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A one-step biosynthetic pathway for the fabrication of La2O3–LaPO4 nanocomposites (NCs) was developed, employing Charybdis natator. The structure and phase changes of the NCs were confirmed, and their diverse applications were explored. The peaks at 206, 332, and 442 nm in UV-DRS studies confirmed the formation of La2O3–LaPO4 NCs. Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis revealed La–O stretching at 716 cm−1 and the presence of PO43−{\text{PO}}_{4}^{3-} bands at 532, 560, 578, and 618 cm−1. X-ray diffraction patterns showed a hexagonal phase of La2O3 with peaks at 2θ 11.04 and 28.57 and monoclinic LaPO4 phases at 2θ = 18.79 and 41.88. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data showed binding energy peaks at 836.04 and 852.77 eV, corresponding to 3d5/2 and 3d3/2 of the lanthanum. The average particle size from HR-TEM analysis was 28.95 nm after annealing at 800°C and SAED patterns confirmed their crystalline nature. The high affinity of the NCs towards ctDNA was established by a binding constant value of 2.08 (mg·mL−1)−1. Under UV exposure, 96% degradation efficiency for methyl orange within 120 min at pH 4 was displayed, with a rate constant of 2.72 × 10−2 min−1 affirming their photocatalytic potential. Their biocompatibility was assessed through MTT assay and luminescence characteristics were evaluated.

Laboratory medicine is complex and contributes to the diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring and follow-up of acquired and inherited human disorders. The regular practice of physical exercise provides important benefits in heath and disease and sports medicine is thereby receiving growing focus from almost each and every clinical discipline, including laboratory medicine. Sport-laboratory medicine is a relatively innovative branch of laboratory science, which can provide valuable contributions to the diagnosis and follow-up of athletic injuries, and which is acquiring a growing clinical significance to support biomechanics and identify novel genomics and 'exercisenomics' patterns that can help identify specific athlete's tendency towards certain types of sport traumas and injuries. Laboratory medicine can also provide sport physicians and coaches with valuable clues about personal inclination towards a certain sport, health status, fitness and nutritional deficiencies of professional, elite and recreational athletes in order to enable a better and earlier prediction of sport injuries, overreaching and overtraining. Finally, the wide armamenta\xadrium of laboratory tests represents the milestone for identifying cheating athletes in the strenuous fight against doping in sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tries to tease out some strands in the current debate about intercultural aspects of human behavior. Shying away from the facile interpretation of the term as "that which can safely be transported to and from cultures," I postulate the basic autochthonic character of any culture: the intercultural is only possible on the basis of an intracultural reality. This has consequences for the way we handle theoretical issues, such as the comparability of speech acts across cultures, and for our practice, whenever we have to deal with problems that beset immigrants who try to keep their culture intact while mingling with another culture. The solution is sought in a golden middle between pious romanticism and bone-hard realism, an attitude that so far only has existed in the minds of theorists, but needs to get translated into practice to avoid intercultural clashes of the kind we've been witness to over the past decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why did Jews from Germany seek refuge in fascist Italy? When did they go to Italy? How did they experience life in exile, during internment, and under German occupation? Based on the stories of 400 Munich Jews who fled to Italy between 1933 and 1940, Susanna Schrafstetter shows that emigration and flight to Italy were closely related to the expulsion of Jews of Polish background from Germany. A large percentage of the Munich Jews who arrived in Italy in 1939/40 possessed Polish passports. Whereas most foreign Jews left Italy after the promulgation of the Italian racial laws of 1938, not all of them were able to emigrate from Italy to other countries. The majority of those who remained, or were forced to remain, were interned after Italy's entry into the war in June 1940. The author describes the internment of the Munich Jews and demonstrates that nearly all of them were confronted with illness and suffering. Upon the German occupation of the Italian peninsula in September 1943, all Jews were threatened with arrest, deportation, and murder. Susanna Schrafstetter investigates regional differences in the implementation of persecution, and additionally sheds light on the heretofore insufficiently understood fate of Jewish partners in mixed marriages in Italy under German occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the significant role played by the impact factor (IF) in improving the journal. The author contends that considering IF contributes in enhancing the position of the journal in the field of laboratory medicine. He asserts that carrying out an evaluation on IF and the publication of poor quality papers will enable the journal to effectively develop strategies that meet its goals and objectives.

In this paper I propose that pragmatic principles and mechanisms are at play in the recovery of ‘de se’ attitudes in English (and in Italian), in cases in which grammatical and semantic information does not exclusively determine the ‘de se’ interpretation. I claim that the pragmatic processes at work in utterances reporting ‘de se’ attitudes are cases of free enrichment. In free enrichments, although there does not seem to be either an overt indexical or a covert slot in the linguistically decoded logical form of the sentence uttered, the logical form nevertheless needs to be conceptually enriched in the explicature (Huang, Pragmatics, Oxford University Press, 2007:191). I develop my view in the relevance-theoretic framework, according to which the human cognitive system works in such a way as to tend to maximize relevance with respect to communication, the principle of relevance being responsible for both the explicit and implicit content of an utterance. However, I should acknowledge that I was also influenced by Levinson's (Presumptive meanings, MIT Press, 2000) ideas about pragmatic intrusion. I propose to add another type of intrusive construction: attitudes ‘de se’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the post-Homeric tradition the sea-monster Scylla is characterized by a duality that manifests itself both in her physical hybridity and in more abstract ways relating to textuality and to fictionality. Ovid, developing features of the Virgilian Scylla, exploits the dualities of Scylla; the self-division of Scylla then lends itself to the purposes of post-classical authors, Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton, who write to specific theological and allegorical agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information about a 1515 drawing by German artist Hans Baldung Grien. Various suggested interpretations are given of the relationship between the naked woman and the monster in the picture. The article draws on literary and artistic representations of similar interactions for comparison. After comparing the drawing with other depictions of witches and monsters, the article seeks to determine whether or not the woman in the picture is meant to be a witch. Because of the presence of fish-like and ocean-themed attributes in the picture, it is argued that the woman is a sea nymph. Alternative identities for the woman are suggested, including the Greek sea monster Scylla, or the Roman goddess Venus.

The present paper discusses the characteristics of performative speech through three distinct but related episodes: 1. the ancient origins of "convincing speech" in Homeric and Sophistic discourse; 2. the treatment of linguistic issues through speech by South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission; 3. present-day language as determined and constituted by the plurality of languages, between the Scylla and Charybdis of "Globish" and "ontological nationalism". John L. Austin's theory of performative speech acts as laid down in How to do Things With Words serves as a contemporary frame of reference throughout the argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper, I question the idea that proper names are merely used to refer to things or individuals. However, I am not going to use predicativism to prove this point. I will somehow look at things from the point of view of scholars like Frege or Kripke. I consider that this idea (that proper names are merely used to refer, at least when they are in argument positions) stems from a view of language that does not throw proper light on contextuality as discussed by Mey, Jacob. 2001. Pragmatics. Oxford: Wiley. From the very beginning, I argue that the issue can be seen in a better light through a theory of language use that considers language games as embedded in a society and a culture. I accept the idea that there are norms for introducing names in society and for using them in an appropriate way. Even if, for most philosophers, referring is the basic function of proper names, I propose that in a number of cases proper names are not essentially used to refer (although it is possible that the name allows a combination of referring and other functions). The referring function of names broadly correlates with the assertive function of the utterance in which the name occurs or with speech acts whose aim is to modify reality and, therefore, persuade, modify, create, promote, destroy, etc. objects or individuals (often referred to with proper names). However, there are other types of speech acts where proper names are not only used to refer, but, instead, to call someone (another case is scolding someone or a dog). Intentions clearly emerge in context. The same utterance may have more than one function, from the illocutionary point of view, but a proper name, as situated in different contexts, may have more than one perlocutionary function. I argue that while the speech act of referring is always a diagonal speech act, the speech act of calling someone (by the use of a proper name) is not a diagonal speech act but a self-sufficient, autonomous, primary speech act. Hence there is a clear difference between referring through an assertion and referring as part of calling, where referring is incorporated into the main speech act as part of the explicit illocutionary force of the speech act. In an assertion, referring is a prerequisite to providing a referent about which a property is asserted. Predication and reference are intertwined. In a speech act other than an assertion, there need not be a predicate, and referring and calling (or some other speech act) are connected. I propose that the learning of the speech act of calling by the use of a name requires certain syntactic considerations, that prima facie contradict Chomsky's binding theory. I then put forward the view that learning one's name requires, at some stage, knowledge of the semantics of de se structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wolfgang Klein's observation in 1989 that a steady rise in academic publications affects a scientist's capacity to read and write more extends to issues like funding, tenure, and citation on the one hand, and technological advancements like artificial intelligence that enable (and corrupt) research on the other. In documenting speakers' linguistic behaviour in varied social settings, sociolinguistics journals are necessary platforms for the dissemination and archiving of sociolinguistic data. Like many academic journals, however, sociolinguistics journals also play a vital role in amassing information, simultaneously contributing to sociolinguistic progress and data excess. In this commentary, I agree with Klein that production should be reduced to some extent for authors to both read and write, and to contribute content in support of the research – not simply to be published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In De magistratibus John Lydus refers to an epigram of eight lines insulting emperor Anastasius (491-518) as a money-collecting Charybdis. A similar version of this poem can be found in the Greek Anthology where it is divided into two epigrams of four lines each (AP XI 270-71). In a first step, a critical edition of the epigram is established. On this basis it becomes clear that the earlier version referred to by Lydus comes close to the original poem. A detailed commentary reveals it as work of an able and witty poet who was familiar with both classical epic poetry and the formulas used in late antique laudatory epigrams. Looking at the historical background of the epigram, the paper highlights the history and varieties of Kaiserkritik in Late Antiquity and Byzantium, while another chapter takes a closer look at the far-reaching reforms undertaken by Anastasius which were heavily criticized by contemporaries. Taking into account the function of the epigram in Lydus' work, it seems certain that John Lydus himself composed the poem to support his general criticism of the administrative reforms of both Anastasius and Justinian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1476, the minstrel Hans Behem triggers an unauthorised Marian pilgrimage to the village of Niklashausen (Tauber Valley). The bishop of Würzburg brutally suppresses the movement and executes Behem as a heretic. In the same year, Thomas Ruscher (d. 1510), a student of theology at Heidelberg, treats the matter in the form of a Latin drama. The text is influenced by the medieval tradition of the spiritual play (ludus), but also reactivates elements of the ancient tragedy. The article presents a critical edition of the Latin text, a German translation and a typological analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will evaluate the quantitative content analysis of visual rhetoric which has been put forward by George Rossolatos in the context of audio-visuality and marketing research. Rossolatos bases his taxonomy of visual rhetorical figures on Groupe µ's adaptation of classical rhetoric in Rhétorique génerale (1970). With the aim of creating a systematic model for marketing analysis, he and his collaborators have coded and classified an extensive number of audiovisual commercials from the top international strata of economically valuable brands. For comparison, I have during a period of four years given undergraduates the task of collecting and categorizing a minimum of ten audio-visual commercials, each of which should exemplify one of the figures referred to by Rossolatos. The outcomes of the task indicate that a random explorative study with a minimum of operationalization and training of coders is enough for obtaining results akin to those reported by Rossolatos. This may be regarded as a positive outcome from a pedagogical point of view, but it may also raise the suspicion that Rossolatos's criteria are merely intuitive. If the incidence of visual rhetorical figures is to be studied as an independent content variable of audio-visual enunciations, the values/figures should be described with greater caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the 83rd chapter of The Man without Qualities -- »Seinesgleichen geschieht oder warum erfindet man nicht Geschichte?« -- this essay suggests a new reading of Musil's narration of history. It argues that Musil avoids the Scylla of causal necessity and the Charybdis of the law of large numbers by means of a micrological method of ›smallest steps‹ aimed at motivating contingency. The narration does not ›make up‹ history, as Sophie Wilkins' English translation suggests (»Pseudoreality prevails; or, Why don't we make history up as we go along?«); rather, it invents history both in the sense of an ›ars inveniendi‹ and in the sense in which Ernst Mach defined scientific ›invention‹ as opposed to ›discovery‹. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Antike und Abendland is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Digital Markets Act is a new European Regulation which entered into force on October 2022. It will apply to "gatekeepers", namely undertakings providing core platform services, with the aim of fostering "fairness" and "contestability" in the digital sector. If these objectives appear at first sight both relevant and legitimate, this paper sheds light on the dark side of this Regulation by arguing that it will undermine the Rule of Law. Indeed, for several reasons which will be discussed, the Digital Markets Act will impede or limit the respect of principles which are deeply rooted in the legal tradition of European countries. This leads to an important question: is the cure worse than the disease? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese as a Second Language Research is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This document titled "Introduction: from semiotic odysseys to artistic tele-machinations" explores various complex phenomena of contemporary existence, including climate change, cultural conflicts, and the emergence of artificial intelligence. It emphasizes the need for a collaborative and communal approach to understanding these phenomena and highlights the communal nature of knowledge. The document discusses the role of semiotics in understanding representations and the interwoven relationship between the human and the non-human. It also includes three texts that delve into the intersection of semiotics and artistic production, examining topics such as the relationship between humans and animals, the use of visualization technologies in analyzing communication frameworks, and the contextualization of the figure of Ulysses in transhumanist contexts. Additionally, the document is a collection of essays that explore various aspects of inhumanity and the relationship between humans and their environment. The essays discuss topics such as the representation of Roma communities in the media, the phenomenon of scrolling in the digital age, and the monetization of gaming. The authors argue that these different subjects are connected by a common theme of "not belonging" and the creation of inhuman images of humanity. They also examine the role of aesthetics in shaping our understanding of the human-nonhuman relationship. Overall, the essays aim to provoke critical reflection on the current state of humanity and its impact on the world. [Extracted from the article]

The crises of both the climate and the biosphere are manifestations of the imbalance between human extractive, and polluting activities and the Earth's regenerative capacity. Planetary boundaries define limits for biophysical systems and processes that regulate the stability and life support capacity of the Earth system, and thereby also define a safe operating space for humanity on Earth. Budgets associated to planetary boundaries can be understood as global commons: common pool resources that can be utilized within finite limits. Despite the analytical interpretation of planetary boundaries as global commons, the planetary boundaries framework is missing a thorough integration into economic theory. We aim to bridge the gap between welfare economic theory and planetary boundaries as derived in the natural sciences by presenting a unified theory of cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis. Our pragmatic approach aims to overcome shortcomings of the practical applications of CEA and CBA to environmental problems of a planetary scale. To do so, we develop a model framework and explore decision paradigms that give guidance to setting limits on human activities. This conceptual framework is then applied to planetary boundaries. We conclude by using the realized insights to derive a research agenda that builds on the understanding of planetary boundaries as global commons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this field experiment was to examine whether food servers who used other-enhancement, opinion conformity, or humor would be rewarded with higher tips from restaurant customers than food servers who did not use such ingratiation tactics. Consistent with predictions, humor and simple opinion conformity resulted in significantly higher tip percentages compared to the control condition. In contrast, other-enhancement (i.e., compliments) and exaggerated opinion conformity did not. Humor also resulted in higher tips than all other tactics, except simple opinion conformity. These results and their implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term neoliberalism is a faithful companion of current public debates. It often serves as a proxy for what is allegedly wrong with society. The term is used to criticize a perceived commodification of spheres of human existence that used to be shielded from a purely economic logic. Recently, the term neoliberalism has become the object of historical research. Its roots have been traced back as far as 1947 or 1918. I argue in this paper that historians have taken a methodologically questionable approach, by departing from the blurry concept of neoliberalism as it is perceived today and trying to trace it back in time as far as possible. Such an approach leads to severe contradictions as economists labelled ex-post as neoliberals were often opposed to neoliberalism as it is currently defined. It is methodologically more sound and analytically more rewarding to start the conception of the term with the economists who self-identified as neoliberals. This approach leads to a more coherent concept of neoliberalism that is better suited for further research and provides a clearer understanding of the history of economic thought in the interwar period and the first postwar years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the Stoic concept of misprinted representation (φαντασία παρατυπωτική), which has received little attention compared to other concepts of Stoic epistemology and philosophy of mind. I aim at showing that a better understanding of this concept is important for grasping some elements of the Stoic account of mental representations that have been ignored or misunderstood in modern Stoic scholarship. First, by clarifying the status of the misprinted representation as a genuine representation, we can understand what it means (and does not mean) to say, from the Stoic point of view, that the intentional object of a representation is the external object that caused it. Second, by understanding this issue, we obtain some resources to deal with the ambiguity of the preposition ἀπό in the definition of cognitive representation. Thus, the concept of misprinted representation proves to be important for appropriately understanding the Stoic concepts of representation and cognitive representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

950 In light of the experience we surmise that, in the EU law of finance, both for European courts and the BoA and AP the question is not about changing the standards of review as they stand; it is about ensuring that the standard of legality review is meaningfully applied, because the reviewing court or quasi court is capable of engaging in a dialogue with the supervisory institution in its own terms and challenge its reasoning, having due regard to all factual elements of the case. What kind of error of assessment counts as 'manifest' cannot be determined independently of the Court's understanding of what falls within the acceptable range, which, in turn, cannot be established without reference to the court's willingness to take an hard, or better said, closer look at all factual and legal elements of the reasoning. Thus, albeit with nuances often determined by the specific features of each case, in the supervisory and resolution context it seems to us that the marginal v full review debate is, in the Banking Union, more academic than practical and that a full assessment of facts, to the extent that procedural rules allow a proactive evidentiary role, Q&A and expert witness, and a stringent review of the interpretation and application of law (and thus of the substantive legality) is possible, and thus full legal accountability and full effective judicial protection is warranted. 951 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

936 The three financial appeal bodies established in the EU (Board of Appeal of the European Supervisory Authorities, Administrative Board of Review of the SSM, and Appeal Panel of the Single Resolution Board) have certainly a number of advantages. Particularly, their technical expertise in matters of financial supervision and resolution makes them well placed to understand the intricacies, complexities and reactions of financial markets. The members of these bodies are individuals of high repute, with a proven record of relevant knowledge and professional experience and are not bound by any instructions, thereby acting independently and in the public interest. Yet, there are also drawbacks as the nature of these financial appeal bodies is hybrid, quasi-judicial, combining features from both advisory committees and courts of justice. Also, the legal regime applicable to these financial appeal bodies is both complex and not uniform. The rationale of the new European financial regulatory regime post GFC, which prompted the creation of the appeal bodies, resides in the primacy of financial stability and public interest considerations. Although there is no doubt that administrative decisions need to be motivated if they are to be reviewed, most of such decisions in the area of banking and finance are very complex and yet timing is crucial for them to be effective. On these grounds, legitimacy and accountability are of utmost importance for any democratic system to properly function; however, the more complex the activity, the more difficult it is to establish clear standards of conduct and specific outcomes. 937 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of this paper is to support the view that all human practical identities are contingent by arguing against the view that there is at least one necessary practical identity shared by all human beings, namely Humanity. The view that Humanity is a necessary practical identity is explicitly defended by Christine M. Korsgaard (Korsgaard, C. M. 1996. The Sources of Normativity, edited by O. O'Neill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Korsgaard, C. M. 2009. Self-Constitution: Agency, Identity, and Integrity. New York: Oxford University Press) and indirectly by Marya Schechtman (Schechtman, M. 2014. Staying Alive: Personal Identity, Practical Concerns, and the Unity of a Life. New York: Oxford University Press). Korsgaard understands Humanity both in terms of pure self-legislation, and as deep sociality. In the first case, Humanity as self-legislation faces what I call 'Existential dilemma': either Humanity has specific content, typical of contingent practical identities, but stops being necessary for all human beings; or Humanity is emptied of its content and is conceived of as necessary self-legislation, but stops being a practical identity. In the second case, i.e., Humanity as deep sociality, Korsgaard confuses the necessary natural fact that human beings are social creatures, with contingent contexts of human socialization, which are the true sources of specifically human practical identities. I articulate this confusion in the guise of what I call 'Nature/Nurture dilemma', which also applies to the morally neutral account of human personhood advocated by Schechtman (Schechtman, M. 2014. Staying Alive: Personal Identity, Practical Concerns, and the Unity of a Life. Oxford University Press). In conclusion, I address the worry that without the necessary practical identity of Humanity we might not be able to extend our practical and moral concerns to distant fellow human beings by sketching an alternative path to extend such concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This discussion's participants – all public historians working on Russia, albeit from different disciplinary backgrounds and with different areas of expertise – speak about the past and the present of (public) history in the country, and touch upon possible futures. Beginning with an acknowledgment of the immense interest in historical knowledge that characterized the 1990s, the conversation goes on to examine the rise of the official historical politics in Putin's Russia and their impact on historical science, memory work, and public engagement with the past more broadly. These developments contextualize the establishment of the first public history programs at Russian universities in the early 2010s, discussed here both in their specificities and compared to other countries. At the heart of the conversation is the war of aggression that Russia launched against Ukraine in February 2022. The participants of the discussion see it as a caesura, while at the same highlighting continuities in the regime's historical politics before and after the invasion. Issues of postcolonialism and decolonization are also raised, as well as the question of (public) historians' responsibility for the ongoing tragedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obschon Hadrians Reisen immer die Aufmerksamkeit der Forschung auf sich gezogen haben, machen neue Quellenfunde eine neue, gründliche Untersuchung der kaiserlichen Route, aber auch von Hadrians Absichten und Ziele nötig; auch die Reaktionen der Provinzialen erscheinen so in neuem Licht. Zunächst werden Kriterien für einen persönlichen Besuch des Kaisers in den Provinzen erarbeitet, um vor diesem Hintergrund neugefundene Inschriften und Münzen in den historischen Kontext einzuordnen. Im Folgenden wird die Route, die der kaiserliche Tross 131 von Ägypten über Syrien und das westliche Kleinasien nach Nordgriechenland genommen hat, diskutiert; in diesem Zusammenhang ist die Gründung des Antinoos-Kultes ebenso von besonderer Bedeutung wie die Frage nach den Gründen von Hadrians Beliebtheit unter den Provinzialen. Obschon dieser Teil der Reise bisher als besonders schlecht dokumentiert galt, schließt sich nun die Lücke zwischen dem bekannten Besuch des Kaisers in Ägypten und seinem letzten Aufenthalt in Athen. Summary: Though Hadrian's travels have been subjects to several studies, newly found sources demand a re-examination of the emperor's routes, aims, and actions as well as the provincials' responses. The aim of this article is two-fold: On a general level, it establishes firm criteria for a personal visit of an emperor in the provinces. Against this background, recently found inscriptions and coins are thoroughly discussed. Focusing on the route Hadrian and his entourage took from Egypt via Syria and Western Asia Minor to Northern Greece in 131 A.D., the article not only stresses Hadrian's popularity among the provincials, but also shows how Hadrian personally aimed at founding a cult for Antinoos in the Eastern Mediterranean. As this journey has been regarded as the "most obscure" of Hadrian's travels, this article closes a gap between Hadrian's famous, well-studied trip to Egypt and his final stay at Athens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die zunehmende Bedeutung digitaler Plattformen für die moderne Gesellschaft wird bisher noch nicht hinreichend von einem übergreifenden Interesse an einer allgemeinen Theorie begleitet. Der Beitrag steuert aus systemtheoretischer Perspektive erste Vorarbeiten zu einem solchen Vorhaben bei. In Abgrenzung zu bestehenden Konzeptualisierungen digitaler Plattformen als Techniken, Märkte, Netzwerke oder Organisationen bestimmt er diese als soziale Systeme sui generis. Insbesondere das Festhalten am Organisationsbegriff eröffnet dabei aussichtsreiche Vergleichspunkte für Funktionsbestimmungen digitaler Plattformen. Anders als Organisationen konstituieren sich diese nicht durch die Konditionierung von Mitgliedschafts-, sondern von Sichtbarkeitserwartungen. Digitale Plattformen leisten analog zu Organisationen eine Maximierung der Generalisierung von Verhaltenserwartungen in allen drei Sinndimensionen zugleich. Anders als Organisationen leisten sie diese Maximierung aber zeitlich über Kognitionen, sachlich über Programme und sozial über materiell-technisierte Spuren. The increasing importance of digital platforms for modern society has not yet been matched by an overarching interest in a general theory. This paper provides preliminary groundwork towards such a project from the perspective of the theory of social systems by Niklas Luhmann. In contrast to existing classifications as technologies, markets, networks, or organizations, we conceptualize digital platforms as a novel form of social systems. In order to develop a functional definition of digital platforms, referring to the concept of organization offers promising points of comparison. Digital platforms constitute themselves not by the conditioning of membership expectations, but of prospects for visibility. Digital platforms generalise meaning via cognitions, programmes, and materialized technical traces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this respect historicity has a much more demanding and uneasy role in our thought about morality than Eriksen acknowledges. But to raise a skeptic worry about a moral issue is, in Eriksen's argument, either a genuine moral-existential concern that arises from one's personal life, or an empty skepticism that seems to presuppose and accept the very moral language it is supposedly skeptical toward. Palgrave Macmillan I Moral Change i by Cecilie Eriksen is a contribution to the philosophical debate over the historicity of morality. The second part of the book is an assessment of the most typical arguments regarding the historicity of morality in analytic moral philosophy. [Extracted from the article]

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At Tm. 47e, Timaeus steps back from his discussion of what came about through noûs and turns toward an account of what came about through anankê. Broadie, 2012, Nature and Divinity in Plato's Timaeus, sketches out two routes for the interpretation of this 'new beginning.' The 'metaphysical' approach uses perceptibles qua imitations of intelligibles in order to glimpse the intelligibles (just as we look at our reflection in a mirror in order to view ourselves). The 'cosmological' reading assumes we use the perceptible part of the cosmos in order to come to know the entire cosmos. Broadie openly favors the cosmological reading for understanding the Timeaus as a whole. However, she confines its utility to the Timaeus and does not recommend it for other dialogues. I use Broadie's 'cosmological reading' to better understand what Plato distinguishes as anankê in his second beginning. This sets the stage for my argument that Broadie's cosmological reading is a promising means for understanding the metaphysics and epistemology of the Forms. By making some comparisons to Sophist (251c–256a), I show that a refined understanding of anankê in the second beginning of the Timaeus clarifies what Plato thinks is involved in coming to know a Form. I argue that a close look at what was available to the Demiurge for cosmic creation by means of noûs yields three distinct ways in which his construction of the cosmos was limited by anankê. Clarifying these three ways in which anankê operates shows that the Demiurge's manipulation of the foundational elements yields a perceptible world that brings out some potential relationships among Forms while suppressing others. In particular, the Demiurge's geometricization of the elements leads him to make compromises concerning how Forms can combine in the Receptacle. These choices produce nomological relationships among the Forms with respect to where they can overlap in the Receptacle. This produces the law-like and reliable, but unnecessary, behavior of the perceptible world. I argue that our understanding of these limitations and their translation into where the Receptacle can partake in more than one Form simultaneously, figures importantly in the estimating the potential for human knowledge of the Forms. I question the use of 'necessity' as a translation for 'anankê' in the Timaeus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods in Intercultural Pragmatics are inherently multifaceted and varied, given discipline's breaching of numerous cross-disciplinary boundaries. In fact, research in Intercultural Pragmatics represents merely new ways of thinking about language and, thus, of researching interactants' (non-)verbal behaviors: With core common ground and shared knowledge about conventionalized frames of the target language being limited, intercultural communication features a number of unique characteristics in comparison to L1 communication. This being said, the range of methods employed in data collection and analysis in Intercultural Pragmatics is not only wide, but highly heterogeneous at the same time. The present paper takes a scientometric approach to data collection methods and data types in Intercultural Pragmatics research. In order to provide an extensive diachronic survey of methods and approaches featuring in empirical studies published specifically by the journal Intercultural Pragmatics (edited by Istvan Kecskés), this study includes a self-compiled corpus of 358 papers in 17 volumes published since its launch in 2004 thru 2020. The aim is to carve out diachronic method preferences and emerging as well as declining trends in data collection methods and data types adhered to within this discipline. These are further discussed within the context of relevant state-of-the-art accounts that have specifically offered surveys of methods and methodologies pertaining to issues in data collection and data analysis in (Intercultural) Pragmatics in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to investigate the cultural and ideological processes conditioning the reception of Prometheus Bound ascribed to Aeschylus in the so far unexplored poetic drama Prometheus or The Play of a Day (1978) by the renowned Modern Greek poet Nikiforos Vrettakos. It is argued that his rewriting of the tragic myth bears the features of a palimpsest, whose layers include archetypal features of Prometheus Bound, such as the Titan's dignified struggle, his philanthropy, and the concept of human progress, filtered in varying ways through the mediating receptions (Goethe, Camus, Kazantzakis, Sikelianos, Varnalis, Michalakeas) of the ancient exemplum. At the same time, Vrettakos chooses to deploy Prometheus as his self-image and grafts the poetic ego onto the title-character to raise critical awareness and convey his ideological and ethical stance. These elements contribute to the play's distinctiveness, as well as its power to move beyond the immediate socio-political circumstances of the military dictatorship in Greece (1967–1974) and offer a diachronic perspective on intrinsic aspects of the human condition: the dignified resistance to oppression, the limits of human intellect and the sense of humanism emerging from the perception of mankind and nature as an inseparable entity – a feature of Vrettakos' poetics par excellence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the clear clue given by Kim L. Scheppele as to the shortcomings of governance checklists, it is surprising that comparative constitutional lawyers have not yet followed it up. In fact, what Scheppele hinted at is that the methodologies we have used so far fall short of detecting the interaction effect of the particular components; this is why we need new methodologies and new ways of seeing. To address this, this article will incorporate some tools, having already taken hold in legal philosophy, into the methods discussions in comparative constitutional law in particular and comparative law in general. Upon benefiting from the distinction between internal and external points of view and showing how hermeneutical one differs from the others, the article will make a discursive analysis of the 2010 constitutional amendment in Turkey through the lenses of these three points of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Philologus -- Zeitschrift für Antike Literatur und Ihre Rezeption is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we analyze the International Great Depression (IGD) in the U.S. and Western Europe by applying the business cycle accounting method to a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with time-varying production efficiency and factor market distortions. We measure the size of labor and capital market distortions with endogenous factor utilization and their relative importance in accounting for output fluctuation during the interwar period. Our main findings are that labor market distortions accounted for two-thirds of the output drops in both the U.S. and Western Europe, endogenous factor utilization amplified the negative effects of labor market distortions, and government spending played an important role in the recovery from the Great Depression in European countries who left the Gold Standard in the early 1930s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]