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Over 50 years ago, a marine estuary was converted to a wastewater stabilization basin for treatment of primarily pulp and paper effluent. As a result, the basin was immediately converted to a "freshwater" environment and subsequently accumulated a thin layer of black, organic-rich sediment containing varying amounts of dioxins and furans, metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and petroleum hydrocarbons. Previous studies on the site have shown that the majority of this contamination in the basin appears to have been contained within this black sediment layer and not migrated to any significant extent into the original underlying marine sediments. The purpose of this study is to examine sediment porewater chemistry changes that have occurred over 51 years of operation of the stabilization basin with the intent of better understanding why contamination has been minimal into the underlying natural marine sediments. Field and laboratory testing is presented to characterize the physical, chemical, and mineralogical sediments in the basin. Porewater chemistry profiles obtained from this work are then used in combination with a one-dimensional contaminant transport model to examine the role of diffusion, sorption, and upward groundwater flux in the porewater profiles found for the sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood discoloration was investigated in 721 paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) trees from 146 sites across the managed forest of Quebec, Canada. Discoloration was present at breast height in 85% of trees, but its impact was limited in terms of tree basal area and volume, with proportions of 6.4% and 3.6%, respectively. These two measures were strongly correlated. Discoloration changed wood appearance but had no effect on microfibril angle and modulus of elasticity. Discolored wood was nevertheless denser, probably due to the accumulation of colored extractives. Predictive models were also developed and applied to 415 711 paper birch trees from 51 689 inventory plots across the province to study regional variation. Higher proportions of discolored basal area were obtained in the southwestern areas of the province where the climate is warmer and drier. In these areas, paper birch trees are larger and, likely, support bigger branches which can cause larger columns of discoloration when broken. Lower proportions were found in eastern regions where snowfall is more abundant. Smaller, more flexible branches in trees growing in these areas could explain this result. This study confirms the feasibility of large-scale mapping of wood discoloration in standing trees based on forest inventory and climate data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RNA interference (RNAi) is a useful tool to assess gene function by knocking down expression of a target gene and has been used successfully in domestic and laboratory organisms. However, the use of RNAi for functional genomics has not fully extended into ecological model organisms in natural environments. Assessment of gene function in the wild is important because gene function can be environmentally and context dependent. Here, we present a case study using RNAi to assess gene function in wild paper wasps Polistes metricus, to test roles for two candidate genes ( NADH dehydrogenase ( NADHdh) and retinoid and fatty acid binding protein ( RfaBp)) in the development of reproductive castes. Previous studies have shown that these genes are upregulated in larvae that become queens compared to workers, but this pattern was reversed in the laboratory, making field-based studies necessary. We orally administered dsRNA to larvae in field colonies and found evidence of a short-term knockdown followed by a compensatory rebound in expression for RfaBp. We also observed the predicted worker-like decrease in lipid stores in NADHdh dsRNA treated wasps, suggesting a possible role for NADHdh in caste development. We discuss our results in the context of challenges for using RNAi for functional genomics in ecological model organisms in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the total factor productivity (TFP) of the pulp and paper industry in three Canadian provinces (British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec) and in three United States (US) states that are contiguously located south of the border (Washington, Illinois, and Maine) over the period of 1971 to 2005. We find that the industry in the three Canadian provinces had much higher TFP growth rates in the era following the Free-Trade Agreement (FTA) signed in 1988. In terms of productivity level, this relative TFP surge allowed the industry in Ontario and British Columbia to move ahead of Illinois and Washington, respectively; however, Quebec trailed further Maine, which is the overall leader in the sample. Our results in this particular case reveal that the Canadian pulp and paper industry did not contribute to the overall Canada-US productivity gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Procurement for forest companies with pulp and paper mills aims to ensure that a sufficient volume of wood supply enters the production process. Numerous suppliers and contract types are available; however, their selection is a complex decision for procurement managers. In addition, managers typically dedicate a portion of their wood fiber demand to each group of suppliers, which is referred to as a portfolio strategy. Despite the available literature in contract selection, the consideration of contract types and their characteristics have not been addressed for the complex procurement process. In this study, a mixed-integer optimization model is proposed to best select contracts for pulp and paper procurement. The challenge was to plan deliveries in each time period to satisfy the demand of raw material at the mills. The potential of this model is demonstrated with a case study based on characteristics from a forest company in Quebec, Canada. A comparison between traditional fixed and flexible contracts is presented. Different portfolio strategies are also evaluated for groups of suppliers to investigate potential improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper develops an analytical model based on the force equilibrium for the design of steep slope geosynthetic liner systems to overcome downdrag loads from waste settlement. This analytical model calculates the required tensile stiffness for a high strength/stiffness geotextile (HS-GTX) reinforcement over the GMB to limit the maximum HS-GTX tensile strain to 5% and the maximum GMB strain to 4% on the side slope. The numerical model illustrates the need for reducing the GMB tensile strains for a single GMB liner on a steep landfill slope and confirms that the use of a HS-GTX over the GMB is able to limit the maximum HS-GTX and GMB tensile strains to the acceptable strain levels. The analytical model developed in this paper is a practical tool for preliminary design to limit tensile strains of the HS-GTX and GMB in a steep slope geosynthetic liner system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has emerged as a practical and effective technique for studying slow and steady geodynamic movements, enabling continuous monitoring and precise quantification of deformation over different timescales. In Morocco, a network of GNSS stations has been established, offering valuable insights into tectonic processes. This paper focuses on investigating the geodynamic motion of the northwest Moroccan Atlantic Margin. By utilizing GNSS data, subsidence rates and horizontal velocity fields were determined for the first time, providing valuable information for oil and gas exploration activities. The study reveals an active uplift rate of 1 mm/year and a westward horizontal motion of 2.04 mm/year in the Essaouira segment. The paper presents a case study of the Essaouira–Agadir basin (EAB) onshore segment and investigates the anomalous displacement observed in this region compared to other coastal GNSS stations. Possible explanations for the observed movements include local processes such as salt tectonics and regional northwest–southeast compression related to Africa–Eurasia convergence. We suggest that the anomalous movement detected in this work is due to the regional northwest–southeast compression related to Africa–Eurasia convergence imparting an extrusion of the EAB to the west. This research contributes to a better understanding of the geodynamics in the northwest Moroccan Atlantic margin, thereby providing valuable insights for ongoing efforts in oil and gas exploration. Furthermore, it indicates the continued activity of the Agadir fault, which would exhibit a sinistral wrench movement, thus posing a threat to the city of Agadir and its inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective winter road maintenance relies on precise road friction estimation. Machine learning (ML) models have shown significant promise in this; however, their inherent complexity makes understanding their inner workings challenging. This paper addresses this issue by conducting a comparative analysis of road friction estimation models using four ML methods, including regression tree, random forest, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and support vector regression (SVR). We then employ the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) explainable artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance model interpretability. Our analysis on an Alberta dataset reveals that the XGBoost model performs best with an accuracy of 91.39%. The SHAP analysis illustrates the logical relationships between predictor features and friction within all three tree-based models, but it also uncovers inconsistencies within the SVR model, potentially attributed to insufficient feature interactions. Thus, this paper not only showcase the role of explainable AI in improving the ML interpretability of models for road friction estimation, but also provides practical insights that could improve winter road maintenance decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moisture-induced damage has been known as a major premature distresses in asphalt pavement. Numerous review papers have been made to provide the progression in study on moisture damage of asphalt pavement. However, mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures used as a parameter for moisture susceptibility evaluation were not reviewed in detail. To make the review of moisture-induced damage in asphalt pavement more comprehensive, this paper reviews research studies on moisture damage of asphalt pavement in view of mechanical properties as a parameter during the past 50 years. These parameters include tensile strength ratio (TSR), cohesion ratio (CR), dynamic modulus ratio (DMR), resilient modulus ratio (RMR), and shear strength ratio (SSR). TSR and CR are only relevant at bottom of asphalt concrete (AC), while SSR can be used to describe moisture damage at different AC depths. DMR and RMR are concentrated on the impact of moisture damage via performance characteristics of asphalt mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facility management maintains building service quality through cycles of condition assessments and rehabilitation. Building components, however, differ in their nature, service lives, deterioration patterns, and textual/visual inspection data. This complicates the condition assessment process and subsequent rehabilitation decisions. This paper proposes a smart condition assessment framework that uses different artificial intelligence (AI) techniques that suit the condition data analysis of different building components. The framework has been applied to a dataset of over 2000 maintenance requests for roof and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems across a 600-villa portfolio. To address their varying needs, convolutional neural networks were used on images of roof defects, while enhanced data mining was used on textual data of HVAC systems. Accordingly, work packages of deteriorated components were identified, and a 60-day schedule was developed to repair 203 HVAC units. This research shows how AI can assist facility management with respect to condition assessment, rehabilitation planning, and resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel, simple, and low-cost spray painting technique has been developed for the fabrication of microfluidic paper-based devices. The devices that we developed utilize aerosol spray paint to build hydrophobic barriers and employ a hole puncher to obtain paper-based patterned layers and paper dots without using any specialized instruments (e.g., without a laser cutter). The entire manufacturing process is extremely simple, inexpensive, and rapid, which means that it can be applied broadly. Furthermore, the application of the device to iron detection was demonstrated. A linear relationship between the colour value and the iron concentration was observed from 0 to 0.02 g/L. The developed microfluidic paper-based device for iron detection exhibited a low detection limit (0.00090 g/L), good selectivity, and acceptable recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A flexible, lightweight, and high conductivity current collector is the key element that enables fabrication of a high-performance, flexible lithium-ion battery. Here, we report a thin, lightweight, and flexible lithium-ion battery that uses graphite papers deposited with nano-sized metallic layers as the current collector, LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 as the cathode and anode materials, respectively, and a PE membrane soaked in LiPF6 as the separator. Using thin, flexible graphite paper as a substrate for the current collector instead of a rigid, heavy metal foil enables us to demonstrate an ultra-thin lithium-ion battery (total thickness including encapsulation layers of less than 250 μm) that also features a light weight and high flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use a dynamic, global computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to capture the economic impacts of internet adoption, modeled through reduced demand in the newsprint and printing and writing paper (pulp and paper) industries. Global newsprint consumption is estimated to fall dramatically by 2030. We rely on estimates from another study that captures the change in global pulp and paper consumption using the global forest products model (GFPM), based on two scenarios: ( i) full per capita internet adoption by 2100 and ( ii) more rapid full internet adoption by 2050. We incorporate reductions in pulpwood consumption into a global multiregional dynamic CGE model to estimate economy-wide impacts in Canadian provinces, the United States, and the rest of the world. Results indicated that the year 2050 internet adoption scenario would result in a reduction in cumulative discounted gross domestic product (GDP) by as much as 17% in some regions of Canada, reduce GDP by 5.8% in the United States, and increase GDP by 3.3% in the rest of the world from 2006 to 2030. These findings highlight the costs of internet adoption, leaving net benefit analysis of adoption to future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translating to the Community (T2C) is a social biorepository designed to advance new diagnostic tools and realign community-clinical processes, with the aim to mitigate the short- and long-term impacts of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) as well as prenatal alcohol exposure and its co-morbidities and behaviors. In this paper, we describe the evolution of this repository as a new translational partnership to advance a precision-medicine approach to FASD. Key to its evolution was a partnership between academic researchers, Indigenous communities, families, and a regional diagnostic clinic. We further describe the rationale for social biobanking, the type of banking, ethical engagement of families, communities, and clinics, their roles in repository design, governance, translation, and research activities, types of data collected from families, and how the study data are managed, reported, and accessed. The repository design includes biological samples, social-contextual health-survey data, and clinical data (which are linkable to administrative data) from community and clinical cohorts of diagnosed children, children prenatally exposed but not diagnosed, children suspected to have had a prenatal exposure, and related siblings, biological parents, and unrelated children and their parents. From these cohorts and families, potential studies drawing on this data will shed light on various risk factors, social and biological pathways, and service utilization issues, with the aim to implement primary and secondary prevention and intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that examined the role of papermill sludge in the organic forest carbon cycle of paper products. Prediction on the global production of papermill sludge; Impact of paper production and wastepaper recycling trends on the woody carbon components of sludge; Implications of the organic content and carbon content of sludge for dealing with disposal policy and problems.

The road agencies collect and submit weigh-in-motion (WIM) data to the Federal Highway Administration as part of their traffic monitoring program. Therefore, the WIM data should be precise and accurate. One way to evaluate WIM measurement errors is by using the test truck data collected immediately before and after equipment calibration. The limitation of this approach is that the data represent a snapshot in time and may not represent a long-term WIM site performance. This paper presents an approach for estimating WIM system accuracy based on axle load spectra attributes (normalized axle load spectra (NALS) shape factors). This alternative approach allows for characterizing temporal changes in WIM data consistency. The WIM error data collected before and after calibration were related to Class 9 NALS shape factors in the proposed methodology. This paper aims to determine WIM system errors based on axle loading without physically performing WIM equipment performance validation using test trucks. The presented methodology can be used to estimate systematic errors (drift) in the WIM system at any point in time after the equipment calibration. This approach can help highway agencies select optimum timings for routine maintenance and calibration of WIM equipment without compromising its accuracy. The results show that the WIM accuracy for the single axle (SA) and tandem axle (TA) can be estimated with SA and TA NALS shape factors with an acceptable degree of error for bending plate to quartz piezo sensors. Examples are included to demonstrate the application and significance of the developed models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridge infrastructure assets should be planned, designed, constructed, and operated to account for the physical processes that may occur over their service lives. In ice-affected rivers, this includes the interaction of bridge infrastructure with river ice. Advancements in river-ice science and modelling of ice processes in ice-covered rivers have enhanced the abilities of civil/hydrotechnical engineers to plan, design, and construct bridges in and along rivers with seasonal ice covers. In this paper, an overview is presented of ice-related considerations with respect to bridges. The bottom-chord elevation of the bridge superstructure with respect to water and ice levels, pier design to withstand ice forces, the waterway opening for ice passage, ice-induced scour, and research needs are discussed. However, as outlined in the paper, research on ice loads and passage at bridge sites and on hydroclimatic and ice conditions that led to bridge damage and failure remains needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerated stabilization basins (ASBs) currently account for about one third of the pulp and paper industry's secondary treatment capacity. We surveyed mills with ASBs to analyze design and operating practices. Of the 19 mills that responded, 15 were kraft, reflecting the industry's overall use of ASBs. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) loading to the ASBs varied considerably and were factors in biotreatment performance. Problems identified with some ASBs included excessive solids accumulation resulting in the need for frequent dredging, high TSS discharge, and difficulty with nutrient management. Most ASBs have either two or three cells. An important parameter identified for these cells is the benthal settling area. Too small an area results in a higher dredging frequency, with limited nutrient feedback. In general, ASB systems that used the most intensive mixing and aeration in the upstream cells tended to have a smaller benthal settling area, resulting in the need to dredge more frequently. Ideally, some benthal settling should be designed into the upstream cells to allow nutrient feedback where it is needed most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red heartwood, a dark nonhomogenous discolouration in paper birch trees ( Marsh.), limits the applications and uses of sawn boards to nonvisible low-value products, thus resulting in substantial value loss. The occurrence and distribution of red heartwood were investigated in 12 paper birch trees grown in the province of Quebec, Canada. The youngest tree was 62 years old at breast height and the oldest 86 years old for an average of 75 years old. In this study, 225 occurrences of external traits, relating to branch scars and forks, previously proposed as initiation points for red heartwood were identified and measured. The distribution of red heartwood was digitally mapped and the effect of these external traits on the red heartwood surface and shape inside each tree was examined. Results show that red heartwood initiates from an external trait and that multiple external traits can contribute to the development of a red heartwood column following the longitudinal axis of the stem. Red heartwood appeared to initiate mainly from external traits at the base of the tree. A modelling exercise indicated that the width of the red heartwood column inside a standing tree can be estimated from branch scar width and height from the ground. Tree vigour could not be linked to the proportion of red heartwood inside standing trees. A three-dimensional analysis of log shape could potentially be used to detect red heartwood presence in a log before processing to optimize the log sawing pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased soil cohesion or reinforcement provided by roots varies among plant species and soil types. This study compared the contribution of paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) roots to soil shear resistance in two controlled environment experiments. Roots of paper birch and lodgepole pine trees contributed to a significant increase in soil shear resistance, regardless of soil type. At a shear depth of 0.20 to 0.44 m, paper birch contributed greater reinforcement than lodgepole pine. Both birch and pine provided the most root reinforcement in coarse-textured soil and the least reinforcement in medium-textured silt soil. Soil texture, porosity, and shear strength may have affected root branching of the two species, which in turn may have affected root reinforcement. At less than 1 year of age, paper birch trees planted as plugs can substantially increase soil shear strength compared with lodgepole pine in all soil types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five years after spacing a young, 11 m tall paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) stand, we examine relationships between growth of understory white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.), and level of birch retention. Our objectives were to evaluate the effectiveness of selected measures of competition for estimating the effects of the residual birch and to evaluate the influence of residual birch densities on growth responses of naturally regenerated subalpine fir and white spruce. Basal area of Scouler willow (Salix scouler iana Barratt) and birch were found to effectively predict light transmittance (diffuse noninterceptance). The best models for predicting 4-year volume growth of subalpine fir and white spruce incorporate initial crown volume of the subject trees and transmittance as independent variables. Lorimer's index and Hegyi's index gave similar results to those obtained using basal area and transmittance, suggesting that there is little benefit in including measurements of proximity in a competition index. For both species, the correlation between basal area increment and light was substantially stronger than observed for volume increment. However, height increment of both subalpine fir and spruce was only weakly correlated with measured light levels. The ratio of height increment to volume increment decreased with both increasing initial height and transmittance for subalpine fir and white spruce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the abundance of three functional genes and their corresponding biochemical reaction rates was investigated in several activated sludge and mill effluent microbial communities. Gene probes were prepared for two key denitrification genes (nirS and nirK) and for one nitrogen-fixation gene (nifH) and were validated using a variety of strains of known nir and nif genotype. ATP-based measures of viable cell numbers were used to provide total population sizes. In certain microbial communities (activated sludge enrichment cultures and multiple samples taken from the same mill primary clarifier), a strong correlation was observed between gene abundance and biochemical activity rates. However, when comparing several different nonenriched activated sludge bioreactors and separate primary clarifier microbial communities, the ratio of specific gene abundance to biochemical activity rates varied widely. These results suggest that in cases where a microbial community is not fully induced for a given biochemical activity or when very different communities are compared, quantitative gene probing can give a better measure of a community's potential to carry out the encoded function than can the relevant biochemical assay. However, the gene quantitation method employed here probably underestimated the true number of probed genes present in the microbial communities due to nirS and nifH genes in the communities having reduced DNA sequence similarity with the probes used.Key words: denitrification, nitrogen fixation, quantitative hybridization, activated sludge, primary clarifier.Nous avons examiné les liens existant entre l'abondance de trois gènes fonctionnels et la vitesse des réactions biochimiques correspondantes dans plusieurs communautés microbiennes de boues activées et d'effluents de papetières. Des sondes génétiques furent conçues pour des gènes clés de la dénitrification (nirS et nirK) et pour un gène de la fixation de l'azote (nifH), et furent validées à l'aide d'une panoplie de souches aux génotypes nir et nif connus. Des mesures de nombres de cellules viables se basant sur l'ATP ont été utilisées afin de procurer une estimation des tailles totales des populations. Dans certaines communautés microbiennes (cultures d'enrichissement de boues activées et échantillons multiples recueillis à partir d'un même clarificateur primaire de papetière), une forte corrélation a été observée entre l'abondance des gènes et les taux d'activités métaboliques. Toutefois, le rapport de l'abondance génétique spécifique sur les taux d'activité métabolique ont varié largement lorsque nous avons comparé divers bioréacteurs de boues non enrichies, ainsi que des communautés microbiennes de clarificateurs primaires de papetière distincts. Ces résultats nous indiquent que dans les cas où une activité biochimique n'est pas complètement induite chez une communauté bactérienne ou lorsque des communautés très différentes sont comparées, le sondage génétique quantitatif est d'avantage apte à fournir une mesure du potentiel d'une communauté à accomplir la fonction codée, que l'analyse biochimique pertinente. Cependant, la méthode de quantification des gènes employée ici a probablement sous-estimé le nombre véritable de gènes sondés présents dans la communauté microbienne, puisque les gènes nirS et nifH dans les communautés microbiennes avaient une similitude de séquence inférieure par rapport aux sondes utilisées.Mots clés : dénitrification, fixation de l'azote, hybridation quantitative, boues activées, clarificateur primaire.[Traduit par la Rédaction] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus Labill. (Tasmanian Blue Gum), native to southeast Australia, is a benchmark species for the pulp and paper industry. We genotyped 397 trees from 16 populations of E. globulus representing the native diversity in Australia using 24 microsatellite loci. Eight genetically distinct groups were detected, consistent with genetic groupings detected in previous quantitative and molecular studies. A sample of 29 Portuguese individuals was added to help clarify the origin of the Portuguese landrace. The results suggest a southern and eastern Tasmania origin for the Portuguese landrace. This genetic framework will enable researchers to investigate the provenance of individuals of unknown pedigree and assess the levels of representation of E. globulus natural variation in the Portuguese landrace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tolerably mobile subsea foundations are designed to slide on the seabed to accommodate flowline thermal expansion and contraction, and are a potential alternative to conventional (fixed) foundations. During the periodic sliding events that occur during operation, soil berms form at the extremities of the foundation footprint. The size of the berm increases throughout the life-cycle of the foundation, leading to increasing peak sliding resistance. This may hinder mobility of the foundation and overstress the pipeline connections that the foundation is designed to support. Equally, the berms may be relied on to reduce sliding and thus minimize settlement of the foundation, which can also overstress pipeline connections. This paper analyses the mechanism leading to berm accumulation and its mobilisation, also addressing periodic remoulding and reconsolidation of the sediment in the berm. A framework is proposed to predict the accumulation of soil berms and the resulting peak sliding resistance, and is validated by eight centrifuge model tests performed on a kaolin clay and a calcareous silt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applications of Bayesian updating commonly treat soil parameters as random variables. A significant issue with this is that soil parameters are highly subjective. Therefore, using traditional parameter-based models, Bayesian analysis starts from a subjective prior and it is unclear how this may influence the overall results of a study. In this paper, Bayesian updating is combined with a data-driven method, known as CRACA (i.e., CReep And Consolidation Analysis), for predicting the settlement of embankments on soft soil. Importantly, the method directly ingests measured oedometer data and, therefore, avoids the subjectivity involved in parameter selection. Because parameters are not used, scaling factors are introduced that account uncertainty associated with the laboratory measurements and the automated interpretation process. These factors have an initial value of unity (returning the prior) and are updated in a Bayesian framework as settlement monitoring data are revealed over time to improve future forecasts. The model was applied to an embankment case history and was shown to result in a rapid improvement in the accuracy and a narrowing of the 95% confidence interval as settlement monitoring data are revealed to the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cambrian pre-salt dolomite sequence in the Tarim Basin is a target zone of great strategic significance for hydrocarbon exploration in the basin. Using the results of the interpretation of 3D seismic data from Lunnan and 2D seismic data covering the whole basin, and based on a synthesis of outcrop data, drilling data, well logs, core data, and thin-section data, and the findings from previous studies, this paper studies the characteristics of the facies of the Middle–Lower Cambrian in the platform area in the Tarim Basin, the formation and evolution of platform margins, and the sedimentary characteristics, lithofacies, and paleogeographic characteristics of the Middle–Lower Cambrian series. Based on the types of lithofacies and the seismic facies analysis, the sedimentary facies of the Middle–Lower Cambrian strata can be classified into the five types. From bottom to top, the Middle–Lower Cambrian have experienced several development stages, including the deposition of continental shelf sediments of the Yuertusi Formation, gently sloping non-rimmed platform margin sediments of the Xiaoerbulake Formation, weakly rimmed platform margin sediments of the Wusongger and Shayilike formations, and strongly rimmed platform margin sediments of the Awatage Formation. In each stage, the platform margin shifted further east relative to its location in the previous stage. Based on these results and previous studies, the lithofacies and paleogeography maps of the Middle–Lower Cambrian in the Tarim Basin are modified, and the implications for hydrocarbon exploration in this area are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the dynamic properties of spin–orbit coupling (SOC) hyperfine f =1 spinor antiferromagnetic Bose–Einstein condensates with the external magnetic field. The condensate is confined in a toroidal trap and the numerical results are obtained based on the multicomponent Gross–Pitaevskii equation. Our results show that, in the presence of SOC, the spin dynamics for zero magnetic field slows with an increase of radius of the torus. However, this process accelerates when the magnetic field is considered. In addition, in this case, the oscillation behavior is almost consistent with the considered maximum radius. In the absence of SOC, the periodicity of spin dynamics vanishes. We also compare the thermalization time for different magnetic fields and radii, which decreases considerably for nonzero magnetic fields with the increase of radius. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that for stronger magnetic field strength the density structure can be regulated. As a consequence, the condensate recovers from the necklace to an annular-shaped state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercising women have a high prevalence of menstrual disturbances. In 2003, it was suggested that disruption in luteinizing hormone (LH) pulsatility occurs below a threshold of energy availability (EA) of 30 kcal/kg lean body mass (LBM)/day. This paper is a critical review of the evidence regarding the theory that disruptions to the reproductive axis and menstrual disturbances occur below the proposed threshold. Short-term laboratory studies demonstrated that 4–5 days of an EA below 30 kcal/kg LBM/day, induced with or without exercise, decreased serum triiodothyronine and LH pulse frequency, and increased LH pulse amplitude in sedentary, regularly menstruating women. Fewer studies have investigated downstream ovarian effects after long-term exposure to low EA. The Sargent Camp Study was the first randomized trial that induced luteal phase defects, delayed menses, and anovulation by causing weight loss (−4 ± 0.3 kg) with an abrupt increase in exercise volume for two menstrual cycles. The BioEnergetics Study was a randomized controlled trial that induced varying levels of energy deficits by manipulating energy intake and expenditure for three menstrual cycles. LH pulse frequency and triiodothyronine decreased, and 57% of women developed luteal phase defects, anovulation, and/or oligomenorrhea. An EA below 30 kcal/kg fat free mass/day increased the chance of experiencing a menstrual disturbance by 50%. However, menstrual disturbances were observed above and below that EA threshold, and changes in LH pulse frequency predicted only luteal phase defects, not oligomenorrhea or anovulation. The proposed EA threshold is not a cut-off below which menstrual disturbances occur, but represents an increased risk of experiencing menstrual disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have considered the flat Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FRW) model in the framework of f(R, ∇R) gravity. We have analyzed the significance of bulk viscosity in the f(R, ∇R) gravity model to study the expansion of the universe. We have considered two bulk viscosity parameterizations and the use of power-law cosmology to constrain the model parameters H0 and q. Using the Bayesian analysis and likelihood function in conjunction with the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, we obtained the model parameters H 0 = 70. 76732 − 0.00088 + 0.00010 and q = − 0. 6478 − 0.000075 + 0.000091 . The behaviors of energy density, bulk viscous pressure, and the effective equation of the state parameter with redshift are investigated in detail. These features demonstrate that the bulk viscosity is a valid candidate for acquiring the negative pressure needed to effectively drive the expansion of the universe. To check the validity of the f(R, ∇R) model, we also analyze the behavior of energy conditions. The adiabatic squared speed of the sound is used to test the model's stability. The Om(z) diagnostic is used in the model to identify the quintessence and phantom regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tack coat is a thin asphalt applied between the existing surface and asphalt overlay during road rehabilitation. Its coverage uniformity is vital in providing adhesive bonding between the two layers in the structure. This paper proposes a novel method for automatic uniformity inspection of tack coat coverage using images collected by drones. In this method, color thresholding is first performed to extract coarse region of the tack coat. Then, the boundaries of the tack coat are detected to refine the tack coat region by masking outliers. Next, the region of interest is processed to extract texture features using gray-level co-occurrence. Finally, the texture features are leveraged to grade the tack coat uniformity level using LightGBM. Experiments were conducted to examine the performance of the method. The resulting accuracy signifies the potential of this method in developing high-efficiency and cost-effective solutions to enhance the current tack coat inspection practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In construction, the accurate measurements are important in ensuring the quality of work delivered. Different measuring tools have been developed to help workers conduct accurate measuring. However, they may be subject to manipulation difficulties, such as the need for tap/gesture interaction. This paper proposes a novel eye gaze-aided virtual tape measure framework that provides a hands-free manner for conducting the measurements in construction. This framework consists of three components: data collection for point of interest, sensor calibration, and distance calculation. Its effectiveness is tested by measuring the dimensions of 15 common objects in laboratory and on-site environments and achieves the average absolute and relative errors of 2.4 cm and 4.8%. The absolute errors range from 0.3 to 7.3 cm. A comparison study is conducted to demonstrate its superior performance over iPhone's Measure application. The results illustrate the feasibility and potential of using the framework to enable measures for smart construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider higher dimensional charged black holes to study nonperturbative corrected thermodynamics. This correction is dominant when the black hole size decreases due to the Hawking radiation. The nonperturbative correction on the black hole entropy is proportional to the exponential of the original entropy with a negative sign. We calculate some thermodynamics quantities such as the internal Helmholtz free energies, and obtain the effect of the exponential correction. We study the first law of thermodynamics and investigate how it satisfies. We also study the stability of the black hole through specific heat analysis and investigate the possible phase transition. We find a second-order phase transition that is interpreted as the unstable/stable phase transition. Then, we find a first-order phase transition that makes it unstable. Hence, the final stage of the Reissner–Nordström black holes may be an unstable phase, which means that black hole evaporation at the quantum scale. It may be a cause that we never find a black hole in accelerators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several methods are in use to record and analyze neuronal activation, each with specific advantages and challenges. New developments like the decomposition of high-density surface electromyography (HDsEMG) have enabled novel insights into discharge characteristics noninvasively in laboratory settings but face certain challenges to be applied in sports physiology in a broader scope. Several challenges can be accounted for by methodological considerations, others require further technological developments to allow this technology to be used in more applied settings. This paper aims to describe the developments of surface electromyography and identify the challenges and perspectives of HDsEMG in the context of an application in sports physiology. We further discuss methodological possibilities to overcome some of the challenges to investigate specific research questions and identify areas that require further advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, the constructs of inclusion, diversity, equity, and access (IDEA) have not been sufficiently considered or included in population health nutrition research and practice. Consequently, current nutrition assessment benchmarks and knowledge translation tools may not accurately or adequately reflect diversity in the Canadian population or produce meaningful dietary guidance. The purpose of this current opinion paper is to introduce the population health nutrition research and practice framework and explore the current application of IDEA within this framework. Recommendations are offered to incorporate the constructs of IDEA along the continuum of future nutrition research and services to improve population nutritional health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze and describe the geotechnical behavior of a piled raft foundation of a tall building (53 floors, 172.4 m high) through the monitoring of strains in the building's columns and piles, the stresses at the raft–soil interface, and the foundation settlements. Field and laboratory tests were performed, and associated with axisymmetric and three-dimensional finite element analysis to the assessment of the measured data. The monitoring of the pile strains suggests the occurrence of soil expansion, caused by the raft excavation process, up to approximately 6 months after the excavation was completed. The presence of different soil profiles under the raft, with different mechanical properties, affected the distribution of the foundation settlements and the pile loads. Initially, the average pile loads were concentrated in the perimeter elements, but, as the construction of the building evolved, they tended to become more uniform. The effect of the superstructure stiffness caused successive load redistributions in the columns, which contributed to the maintenance of the maximum angular distortion of the building within the allowable values and reduced the load difference between the piles positioned in opposite soil profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a hierarchical Bayesian model (HBM) that integrates the physical knowledge and the test data to predict the small-strain shear modulus Gmax for a target sand type. The limited target-specific data are combined with the abundant generic data through a hierarchical structure so that the variability of Gmax within one sand type and across different sand types can be captured. The hyperparameters that characterize the same underlying distribution of physical model parameters across all the sand types are first estimated from the abundant generic data. The model parameters for the new sand type are then updated as the limited site-specific data become available. The approach is illustrated using a generic database and two real examples not covered by the generic database. Multiple possible hierarchical models are compared in terms of model complexity and goodness-of-fit. The results show that the hierarchical modeling of small-strain shear modulus data is reasonable and necessary. The hierarchical model can provide less biased and more accurate predictions of Gmax compared to the commonly used complete pooling model, especially in cases where the site-specific data are quite different from the overall average of the generic database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing foundation response to cyclic loading is vital when designing transport infrastructure, such as road pavements and rail tracks, as well as offshore, port, and tall tower structures. While detailed guidance is available on characterizing many soil types' cyclic behavior, relatively few studies have been reported on stiff, geologically aged, plastic clays. This paper addresses this gap in knowledge by reporting cyclic loading experiments on three natural stiff UK clays that were deposited and buried between the Jurassic Age and Eocene Epoch before geological unloading to their currently heavily over-consolidated states. High-quality samples taken at relatively shallow depths were reconsolidated to nominally in situ K0 stresses in triaxial and hollow cylinder apparatus before imposing cyclic loading. The completely stable, metastable, or unstable outcomes invoked by different levels of undrained cyclic loading are interpreted within a kinematic yielding framework that is compatible with monotonic control experiments' outcomes. The cyclic limits marking the onset of significant changes in permanent strain accumulation, pore pressure development, and stress–strain hysteresis demonstrate that the weathered Gault clay offers the lowest cyclic resistance. The experiments show that energy considerations provide a promising way of evaluating undrained pore pressure generation and stiffness degradation. They also provide a basis for developing cyclic constitutive models and analysis procedures for cyclic foundation design in stiff, high-OCR, plastic clay strata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of field tests performed to investigate the installation effects of pre-bored grouted planted (PGP) pile in deep clayey soil. The variation of horizontal soil displacements, excess pore water pressures and lateral soil pressures was measured in the PGP pile installation process. The test results show that the drilling and grouting process induced large horizontal soil displacements in the soil within a radial distance of 2 d (d is pile diameter), and the maximum horizontal soil displacements induced by the drilling and grouting process were smaller than 15.9 mm when the radial distance reached 4–5 d. Moreover, the horizontal soil displacements decreased along the soil layer depth, as the superficial soil layers were of small deformation modulus and lateral soil pressure. The drilling process brought large excess pore water pressures in the soil when the radial distance was less than 3 d, and the excess pore water pressures induced by the drilling stage were all less than 55 kPa when the radial distance reached 4–6 d. The drilling process also induced some lateral soil pressure increases in the soil within a radial distance of 3 d, while the measured maximum lateral soil pressure increases were smaller than 10.9 kPa when the radial distance increased to 4 d. On the whole, the excess pore water pressures and lateral soil pressure increases induced by the installation of PGP pile were much smaller than that induced by the installation of driven PHC pile. Moreover, the horizontal soil displacements, excess pore water pressures and lateral soil pressure increases induced by the installation of PGP pile all recovered rapidly after the installation of pile, as the cemented soil in the pile hole was in liquid state after the drilling and grouting stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strength and stiffness of a composite rockmass (intact material, defects, joints, bedding, etc.) are primary inputs for the engineering analysis of rock slopes and underground excavations. The Geological Strength Index (GSI) has served rock engineering for three decades as a rockmass assessment system based on the blockiness of the rockmass and discontinuity condition. GSI is used to factor the Hoek–Brown strength envelope for intact rock to represent jointed rockmasses in conventional equivalent-continuum numerical modelling. Modern numerical tools can represent networks of discrete (explicit) structure with assigned discontinuity properties. This provides an opportunity to compare explicit structural modelling with the conventional implicit equivalent-continuum approach. In this paper, explicit structural models are developed using elasto-plastic (constant-strength) constitutive models for intact rock and realistic parametric ranges for explicit structure properties. Explicit model results are compared to equivalent-continuum results, validating the classical implicit approach while also identifying key limitations. Explicit models with post-yield weakening of the intact and structural elements are then developed and compared to post-yield weakening implicit models that use post-yield dilation and empirical relationships between peak and residual GSI. The results provide guidance for practical modelling in strain-weakening rockmasses, including recommendations for post-yield dilation in the traditional implicit approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maskwio'mi (Mi'kmaw language for "oil made from birch bark") is a traditional topical skin medicine of the Mi'kmaq people of Atlantic Canada and is produced in a torrefaction process by heating birch bark (Betula papyrifera, paper birch) inside a metal container in a fire. The resulting viscous, oily mixture is traditionally mixed with goose fat or bear grease to create a topical salve that is subsequently applied to affected skin areas. When birch bark is exposed to high temperatures, pyrolytic chemical processes produce a complex mixture of pharmacologically active compounds, including potentially harmful side products such as ortho-, meta-, and para-cresol. This study discusses the qualitative and quantitative GC-MS analysis of cresols found in maskwio'mi and the challenges of the complex organic matrix. Using caffeine as an internal standard, ortho-, meta-, and para-cresol in birch bark extract were determined to be in the approximate order of 50–1500 ppm range with 3.24 ± 0.09 × 102 ng mg−1 (324 ppm), 8.7 ± 1.0 × 102 ng mg−1 (87 ppm), and 12.4 ± 1.6 × 102 ng mg−1 (1240 ppm), respectively, and thus suitable by Health Canada and FDA cosmetics regulation standards when the extract is co-formulated in creams to concentrations of 0.1–5 wt.% for topical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkalophilic Cellulosimicrobium cellulans CKMX1 isolated from mushroom compost is an actinomycete that produces industrially important and environmentally safer thermostable cellulase-free xylanase, which is used in the pulp and paper industry as an alternative to the use of toxic chlorinated compounds. Strain CKMX1 was previously characterized by metabolic fingerprinting, whole-cell fatty acids methyl ester analysis, and 16S rDNA and was found to be C. cellulans CKMX1. Crude enzyme (1027.65 U/g DBP) produced by C. cellulans CKMX1, having pH and temperature optima of 8.0 and 60 °C, respectively, in solid state fermentation of apple pomace, was used in the production of bleached wheat straw pulp. Pretreatment with xylanase at a dose of 5 U/g after pulping decreased pulp kappa points by 1.4 as compared with the control. Prebleaching with a xylanase dose of 5 U/g pulp reduced the chlorine charge by 12.5%, increased the final brightness points by approximately 1.42% ISO, and improved the pulp strength properties. Xylanase could be substituted for alkali extraction in C–Ep–D sequence and used for treating chemically bleached pulp, resulting in bleached pulp with higher strength properties. Modification of bleached pulp with 5 U of enzyme/g increased pulp whiteness and breaking length by 1.03% and 60 m, respectively; decreased tear factor of pulp by 7.29%; increased bulk weight by 3.99%, as compared with the original pulp. Reducing sugars and UV-absorbing lignin-derived compound values were considerably higher in xylanase-treated samples. Cellulosimicrobium cellulans CKMX1 has a potential application in the pulp and paper industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies substitution between main categories of imported pulp and paper products and between imported and domestic pulp and paper products in the US market. A restricted translog subcost function approach was employed to derive the elasticity of substitution. The results suggest that Canadian pulp and paper products are competitive and have maintained their competitiveness in the US market, and therefore, the challenges faced by the Canadian pulp and paper industry are not because of the loss of its product competitiveness but are due to other reasons such as declining demand for paper products in the United States. It seems that if the Canadian pulp and paper industry wants to retain its dominant position in the world market place, it will have to create global reach and develop new markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remnant populations of Betula papyrifera Marshall have persisted in the Great Plains after the Wisconsin Glaciation along the Niobrara River Valley, Nebraska. Population health has declined in recent years, which has been hypothesized to be due to climate change. We used dendrochronological techniques to assess the response of B.papyrifera to microclimate (1950–2014) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from satellite imagery (Landsat 5 TM (1985–2011) and MODIS (2000–2014)) as a proxy for population health. Growing-season streamflow and precipitation were positively correlated with raw and standardized tree-ring widths and basal area increment increase. Increasing winter and spring temperatures were unfavorable for tree growth, while increasing summer temperatures were favorable in the absence of drought. The strongest predictor for standardized tree rings was the Palmer Drought Severity Index, suggesting that B.papyrifera is highly responsive to a combination of temperature and water availability. The NDVI from the vegetation community was positively correlated with standardized tree-ring growth, indicating the potential of these techniques to be used as a proxy for ex situ monitoring of B.papyrifera. These results aid in forecasting the dynamics of the species in the face of climate variability and change in both remnant populations and across its current distribution in northern latitudes of North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanobacteria blooms represent a global problem with human health and economic and ecosystem nuisance effects. Until now, we have used arbitrary and sometimes confusing criteria to decide whether we are in the presence of a Cyanobacteria bloom. Through scientometric analysis of studies published between 1953 and 2022, I aimed to identify a threshold value that can be used to quantify Cyanobacteria blooms numerically. I considered several methodological approaches (field, field-experimental, and satellite data) and kinds of environments (coastal, marine, and continental ecosystems). The analysis revealed that 48% of the papers used "cyanobacteria bloom" or similar terms qualitatively without providing or employing a quantitative definition. These papers were focused on other topics related to the ecology of Cyanobacteria (78%), while some others (21%) defined blooms by using visual criteria (scum visualization or water discoloration). Of the other half (52%), a few were mathematical models or review papers (5%), while the rest (65%) defined blooms quantitatively. Of these, most reports (approximately 80%) were from eutrophic inland waters and reported mean values for blooms between 80 000 and 249 000 cells mL−1 or 41 and 69 µg L−1 of chlorophyll-a. Calculations were also carried out for oligotrophic to mesotrophic inland waters and marine-coastal waters, which had fewer reports available in the literature. This is a first attempt to identify a consensual definition based on values reported as blooms in nature, a threshold that can undoubtedly be useful in the future to make possible comparisons among several environments and temporal scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslides are common across Canada and they pose hazards to human safety, economic activities, and the environment. Robust risk management strategies are necessary for sustainable development. A slope risk management framework has been adopted by the geotechnical community for approximately four decades allowing a systematic, consistent and transparent framework for managing risks. Implementing this framework is associated with uncertainties embedded in our estimates of risk. This paper presents a brief summary of the sources and categories of uncertainty in geotechnical slope engineering and focuses on two topics: (1) estimates of uncertainty in risk calculations and (2) temporal changes in landslide likelihood as a function of weather and steps towards estimating landslide risk changes with climate change. The paper argues that a quantitative risk assessment should not focus on the final risk calculation, but the overall knowledge gained. This allows comprehensive documentation of sources of uncertainty and how they impact geotechnical and risk assessments. Furthermore, the paper outlines approaches to define quantitative correlations between rock fall occurrences and weather, which can be leveraged to estimate changes in rock fall risk with climate change. The paper corresponds to, and expands on, the 2021 Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel approach for measuring the cost requirements and related values for building information modeling (BIM) adoption using the adaptive analytic hierarchy process approach. The proposed approach considers the importance of each BIM use item in relation to its cost, allowing for prioritization of BIM uses based on their relative value while considering prerequisite relationships and budgetary constraints. The effectiveness of the approach was demonstrated through empirical validation involving a survey of 50 construction industry professionals, and two BIM use prioritization methods (project objective-oriented and value-oriented) were recommended for decision-making under budget constraints. The lessons learned from the empirical case study include the importance of Government's role and the industrial standards in evaluating cost-benefit and promoting for BIM adoption, the different contributions of BIM uses across project phases, and the diverse perceptions of BIM cost requirements among different participants. These lessons are invaluable for countries planning BIM implementation. This paper also demonstrates the development and empirical validation of a novel approach for BIM use adoption under limited budgets, which can assist decision-makers in selecting appropriate BIM use items and estimating their associated costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In qualifications-based selection (QBS), consultants are selected according to their competencies rather than price. However, clients are often apprehensive about the subjectivity associated with implementing QBS because non-price criteria are hard to measure. In addition, there is no complete set of all relevant consultant evaluation criteria established. There is also a lack of an automated decision support system for objectively assisting owners in selecting qualified consultants with improved consistency and transparency. In this paper, a comprehensive set of consultant evaluation criteria is identified. Evaluation rules are also established for measuring qualitative criteria, where those rules determine the linguistic performance ratings for the fuzzy TOPSIS model instead of decision-makers, which minimizes subjectivity and increases transparency. The decision support system presented in this paper is flexible, allowing the decision-maker to adjust criteria weights based on the project characteristics and to exclude any non-applicable evaluation rules that may not fit in some projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pulp and paper industry, during the manufacturing process, the agglomeration of pitch particles (composed of triglycerides, fatty acids, and esters) leads to the formation of black pitch deposits in the pulp and on machinery, which impacts on the process and pulp quality. Traditional methods of pitch prevention and treatment are no longer feasible due to environmental impact and cost. Consequently, there is a need for more efficient and environmentally friendly approaches. The application of lipolytic enzymes, such as lipases and esterases, could be the sustainable solution to this problem. Therefore, an understanding of their structure, mechanism, and sources are essential. In this report, we review the microbial sources for the different groups of lipolytic enzymes, the differences between lipases and esterases, and their potential applications in the pulping industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that aimed to determine the levels at which phytosterols are present in Canadian pulp and paper mill effluents (PPME). Description of PPME; Chemicals that form the major fraction of plant sterols in PPME; Processes responsible for the observed removal of plant sterols across the biological wastewater treatment systems.

Objective: To evaluate the toxicity of extracts from disposable chopsticks, toothpicks, and paper cups on L-929 cells. Methods: We followed national standards to prepare the extracts from disposable chopsticks, toothpicks, and paper cups used for the cell culture media, and the morphology of L-929 cells was observed with an optical microscope. The loss rate for adherent cells was evaluated with the trypan blue exclusion method, and cell proliferation was determined using the WST-1 assay. Results: Compared with the control group, the cells cultured in media containing the extracts showed signs of apoptosis and necrosis after culturing for 4 or 7 days, and the loss rate for adherent cells was significantly increased ( P < 0.05). An obvious decrease in cell viability was also observed ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: The extracts from disposable chopsticks, toothpicks, and paper cups can affect the growth and proliferation of L-929 cells and are potentially toxic to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]