contamination mechanisms and causalities remain undetermined and face unresolved issues. This study takes part in the collaborative project FoodSafeBioPack, which aims at evaluating the migration of potentially carcinogenic polyaromatic molecules from recycled paper and board packaging to food. New chemical imaging methods are used to follow this contamination at the microscopic scale (fibers and fibrous network). The first images acquired of polyaromatic molecules distribution on fibers were used to develop a methodology that will help to follow their migration. The influence of using different solvents and molecules on the initial chemical potential is discussed. The description of the paper structure and initial conditions of transfer will support the development of a microscopic mass transfer model.

Cellulose and paper products are produced from cotton wool in our republic. Since 1995, the production of these products has increased several times. Nevertheless, 10% of the demand for pulp and paper products in our Republic is met. uring 1988-1993, this growth was 6%, which was 3 times higher than wood pulp production. Extraction of cellulose from annual plants is well developed in China and India. 77% of the world's cellulose obtained from annual plants is produced in these countries. The People's Republic of China gets 50% of its paper output from annual plants. Cellulose was obtained from plants containing cellulose, and their properties were studied. Paper products were obtained from the resulting pulps and its quality indicators were studied based on the standards applied to papers used in industry.

Chitosan occurs in different molecular weights and degrees of deacetylation. Molecular weight and degree of deacetylation are the main factors affecting particle size, particle formation and aggregation. The use of chitosan improved the dry strength of the paper, especially by adding 1% low molecular weight chitosan. But the increase in concentration reduced its dry strength. This can be explained as follows. The connection must correspond to the distance between the segments between the fibers, because they form an inter-fiber connection area. Even if the water molecule is separated from the organic bond with the fibers or not, a large amount of water destroys the bond state of the paper. These factors are important in the paper industry. Paper-like materials were obtained on the basis of cellulose obtained from the stem of the flax plant. The effect of fibers and adhesives in the composition on the quality indicators of the obtained paper was considered. The effects of chitosan and starch glue were compared. It can be explained that the hydrogen bond on the fiber surface is mainly monopolized by the water molecule, because the fiber forms a macroscopic liquid bridge. The weakness of this bridge indicates the wet tensile strength of the paper.

The effects of chitosan, starch, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were studied to improve the surface properties of cellulose-based paper obtained from local raw materials. Polymers are incorporated into the paper canvas by spraying. The results showed that the addition of chitosan to paper webs made from cellulose fibers has improved surface properties compared to the effects of other additives. The effect level of starch was similar to that of chitosan, but it resulted in a lower water absorption potential of paper than chitosan at the same concentration. In many other properties, particularly for printing papers, the most important property being surface smoothness, chitosan treated papers are superior to starch or PVA treated papers.

The prospects for obtaining bioethanol based on secondary bioresources of the pulp and paper industry are discussed in order to close economic cycles. The transformation of sugars of acidic hydrolyzate of deciduous wood into bioethanol by batch culture of a selected strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a combination of various xylose-assimilating yeasts was studied. The ethanol yield from hexose`s part was 46% from fermented sugars, its concentration reached to 9,0±0,6 g l-1. The use of pentose sugars under microaerobic conditions (concentration of dissolved oxygen 0.5-3.0%) gave the efficiency of ethanol production up to 26.7 - 35.5% from fermented sugars. The ethanol concentration in terms of the pentose`s fraction was 3.9-4.5 g l-1 (the yeast Pachysolen tannophilus); 5.2 g l-1 (the yeast Candida tropicalis); 5.6 g l-1 (the yeast Candida shehatae). The total amount of ethanol obtained from both hexose and pentose parts after distillation was 4.2-4.6 g (5.2-5.7 ml) with alcohol by volume 96%.

The way to determine the total microbial contaminants in fresh milk is by the Total Plate Count (TPC) method. The TPC method requires 48 hours, high analytical skills, and high analytical costs. The aim of this research was to design a rapid detection tool for microbial contaminants in fresh milk called Paper Stick Test Kit (PSTK), which is fast, cheap, and easy. The stages of research designing PSTK are: (a) making PSTK, (b) testing the optimal time for using PSTK, and (c) making standard color maps. The results of this research are: (a) the best PSTK is made from cardboard with color indicators made from a mixture of bromothymol blue 0.3 g/250 ml solvent and NaOH 0.01 N; drying PSTK is best done in an oven with a temperature of 100oC, for 20 minutes; (b) the optimal time of application of PSTK in fresh milk is 20 seconds; and c) standard color maps are based on the correlation between microbial contaminant levels in fresh milk and color levels in PSTK dipped in microbial contaminated fresh milk.

Since the federal, state, and local levels of government in Malaysia have all initiated the e-participation project as an integration of the national e-government initiative and combined communication-based applications consisting of government-to-citizen (G2C) orientation, assessment studies have discovered that the delivery of this project carries multiple issues. These include minimal digital knowledge, a lack of awareness, the requirement for more government support for the project, and other factors. This has resulted in certain entities not making the most of e-participation tools. Thus, this review paper intends to examine some relevant acceptance factors of the Malaysian government's e-participation programme, which has received significant investment. This study methodology used the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and the Technology Readiness Index (TRI) to build the research model for this study by exploring the relevant books, journals, online materials, and study reports linked to the e-participation acceptance in Malaysian public sector. The UTAUT and TRI factors may influence the likelihood of its adoption by all Malaysian governments and citizens, which will encourage them to support the use of e-participation in the public sector in Malaysia. The proposed model will evaluate the individual acceptance of e-participation in the Malaysian public sector. This study is anticipated to provide several guidance to relevant parties, particularly the Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit (MAMPU), which is one of the most prominent government agencies in Malaysia responsible for modernising and reforming the public sector through the digitalisation process, and other related government agencies in Malaysia. For future studies, additional empirical qualitative and quantitative methodologies are required to validate the findings of this study.

Today the world is facing a major problem of getting rid of wastewater safely so that it does not disrupt the environment. This study analyzed global research trends through wastewater treatment technologies from 2000 to 2020 using Scopus databases. The objective of this article is to carry out a bibliometric analysis regarding the production and impact of scientific research related to wastewater treatment indexed in the Scopus databases. The purpose is to know key aspects such as the progression of production over the two decades, maturity in research, coverage of the subject, identifying the most discussed topics and as a result of identifying the gaps, the most relevant authors and the core of journals through which knowledge in this area is disseminated, as well as its impact through the analysis of citations. Scopus revealed a total of 44 journal articles, 19 conference proceedings, and 1 review paper during this period, with the keywords’ wastewater, treatment. As per the analysis, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan painted the greatest publications connected with wastewater.

At present, there is not any MTI graduation test system in China, although the enrollment of MTI students witnesses an increase. This paper presents MTI graduation written test construct and design of syllabus. It then elaborates on the test construct, modules, which is intended to clarify the purpose, significance and contents of MTI graduation test and shed new light on future large-scale test development and improvement of cultivation quality of MTI graduates.

Buildings carry people's emotional thoughts. Paper Bamboo House establishes an emotional connection between space and people through characteristic ecological materials, pays attention to people's true perception of buildings, and emphasizes the rhythm of architectural form and rhythm. The architectural design needs to explore the possibility of space existence from the regional culture, rebuild the relationship between the building and the surrounding environment, strive to create a harmonious building that coexists with nature, and practice the regional practice of low-carbon architecture. Advocate to use the comprehensive thinking of reason and art to explore the meaning of space and form.

Metamaterial has become a hotspot in many research fields, including electromagnetism, thermodynamics and mechanics, as it can offers additional design freedom for material to obtain novel properties. Especially for the electromagnetic devices, various interesting electromagnetic properties which cannot be found in nature materials can be realized, such as negative refraction, invisible cloak, etc. Herein, we provide an overview of paper-based metamaterial for microwave application. This work reviews the metamaterial realized on paper substrate, including the fabrication techniques, application fields, as well as the outlook on future directions of the paper-based metamaterial for the readership.

Medical imaging is currently using artificial intelligence-based technologies to aid evaluate diagnostic information images, particularly in enforcing kidney stones. Artificial intelligence technology continues to develop, many studies show that deep learning is more widely used compared to traditional machine learning, so an Artificial intelligence system is needed to assist the accuracy of health diagnoses, thus helping in the field of radiology health. The aim of the research is to use artificial intelligence with deep learning models to help detect abnormalities in the kidneys. This research method is a literature review of Scopus data related to deep learning in medical imaging in detecting kidney stones. The results of using Artificial Intelligence in medical imaging can be used in diagnosing diseases including detecting Covid-19, musculoskeletal, calcium scores on Cardiac CT, liver tumors, urinary tract lesions, examination of the abdomen and kidney stones. Utilization of Artificial Intelligence in detecting kidney stones can be done with various classification models including XResNet-50, ExDark19, CystoNet, CNN, ANN. Using the right model and having a high accuracy value can help radiologists to accurately detect kidney stones.

Today, climate change, an increase in anthropogenic factors, and changes in the natural environment have an adverse effect on insect diversity due to the changing climes around the world. There has been an increase in the number of pests of agricultural crops over the past few years because of the expansion of the cultivated areas in arid regions, including the number of insects of the Order Orthoptera. The formation of fauna in different regions of the globe needs to be identified in order to improve the methods of combating them, and therefore, it is necessary to identify their formation. A great deal of research on the class of insects has been conducted over the last 35 years, and most of those articles are published in English. However, the research work on Insecta: Orthoptera was carried out in different topics and ways during those 35 years. The scope of this article is to cover all articles that have been published about orthoptera between 1986 and 2021 in the Scopus database. Various categories were analyzed in order to determine the quality of this research, including the year of research, who was responsible for the research, and which of the major research institutes did the research. In the light of the analysis, it is possible to have a certain understanding of the current research problems that are being experienced in this area as a result of the analysis.

In past few years, as indirect convection cooling equipment, heat pipes have grown in favour for a variety of uses, including heat recovery and electronics. A sensible heat is categorized as not having a filter arrangement as a “pulsating heat pipe”. It transfers heat from its evaporator to condenser portions by moving the circulating flow back and forth a reaction of its ongoing phase shift that occurs inside of it. It is difficult to truly understand how it operates since the two-phase flow is the result of combining physical and thermodynamic factors. Despite this, the PHPs have caught the interest of researchers all over the world because of its simple design and large several scenarios necessitating an elevated heat transfer rate. Presented here begins and a preface outlining several researchers’ trying to model experimental explain how PHPs work. A short tabular review of the most recent experimental investigations on PHPs is offered. Novel ideas have been explored, including the use of Nano-fluids to improve PHP performance.

This proceeding summarizes the talk given at the opening of the UHECR 2022 conference in L’Aquila on the whitepaper ‘Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays: The Intersection of the Cosmic and Energy Frontiers’ [Astroparticle Physics 149 (2023) 102819 - arXiv:2205.05845] that has been prepared for the Snowmass survey in the USA. The whitepaper provides an overview of recent progress and open questions regarding the particle physics and astrophysics related to ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) and outlines the connections between the particle and astrophysics aspects of cosmic rays. It also discusses what instrumentation is needed to address the major scientific questions in ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray physics. While the upgraded Pierre Auger Observatory and Telescope Array will remain the workhorses at the highest energies in the current decade, new experiments with significantly higher exposure are needed in the coming decade. Ground arrays featuring simultaneous detection of the position of the shower maximum and the size of the muonic component will enable particle astronomy by measuring the rigidity of individual events. They should be complemented by other detectors maximizing the total exposure. This can be achieved by a few next-generation experiments using the latest developments in detection and analysis techniques: GRAND as a ground-based radio array, and POEMMA as a space-borne stereo fluorescence telescope will feature complementary approaches to provide maximum exposure; IceCube-Gen2 with its surface array, and GCOS aim at increased statistics with high accuracy for particle physics and rigidity-based galactic and extra-galactic astrophysics. While designed to discover the astrophysical cosmic-ray sources at the highest energies, the same experiments also contribute to particle physics, e.g., by studying the muon puzzle in cosmic-ray air showers, and by their discovery potential for exciting new physics, such as certain Dark Matter candidates. With the full whitepaper available as a reference, this proceeding will briefly present the science cases of the experiments, highlighting their individual strengths and outlining how they complement each other.

Madagascar undergoes, like all countries in the world, the effects of climate change. in fact, since the last 5 years, in the coastal regions and the basins, the temperature has raised from 2 to 2.5 ° and varies between 34 to 36 ° in the shadow during the rainy season and on the high hills, the temperature diminishes from 2 to 2.5 ° during the dry period and varies from 4 ° to 8 °. However, the structure of lodging of 60% of the people are not adapted to this temperature change. Particularly, in the coastal regions, the walls of the houses are made of sheet iron. The inside of these houses is very hot when the weather is hot and very cold when it is cold. The inhabitants can’t afford the houses made in bricks or breeze block and the natural sources of aggregates are in the process of exhaustion. In the other part, we have seen that tons of paper are ready to be burned at the administrative services (public treasury, public financing, universities, ...) and the newspaper publishers. So, it becomes a must to find another way to the construction materials, justifying in that case our research axis. This study aims at the developing of construction material based on recycled paper, binder and aggregate. It deals of picking up or gathering all waste of papers and outdates newspapers and transforming them into brick for building constructions. What’s more, papers have prominent thermal insulating properties. Our work is focused on the study of variants on the different manufacturing processes, the choice of binder, the preparation of the specimens with different binders and different dosages, the mechanical compression tests for different binders, the evaluation of thermal conductivity for different binders and the numerical simulation of the thermo mechanical behavior of samples. The result is a lightweight brick with good thermal insulation. Tests have also made it possible to declare that the material has acceptable mechanical properties : the compressive strength is 1.56 [N/mm2], higher than the value prescribed by the standard for lightweight concrete blocks for construction of 1.1 [N/mm2], the value of thermal conductivity is 0.114 [W/mK], ten times less conductive heat than concrete and it can replace glass wool for a double its thickness. The specific weight is 57.5 [kg/m2].The practical results were confirmed by finite element simulations.

The paper industry is an activity that have a large impact on the quality of natural resources. The large amount of water used has an impact on the wastewater generated. Untreated liquid waste can cause pollution in water bodies (rivers). Wastewater treatment with Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) is able to process wastes with high COD content in the paper industry. This paper provides a basic review and UASB research that has been carried out in the wastewater treatment of the paper industry.

The experimental investigation of the performance of hydrophobic-treated recycled paper mill sludge (RPMS) incorporated into asphalt mixtures is presented in this paper. This research implements RPMS as a solid waste additive to partially replace the mineral filler in the asphalt mixture while practicing green asphalt technology. The raw RPMS required mechanical pre-treatments and its hydrophilic property was modified chemically. The hydrophobicity was assessed by Hydrophilic Coefficient, Water Contact Angle (WCA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The ethanol method, which involved the esterification of ethyl esters that utilized 7ml of waste cooking oil (WCO) and 50ml of ethanol, was adopted. In the Marshall mix design, RPMS was incorporated at 0.5% and 1.0% of the weight of aggregates. Conventional 60/70 PEN bitumen and granite aggregates were used. The optimum binder content (OBC) was evaluated and justified by its adsorption strength. The mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures were determined and compared with the Public Work Department (PWD) specifications. All the volumetric properties satisfied the standard specification by PWD for 0.5% modified RPMS asphalt mixture, and thus it is preferable as it also involved lower binder cost due to the lower OBC achieved.

A wide range of applications are possible with paper-based analytical devices, which are low priced, easy to fabricate and operate, and require no specialized equipment. Paper-based microfluidics offers the design of miniaturized POC devices to be applied in the health, environment, food, and energy sector employing the ASSURED (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment free and Deliverable to end users) principle of WHO. Therefore, this field is growing very rapidly and ample research is being done. This review focuses on fabrication and detection techniques reported to date. Additionally, this review emphasises on the application of this technology in the area of medical diagnosis, energy generation, environmental monitoring, and food quality control. This review also presents the theoretical analysis of fluid flow in porous media for the efficient handling and control of fluids. The limitations of PAD have also been discussed with an emphasis to concern on the transformation of such devices from laboratory to the consumer., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to EDP Sciences, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Deep geological disposal aims to contain and isolate radioactive waste from the biosphere. Repository systems are made of multiple barriers working together, typically comprising the natural geological barrier provided by the repository host rock and its surroundings and an engineered barrier system. Due to their excellent properties for the confinement of contaminants, including low permeability, high sorption capacity, and swelling/self-sealing capacity, clayey materials are considered as engineered and/or natural barriers in most repository designs under development in Europe. During the lifetime of the repository, clay barriers will be exposed to perturbations, among which those are resulting from gas and heat production within the system. It is important to verify that these perturbations will not be detrimental to the good functioning of these barriers. In this paper, it is shown how the two EURAD R&D work packages, GAS and HITEC use a combination of experimental and modelling approaches to increase the understanding and predictability of the impact on clay barriers of the fundamental processes and their couplings related to gas and heat transport respectively, providing building blocks to support the evaluation of the robustness of the repository concepts.

Sustainability aims at a sound synergy of the economic, ecological and social dimension. To promote sustainable development and guarantee a high living-standard for future generations, all three elements must be balanced. The economy impacts the other two dimensions along the value chain. Particularly critical is the impact of the supply chain as human working conditions and environmental standards must be secured for procurement of materials along complex transportation routes. To tackle this issue, France has passed a Supply Chain Law (Loi de vigilance) in 2017, Britain has passed the Modern Slavery Act which prohibits child labor in 2015 and Germany has passed a Supply Chain Act (Lieferkettengesetz) in June 2021. Furthermore, a EU-wide supply chain law on due diligence and environmental standards for supply chains is expected for 2022. A transparent digitalized version of a company´s supply chain, including its human resources and environmental impact, would facilitate the identification of several sustainability intervention points. Such transparency could lead to not only better and supply chain law-compliant regulations for fairer working conditions and improved social sustainability, but also to optimized circular economy processes. However, there is also the risk that a high level oftransparency in complex supply chains entails very high bureaucratic efforts. With this conceptual outline, we would like to contribute to the discussion of the new German legislation and present a variety of IT solutions to improve and monitor the sustainability of supply chains as well as to reduce the bureaucratic effort which comes with supply chain supervision.