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This work aims to study the trajectory of the architect Frei Otto (FO) using an exploratory analysis of his projects, which pays special attention to the conceptual and chronological temporal evolution, the type of structures designed, and the relationship with his partners for his built and unbuilt projects. In the latter case, the projects developed, not requested, that are not part of his built works have been approached (i.e., not considered under competition). The main results indicate that FO's architectural trajectory, from a chronological point of view, was intense, which is generally reflected throughout the years. The 1950s–1970s were very productive. In addition to the large number of projects, there were innovative designs for quantity and structural innovation in Germany and other countries (e.g., France and Saudi Arabia). The analyses that were carried out made it possible to ascertain FO's professional and academic influence, which has been reflected in his projects. Likewise, his relationships with his collaborators have been long-lasting in some cases. Practical Applications: This work aimed to study the work of the architect and engineer Frei Otto (FO), of recognized prestige by the awards received and his colleagues. Some mention the scarce diffusion of his work. The interest of this work lies mainly in making known to professionals, academics, and the general public, in a short format, such as that used in scientific papers, the design of his structures, built and unbuilt. As Félix Candela mentions about FO's career, he is a typical and outstanding example of architectural innovation who concentrated his vocation and efforts on the study and research of tensile structures. His international projection and toward the citizen, give Frei Otto academic interest. This work is developed from different perspectives, which include chronological, type of structure, the location and function of the project, and the collaborators he worked with, with whom he shared his innovation and construction activities. Attention has been paid to a collection of unpublished or little-known projects by FO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Segmental tunnel linings have a complex structural behavior that is difficult to predict. Full-scale in situ structural monitoring allows us to gain access to these structures, observe the acting mechanisms, and better understand the actual structural behavior under realistic boundary conditions. In a recent structural monitoring project in Frankfurt, Germany, strains, deformations, and temperatures were measured at the segmental lining of a twin-tube tunnel boring machine (TBM) tunnel. Hereby, internal forces were back-calculated from the strain measurements. The results of the monitoring are presented and discussed in this paper. The measurements began immediately after the assembly of the segments and have been performed continuously over several years. Because of that, it was possible to observe that the internal forces differ significantly between the construction stage and the final state. During the construction stage, the internal forces develop quickly within hours after ring assembly, showing a distribution along the lining's circumference that is hard to predict. Almost all radial deformations occur during this period and remain unchanged afterward. After this first early phase, a period of stress redistribution follows, including significant changes in the internal forces. At its end, the stable, final state is reached. In this state, the internal forces match better with expectations. In the monitored areas, the stresses during the construction stage slightly exceeded those of the final state, which should be avoided for economic reasons. Additional investigations regard the temperature development within the lining, the influence of the second tube construction on the already built tube, and the development of longitudinal ring interaction over time. The latter significantly influences the structural behavior, but its development is often subject to uncertainties. In this case, it was observed that the longitudinal interaction decreases considerably over time. Practical Applications: In the structural design of segmental tunnel linings, structural or geotechnical engineers have various options regarding the available calculation methods and modeling strategies. All of these options are part of the state of the art, and the selection is up to the engineer. However, the results can be quite different depending on the chosen option. Consequently, uncertainties remain regarding the real linings' internal forces and structural reliability. The actual mechanisms can be identified by investigating the real structural behavior of segmental tunnel linings with in situ structural monitoring. Then, with back-analyses, on the one hand, it can be tested to determine how well different calculation methods and modeling strategies correspond to reality. On the other hand, the monitoring data can contribute to improving existing calculation methods, developing new modeling approaches, and establishing more detailed recommendations or optimizations regarding the design and construction of segmental tunnel linings. This paper presents findings derived from a structural monitoring project on a segmental lining. Different mechanisms and aspects, sometimes uncertain or debatable in tunnel design, are discussed regarding their real in situ appearance. The gained data will also be used for further back-analyses and investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering design and construction teams commonly use decision tools, such as rating systems, to manage the complexity of infrastructure projects. However, these systems often focus predominantly on environmental dimensions, potentially overlooking the holistic economic and social aspects of sustainability. This can hinder decision-makers from recognizing the benefits, thereby inadvertently impeding optimal sustainability performance. This research explores a potential solution: reframing the goals of credits on rating systems to explicitly highlight the interconnectedness of environmental, social, and financial dimensions. The aim was to amplify engineers' motivation towards higher levels of sustainability performance. The study examined the effect of the goal-framed credits by comparing the sustainability scores between engineering professionals (n=42) who used the original Envision system and the reframed version when evaluating a case project. The control group participants averaged a score of 95.4 Envision points (37%), while the intervention group averaged 121.8 Envision points (48%). The reframed credits significantly increased engineering professionals' sustainability goal setting. Emphasizing financial and social objectives on credits from the Envision rating system, rather than solely focusing on the existing environmental goals, had a favorable influence on professionals' sustainable design choices. This reframing, by emphasizing the interconnectedness of environmental, social, and financial dimensions of each decision, appears to amplify the awareness, motivation, and selection of higher levels of sustainability achievement, thereby increasing their perceived value and leading to a shift in sustainability-oriented decision-making. The findings suggest that reframing rating systems to better emphasize the interconnectedness of the environmental, social, and financial dimensions of each decision can serve to help engineering teams set higher goals for sustainable performance. Practical Applications: For infrastructure project managers, architects, and designers, this research highlights the significance of considering economic and social aspects alongside environmental concerns. By doing so, it can further empower stakeholders to make more well-rounded and sustainable decisions that benefit both their projects and the communities they serve. Small changes in how decision tools are worded, or framed, can have a significant effect on project goal setting. A better understanding of how framing affects design cognition can also help inform how project managers, architects, and designers present information to their clients. Subtle changes in the decision tools and the way information about projects is expressed cost little compared to the actual cost of infrastructure, offering inexpensive and easy to implement strategies to influence and nudge project teams toward setting higher sustainability goals during the design and construction of infrastructure projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As additive construction technologies evolve, the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center has studied the functionality and structural integrity of structures produced using additive construction methodologies. Compared with precast construction, additive construction has multiple advantages including unique geometries, reduction of worker power, no required formwork, and ability to use locally sourced materials. The purpose of this study is to evaluate additively-constructed concrete structures and compare it with conventional construction methods. Static analyses are performed using finite-element modeling on several precast concrete beams and compared with experimental data. A finite-element model was created for additively-constructed beams by incorporating cohesive interaction properties to evaluate the interface strength between three-dimensional (3D) printed layers. To further validate the model, an additively-constructed concrete wall is also experimentally tested and compared with models. Numerical predictions are developed to explore damage caused by interfaces of additively-constructed structures and its effects on the structural performance. Maximum deflections and peak loads were also obtained for the conventional construction method experimentally with finite-element models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript first presents the development and then the implementation of simple design aids that allow bridge engineers to quickly estimate idealized moment–curvature relationships for circular concrete columns in compliance with current specifications by using a pocket calculator or a spreadsheet. The design aids were developed in a normalized domain so they are particularly convenient for preliminary stages of design when the engineer may want to know the nonlinear static (pushover) response of circular columns for selected reinforcement ratios (longitudinal and transverse) and axial load levels. The formulation is applicable to column diameters up to 2.44 m (8 ft), longitudinal reinforcement ratios (ρ) from 1% to 3%, spiral reinforcement ratios (ρs) from 0.5% to 2.5%, nominal concrete compressive strengths (fc′) from 28 MPa (4 ksi) to 56 MPa (8 ksi), axial loads from –0.5fyρAg (tension) to 0.5fc′Ag (compression), and grade 420 MPa (60 ksi) reinforcement. Application examples are presented to illustrate the use of the design aids and to validate the obtained results with commercially available software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pipe component of a water distribution network (WDN) is sized based on the fixed design demand considering a peak factor and design period. Simulation of the designed network by a hydraulic solver provides nodal pressure head, head loss, velocity, and flow in each pipe as the prime outputs for the design demand, and it can also be used for extended-period simulation for a particular demand pattern over the supply hours. But, in reality, the behavior of the network does not match with such a result in an intermittent water supply (IWS) system due to the fact that all house service connections behave as an uncontrolled orifice. This has made it a challenging task in understanding and in predicting the behavior of the networks by the municipal engineer once the water starts flowing through the house service connections (HSCs). Though the municipal engineer provides the same pipe size for HSCs to all residences, the flow received by each house could vary based on the available pressure head at the ferrule point of the main water supply pipeline. In reality, maintaining constant pressure at each HSC is not feasible due to frictional head loss. Hence, variation in flow at the HSC is inevitable even with a small water supply system. This paper illustrates how to simulate the behavior of an IWS system based on the number of HSCs provided to each pipeline using a hydraulic solver. Hydraulic simulation of the water distribution network that provides IWS to consumers can be implemented easily by adding a fictitious node by assigning an appropriate emitter coefficient to each demand node through a fictitious link having a check valve in it. The method for finding the appropriate value of the emitter coefficient that helps in simulating HSCs is illustrated in the present work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In support of the benefit of the nurse + engineer collaborating as community health workers, a recent systematic review [for a description of review types, see Page et al. ([21])] by Berini et al. ([5]) noted that "community health workers can improve access to care in rural settings and may represent a cost-effective investment for the healthcare system." As part of this review, one study was identified where education was delivered by community health workers resulting in improved dental health ([23]). As environmental engineers work to expand our current technological solutions for drinking-water fluoridation, nurses are a natural ally when we foster informed action including behavioral change at the level of individuals, families, communities, and populations. While the public often associates engineers with driving trains or building things ([9]), in fact, according to the Code of Ethics for Engineers, the first fundamental canon of engineering is to "hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the I public i " ([11] emphasis added). [Extracted from the article]

In the past two decades, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has had massive infrastructure projects development to meet the increasing demand for public services and foster socioeconomic transformation. As a result, there has been an influx of Chinese international contractors (CICs) in SSA in order to close the infrastructure gap. Despite the significant involvement and active participation of CICs in the global construction industry, clearly few studies have investigated the performance of CICs in SSA, and their performance is not very well understood. The goal of this paper is to provide insights into the performance of CICs in SSA using a case study of an engineering-procure-construct (EPC) hydropower project in Uganda, East Africa. A literature review was carried out followed by a case study analysis including interviews with the owner's key senior project participants. Performance is evaluated based on five criteria: schedule; change orders; quality; health, safety, and environment (HSE); and owner satisfaction. The findings indicate poor performance of the CIC with 20% schedule overrun, breach of change order procedures, poor quality of work, high rate of incidents and fatalities, and low level of owner's satisfaction. The findings and lessons learned, though specific to this case study, will be useful for public agencies in developing countries, particularly in SSA, administering similar contracts and projects with CICs. The paper established the poor performance of a Chinese international contractor (CIC) on a hydropower engineering-procure-construct (EPC) project in Uganda, based on five project performance/success criteria: schedule; change orders; quality; health, safety, and environment (HSE); and owner satisfaction. Ultimately, the outcomes of this paper provide practical insights for industry practitioners on performance evaluation of CICs executing projects using EPC project delivery methods. Lessons learned and best practice strategies are also put forward to mitigate the identified performance shortcomings of CICs in future projects and improve the chances of project success. What is truly important, in the end, is owners dedicating sufficient resources for pre-project planning including the selection of competent and credible EPC contractors and the owner's engineer to ensure enhanced project contract administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the factors that influence male and female engineers' intent to leave. An online questionnaire was completed by 183 female engineers and 229 male engineers. Factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to develop models of intent to leave for male and female engineers. This study contributes to current knowledge by identifying the specific influence and inclusion factors that increase intent to leave for female engineers, and how these differ from male engineers. The findings show that an increase in access to career opportunities reduces intent to leave for both male and female engineers. This is the only similarity between the two models. Expanding the inclusion measure beyond social inclusion (belonging) to also assess how well individuals are supported to be their authentic selves, identified that for female engineers only, support to bring their authentic selves to work and developing influential relationships decreases intent to leave. For male engineers, pursuing their ideas against the odds reduces intent to leave, while being on the lookout for ways to improve one's life and situation increases intent to leave. Therefore, organizations should ensure men and women have equal access to roles that help them upskill, are able to be their authentic selves, and can develop relationships with people of influence in the organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolymers have been long recognized as the next-generation building material due to environmental reasons. However, geopolymers are inherently brittle and usually require high-temperature curing. This paper was intended to develop a ductile engineered geopolymer composite (EGC) under ambient curing conditions. Two types of metakaolin powder with different particle sizes were applied as the solid precursor. The tensile, compressive, and flexural behaviors of EGC with different mix designs were investigated. It was concluded that the combinational application of coarse and fine metakaolin is conducive to the tensile and compressive behaviors of EGC materials. As the alkali concentrations increased from 6 to 14 mol/L , the tensile and compressive strength of EGC increased, whereas the tensile ductility of EGC decreased gradually. Also, the SiO2/Na2O molar ratio had negligible influence on the tensile behavior of EGC, whereas the compressive strength decreased with the increase of SiO2/Na2O molar ratios. A numerical model to predict the flexural behavior of EGC was also proposed, and the accuracy was verified with experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ethical implications for the engineering profession of the development and deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) can be explored by analyzing the implications of AVs across three major socio-technical systems--technology, transportation systems, and policy. Mapping the ethical canons of professional engineering societies to these domains provides a lens to investigating existing ethical issues and uncovering issues that still need attention. The codes of ethics for five engineering societies direct engineers to consider, identify, mitigate, and manage how their work affects the public. AV ethics literature in the technology domain has focused mainly on crashes, AV software capabilities, and hardware. This narrow focus signifies that engineers in the technology domain can do more to understand potential impacts beyond AV crash behavior. In the transportation systems domain, among the many ethical issues affected by AVs, how engineers design and deploy surface transportation infrastructure is an example of an ethical system-level problem yet to be addressed. Lastly, the policy domain has begun addressing primary effects like protecting the public from physical harm, but other ethical aspects remain unaddressed. All three domains could benefit from more holistic system-level assessments of the ethical implications of AVs. Engineers can use their professional engineering organization ethical canons to evaluate their contribution to managing ethical issues in these AV domains and improve how automated vehicles serve and safeguard the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practicing engineers use the uncertain bilinear soil spring methodology recommended by engineering guidelines to predict soil loads acting on buried pipelines. Even though more advanced solutions are available in the literature to address these uncertainties, they cannot be practically implemented owing to various industry constraints such as computational and modeling costs. This paper proposes a fitting expression that can enable practicing engineers to produce safer, more reliable outcomes at no additional cost. The proposed expression is based on a calibrated advanced finite-element (FE) model featuring an advanced user-defined Nor-Sand (NS) soil model, and the simplistic Mohr–Coulomb (MC) soil model, which is commonly used in the industry for numerical modeling. The developed FE model was first validated by comparing the upward and peak dimensionless soil forces computed with those predicted by engineering guidelines and other analytical models reported in the literature. A series of FE analyses were then performed using our calibrated FE model incorporating the advanced NS soil model to simulate buried pipe response under downward displacement, which was not realistically captured either with the MC soil model or available engineering guidelines. Results of the analyses were used to derive a fitting expression for predicting the resistance to downward pipeline displacement to address what is lacking in the current industry practice. The developed tool contributes to the design and analysis of buried pipelines by enabling practicing engineers to produce safer, more reliable outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accelerating pace of technological innovation, coupled with social, cultural, political, and economic forces, have rapidly transformed the practice of engineering with unique implications for civil engineers in 2020 and beyond. Envisioning this momentum, the National Academy of Engineering in 2004 proposed ten key attributes that engineers by the year 2020 must possess to embrace the transformations. Although previous research found engineering undergraduates accruing The Engineer of 2020 (E2020) attributes from various pathways, including learning activities taking place outside of the college classroom, fewer studies have examined disciplinary outcomes and underrepresented populations. This paper explores how civil engineering undergraduates accrued E2020 attributes from out-of-class activities and examined the findings through the lens of diversity by disaggregating by gender, race/ethnicity, first-generation college status, disability status, and sexual orientation. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze a sample of 320 US civil engineering undergraduates who are graduating in the year 2020 and beyond. The results indicated that students from underrepresented groups (female; African American, Hispanic, American Indian, and multiracial; and first-generation college) indicated stronger agreement that they accrued E2020 attributes in out-of-class activities than students from overrepresented groups (male; White and Asian; and continuing generation in college). Students in overrepresented populations accrued most outcomes from their participation in jobs and sports. In addition to jobs, female and first-generation college students indicated that the design competition team was the setting in which they perceived the most outcomes. Professional experience and music/dance were frequently cited as impactful by subsamples of African American, Hispanic, American Indian, multiracial, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ)+ students, respectively. The results highlight the importance of out-of-class activities for undergraduates in civil engineering, especially for students belonging to underrepresented populations. This paper contributes to workforce diversity by illuminating learning pathways and outcomes that can broaden the quantity and quality of future civil engineers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calibration studies typically relate the curve number to the rainfall amount; however, this dependence is neglected in the standard application of the curve-number method. This neglect causes an underestimation of the calculated runoff, which is of concern to engineers. This study quantifies the magnitude of the underestimation of runoff, and identifies the minimum rainfall amounts required for the standard curve-number method to yield runoff estimates with nominal errors less than 10%. These minimum rainfall amounts are shown to be in the range 13–0 cm for curve numbers in the range 40–100. The results also show that a reduced standard initial abstraction ratio below the current standard of 0.2 likely would lead to lower rainfall thresholds for the 10% error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women are heavily underrepresented in engineering companies. Gender issues arise in daily interactions where employees may not seek knowledge from others when they need it, even if they know who possesses the knowledge, because they may find the knowledge holder difficult to access. In this research, drawing upon social role theory, it is proposed that knowledge accessibility varies across four different types of gender groups (women seeking knowledge from women, women seeking knowledge from men, men seeking knowledge from men, and men seeking knowledge from women). The hypotheses were tested with data collected from an engineering organization. Based on 530 knowledge-seeking interactions provided from 312 engineers, it is found that, in general, women perceived higher levels of knowledge accessibility than men. Knowledge accessibility represents the time and effort that individuals spend in the process of knowledge seeking. Moreover, the highest perceived accessibility was when women sought knowledge from other women; in contrast, the lowest perceived accessibility was when men sought knowledge from women. The theoretical and managerial implications, especially career-related implications for female professionals in a male-dominated industry, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

She holds a B.Eng. in building engineering from Tongji University (2001), a M.S. in civil engineering from the University of Massachusetts (2005), and a Ph.D. in geotechnical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology (2010). Dr. Tan's areas of specialization include deep excavation and tunnelling, foundation engineering, forensic geotechnical engineering, and engineering failures associated with climate change. He received his B.Eng. in building engineering from Tongji University (1999), M.Eng. in Geotechnical Engineering from Tongji University (2002), and Ph.D. in civil engineering from the University of Massachusetts (2005). [Extracted from the article]

The article talks about the need of constructing better leadership paradigms for engineers for overall growth and expansion of the industry. Topics include informing students about current professionals to fill the void of effective leadership in civil engineering, lacks of single leadership definition in engineering which synthesize with the values of the construction industry, and theory of engineering leadership can be used for course redesign at graduate and continuing education levels.

In the fall of 2014, the University of Colorado Denver (CU Denver) launched a new interdisciplinary graduate program in the Department of Civil Engineering. The mission of the Construction Engineering and Management (CEM) master's program is to provide the skills necessary to prepare the next generation of construction engineers to be effective leaders and managers in the ever-evolving construction industry. Developing a new program provided unique opportunities. However, developing a truly interdisciplinary program in engineering meant that few models or templates existed. This research documents the preliminary curriculum outcomes and assessment, as well as lessons learned during program development. Specifically, after completion of the program's first year, the faculty assessed student learning in the core curriculum, surveyed industry experts, and interviewed students to gather feedback on the program. A team of faculty and assessment experts met monthly to develop the program's vision, learning objectives, curriculum, and assessment plan. This mixed-method research documents and presents implementation and preliminary outcomes. The primary take-aways include the following: academic preparation of students for professional practice in construction requires diverse, customizable, and interdisciplinary curricula; to accomplish such an objective, it is best to develop curriculum and assessment in parallel; faculty buy-in and commitment is critical; and program- and course-level coordination and iteration are essential. Although the opportunity to develop a new and original program is rare, today many universities are looking to develop innovative interdisciplinary programs. As a result, findings from this research are relevant and informative to engineering departments seeking to improve existing or develop innovative and interdisciplinary programs or curricula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of long-lasting and cost-effective rehabilitation strategies is crucial to pavement engineers. Development of rehabilitation and preservation decision trees and support tools that involve performance scores are pursued by agencies across the world. However, for the purpose of rehabilitation selection, pavement scores determined from pavement-distress surveys reveal flaws in capturing pavement needs. This paper introduces a rehabilitation methodology based on the application of a damage ratio estimated from falling-weight deflectometer (FWD) data, and a rutting index determined froma distress survey. A detailed project-level investigation was conducted on a series of flexible and composite (asphalt over an existing portland cement concrete layer) pavement sections from a high-traffic-volume interstate highway network. The study includes the evaluation of existing pavements through back-calculation of FWD data and monitoring field-distress data, conducting asphalt mixture laboratory testing as well as mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide and life cycle cost analysis. The results of analyses are used to develop a robust methodology and a series of time-based rehabilitation strategies for a network of flexible and composite pavement sections located in Oklahoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineers that are actively engaged with both the social and technical dimensions of engineering work--socially engaged engineers--offer diversity in skill sets, values, and characteristics to the engineering workforce. This diversity can help the engineering profession better address complex global challenges. Despite the value of socially engaged engineers, the field lacks understanding about the career interests and experiences of these engineers. This study investigates EWB-USA members as a case of socially engaged engineers to explore engineering students' career interests and practicing engineers' career intentions and experiences. Using mixed-methods and a lens of meaningful work, this study compares differences between EWB-USA members and nonmembers. Findings indicated two main trends among EWB-USA members: females' disillusionment with community development engineering work and practitioners' strategies to find more personally meaningful work. This paper discusses why and how these findings should serve as a miner's canary--a warning to the engineering field about the dangers of socially engaged engineers' potential misalignment with current engineering careers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The numerical simulations were performed with the MARS software prior to January 2020. The following "Acknowledgments" section should be added to the original paper: Acknowledgments This effort was partially sponsored by the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) via Engineering and Software System Solutions, Inc. (ES3). [Extracted from the article]

Infrastructure planners must perform many time-consuming simulations to prescreen numerous design alternatives. For example, transportation engineers must assess several alternatives to alleviate road transportation network congestion, such as constructing roads, changing organizations' operating times, and changing shopping center locations. Evaluating alternatives requires considering changes in both structural and dynamic attributes of a network. A framework is proposed based on network science, computational science, and multivariate statistics to help planners train a model that can evaluate various alternatives efficiently. This model saves significant time and computational resources. The trained model takes structural and dynamic attributes as inputs and promptly returns macroscopic performance measures such as the averages and standard deviations of speed and volume over capacity. The model was trained using the Greater Philadelphia road network. Its average prediction error is 6%. Considering the time-saving advantages of the proposed model over traffic simulation models (e.g., fewer than 10 s are required compared with 2 days of traffic simulation using VISUM software), the model is a useful tool for the macroscopic assessment of many design alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas usage has increased steadily over the past decades, in line with society's demands for this resource. In turn, allied industries face the challenge of meeting construction needs for required structures, including product facilities, pipe lines, on/offshore plat- forms, and marine jetties. Subsequently, these structures require huge amounts of scaffolding to facilitate their construction and maintenance. As such, this research project focused on the opportunity for the civil/construction discipline to cooperate with natural gas facility construction, more specifically productivity studies on their scaffolding operations. The productivity study in this paper presents an investigation of the effect of resource configurations on on-site measures during a scaffolding operation on an actual liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant construction, which, in turn, aims for the continuous improvement of relevant worker performance. The discussion details the quantified effect of different scaffold logistics: (1) scaffolding types, (2) scaffolding dimensions, and (3) material resource types. For instance, the system scaffolding as one of the material resource types shows less time spent than the conventional scaffolding's performance (95.1-85.2 1/4 9.9 min=m²) during the erection phase. Finally, the research findings highlight the civil/construction engineers' obligations in LNG plant projects with an emphasis on its scaffolding needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional management-led risk-mitigation and performance-improvement procedures tend to ignore the relationship dynamics of Architect-Engineer design teams, and instead focus on the credentials of the designers and the process for inspecting and controlling the quality of the team's output. Management may acknowledge the complex nature of the design process, but the notion of design teams as complex systems, or more precisely, complex adaptive systems (CAS), with their inherently unpredictable behaviors, is not typically considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing urbanization is leading to more structures being constructed close to each other, resulting in substantial interaction between their foundations. Although the interaction between two shallow foundations and between piles in a pile group has been studied by several researchers, the effects of interaction between shallow and deep foundations are not very well understood or studied. Not much published literature is available for practicing engineers to analyze and design shallow and deep foundations that are constructed adjacent to each other. The second author of this paper was recently involved in a project in which a structure designed to be supported on drilled shafts was supposed to be constructed adjacent to another structure designed to be supported on a large mat foundation with high floor load. Although the authors have performed a detailed parametric study using finite-element techniques to better understand stress distributions and develop a simplified method to analyze this type of problem, this paper is only focused on estimating lateral stresses on the shafts and their lateral load analysis. A stress bulb for lateral stresses under a uniformly loaded square foundation is proposed, which is a significant tool for practicing engineers to understand lateral stress distribution below a uniformly loaded square area and estimate lateral stresses on nearby deep foundations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry is likely to face a manpower leakage should graduates with construction-related degrees choose not to enter it at graduation. The aim of this research is to craft strategies to reduce such leakage to the educational pipeline so that more construction- trained graduates will be attracted to professional construction jobs. Using three sets of specially designed questionnaires, data were collected from undergraduates in construction-related courses (construction students) (Survey 1); construction professionals (Survey 2); and professionals working outside the construction industry (nonconstruction professionals) (Survey 3). It was found that almost half of the construction students were unlikely to enter the industry, indicating a serious leakage to the educational pipeline. The two groups of professionals were compared to find out if there was any significant difference in their work satisfaction. The results show that both groups were significantly satisfied with their jobs, working hours, and work-life balance. There was also a similar level of job satisfaction, indicating that construction professionals are not significantly worse off than professionals working in other industries. Construction students who reported being unlikely to join the construction industry were significantly discouraged by the following: low salaries compared with other industries, mentally and physically challenging and dirty work environment, lack of job security, and long working hours with no work-life balance. Nonconstruction professionals reported not choosing a job in the industry because of long working hours and a working environment seen as dirty, dangerous, noisy, damaging to health, and suitable for males only. Recommendations on how to attract more professionals to the construction industry include up-skilling construction jobs, improving site management, improving work-life balance, arousing students' interest, offering adequate remuneration, enhancing job security, and providing better staff welfare. It is suggested that construction work be redesigned so that, for example, advanced equipment and information technology can be harnessed to handle the more tedious and laborious aspects of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better prepare students to tackle the challenges of real-world problems, the authors developed a strategic approach to incorporate sustainable-design principles in the undergraduate curriculum to set a foundation of sustainability on which students could build throughout their academic careers. The plan through the four-year undergraduate curriculum involves creating an awareness of sustainable design in a required freshman introduction-to-design course and describing the science of sustainability and how students can apply sustainability principles in a new required sophomore-level course. The students are then prepared to consider sustainability in their civil engineering technical design courses during the third-year curriculum. In their fourth year, students apply sustainability principles in developing and evaluating design solutions during their senior capstone design course. Assessment of student learning showed improvement in students' abilities to comprehend principles of sustainable design as set forth during Years 1 and 2, as shown through statistically significant increases in knowledge items for Year 1 and ability items for Years 1 and 2. Additionally, the authors plan to conduct a more detailed assessment of senior design submissions during Year 4 to better measure students' abilities to apply and evaluate these principles through the design process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up until the Renaissance, architects had been considered master-builders. However, the complexity of modern construction required more specialization in trades and caused fragmentation of the responsibilities of individuals involved in design and construction. Nowadays, architects are mainly responsible for the issues related to aesthetics, form, and functionality. In addition, they act as integrators and collaborate with a number of professionals involved in the construction process. One important aspect of building design is its structure, which can have significant impacts on the form and functionality of the final design outcome. Therefore, architects must be aware of structural concepts, and particularly, how form and structural behavior are related to each other. This paper presents a collaborative effort by a team of engineers, computer scientists, architects, and educational experts to develop a web-based system called Structure and Form Analysis System (SAFAS) for use by undergraduate architecture students to learn about various structural issues and the interrelationship between form and structure using double-layer grid spatial structures. This paper also introduces a modified slab analogy approach to estimate the member forces in spatial structures. In addition, it discusses the results of the evaluation of SAFAS using assignments, questionnaires, and tests completed by university architecture students. On the basis of these results, it has been concluded that SAFAS is an effective tool for learning about structure and form by architecture students with limited knowledge of structural engineering and computer science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic impact of moving vehicles on bridges is an important and long-standing issue in the design and evaluation of bridges and has received much attention from researchers and engineers. The use of the dynamic impact factor (IM) to account for the impact effect of vehicles has been widely accepted in bridge engineering. Accurate evaluation of the IM will lead to safe and economical designs of new bridges and provide valuable information for condition assessment and management of existing bridges. Nevertheless, agreement on the evaluation of IMs is yet to be reached.Numerous studies have shown that the evaluation of the IMis a difficult task because it is influenced by a large number of parameters and uncertainties. As a result, different forms and values of IMs are specified by different bridge design codes and this disagreement has been debated in many studies in the past few decades. Furthermore, some field tests observed that the IMs in design codes are overestimated while many other field tests have suggested that code provisions may lead to underestimation of IMs, indicating the need to develop a more accurate assessment method for IMs. It is the objective of this paper to review and summarize the important methodologies and findings of the study of the dynamic IM of highway bridges conducted over the past two decades. While reviewing the advances achieved in the past two decades, much effort was made to identify the remaining controversies and gaps left in this field. Therefore, it is hoped that this review can also provide necessary background information for researchers and engineers to further examine these problems and help identify future research directions in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important parts of any bridge management system is the condition assessment and rating of bridges. This paper introduces a procedure for condition assessment, based on criticality and vulnerability analysis. According to this procedure, new rating equations are developed. The inventory data are used to determine the contribution of different critical factors such as environmental effects, flood, earthquake, wind, and vehicle impacts. The criticality of the components to live load and vulnerability of the components to the preceding critical factors are identified. Based on the criticality and the vulnerability of the components and criticality of factors, and by using the new rating equations, the condition assessment and the rating of the railway bridges and their components at the network level will be conducted. This method, for the first time, incorporates structural analysis, available knowledge of risk assessment in structural engineering standards, and the experience of structural engineers in a practical way for enhancing the reliability of condition assessment for rating a network of bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern construction projects commonly suffer from delay in their completions. The resolution of time and cost claims consequently flowing from such delays continues to remain a difficult undertaking for all project parties. A common approach often relied on by contractors and their employers (or their representatives) to resolve this matter involves applying various delay analysis techniques, which are all based on construction programs originally developed for managing the project. However, evidence from literature suggests that the reliability of these techniques in ensuring successful claims resolution are often undermined by the nature and quality of the underlying program used. As part of a wider research carried out on delay and disruption analysis in practice, this paper reports on an aspect of the study aimed at exploring preconstruction stage programming issues that affect delay claims resolutions. This aspect is based on an in-depth interview with experienced construction planning engineers in the United Kingdom, conducted after an initial large-scale survey on delay and disruption techniques usage. Summary of key findings and conclusions include: (1) most contractors prefer to use linked bar chart format for their baseline programs over conventional critical path method (CPM) networks; (2) baseline programs are developed using planning software packages. Some of these pose difficulties when employed for most delay analysis techniques, except for simpler ones; (3) manpower loading graphs are not commonly developed as part of the main deliverables during preconstruction stage planning. As a result, most programs are not subjected to resource loading and leveling for them to accurately reflect planned resource usage on site. This practice has detrimental effects on the reliability of baseline programs in their use for resolving delay claims; and (4) baseline program development involves many different experts within construction organizations as expected, but with very little involvement of the employer or its representative. Active client involvement is however quite important as it would facilitate quick program approval/acceptance before construction, a necessary requirement for early delay claims settlement, which otherwise are often left unresolved long after the delaying events with the potential of generating into expensive disputes. The study results provide a better understanding of the key issues that need attention if improvements are to be made in delay claim resolutions. Additional research focusing on the testing of these results using a much larger sample and rigorous statistical analysis for generalization purposes would be helpful in advancing the limited knowledge of this subject matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Architectural Engineering Program at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln has benefitted from forming partnerships with professionals in the building design industry. These relationships have exposed students to industry professionals in various settings through the development of several architectural engineering programs. These programs give students firsthand, real-life learning experiences with the profession that many of them will pursue upon graduation to supplement their classroom instruction. In addition to the programs' educational benefits, by involving industry in many facets of the academic program, networking experiences occur that benefit students by helping them to find future jobs and benefit employers by helping them to develop an understanding of the abilities of certain students prior to the recruitment process. Industry professionals interact with students in various ways, including providing graduate students with project advice, forming teaching partnerships, and participating in a student-mentoring program, an advisory committee, an interdisciplinary design project, and an industry-based graduate student program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated buildings are one goal of the architectural/engineering/construction (A/E/C) community. Integration implies quality work and it is perceived to add value to a project; but, how is integration defined and how is it applied? This paper reflects on the current status of integration and assesses where the industry stands. To do this, integration was evaluated through publicly available documents of the major professional organizations that represent the field. The American Institute of Architects; ASCE; two ASCE institutes (Structural Engineering Institute and Architectural Engineering Institute); the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers; and the Associated General Contractors of America were examined for their commitment to and implementation of integration and integrated design. This survey of the resources has found that integration is important to the industry on the whole, but that the effort to include integration into the A/E/C industry varies in commitment by discipline. However, while there is unevenness in the industry toward integration, there is movement to address the complex idea of integration and changes are ongoing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simplified empirical liquefaction triggering models are commonly used throughout the world to assess the liquefaction initiation hazard. Significant differences between two popular liquefaction triggering models have precipitated a substantial amount of confusion in modern engineering practice. Past research to study these differences has generally focused on deterministic or scenario-based applications of the liquefaction models without directly accounting for uncertainties from the models or seismic loading. This paper investigates how accounting for these uncertainties through a performance-based liquefaction triggering assessment affects the differences between these two probabilistic liquefaction models. A comparative parametric study is performed in which a wide range of soil parameters, seismicity levels, and return periods is considered in assessing the disparity between the two models. This disparity is shown to vary significantly with variations in the parameters that were evaluated. Additionally, the performance-based approach is shown to reduce the disparity between the two liquefaction models between 35 and 54% on average over the conventional pseudoprobabilistic approach. The results from this study may prove useful to engineers seeking to explain observed differences between these two liquefaction models when applied in a performance-based manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability and buildability in building envelope design have gained more importance in recent years, yet there is a lack of an appropriate set of criteria for applicability assessment of building envelope materials and designs for high-rise residential buildings in Singapore. The main objectives of this study are to identify the criteria for achieving sustainability and buildability and to investigate perspectives of architects and engineers on these criteria on the basis of the institutional theory framework. Questionnaire survey of architects, civil and structural (C&S) engineers, and mechanical and electrical (M&E) engineers in Singapore were conducted to examine their perspectives on importance weights of the criteria. Severity index (SI) analysis was applied to determine SI values of the criteria for ranking purposes. The results from Spearmen rank correlation show that the rankings of the criteria by the architects, C&S engineers, and M&E engineers were statistically correlated. The findings would help the building professionals understand the rationale behind the assessment of the building envelope materials and designs and remind them of the importance of each criterion from the actual perspectives of different parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of breakwater armor units against tsunami attacks has received little attention in the past because of the comparative low frequency of these events and the rarity of structures designed specifically to withstand them. However, field surveys of recent events, such as the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami and the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, have shown flaws in the design of protection structures. During these extreme events, many breakwaters suffered partial or catastrophic damage. Although it is to be expected that most normal structures fail because of such high-order events, practicing engineers need to possess tools to design certain important breakwaters that should not fail even during Level 2 events. In the future, research into the design of critical structures that only partially fail (i.e., resilient or tenacious structures) during very extreme Level 2 tsunami events should be a priority; in this sense, the present paper proposes a formula that allows the estimation of armor unit damage depending on the tsunami wave height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lean construction theory proposes a servant leadership model for project organizations in which the individuals who perform the physical work are supported by design engineers and project managers, acknowledging that value is only added in the construction process when materials are converted into improvements. The LastPlanner system of construction task planning and coordination proposes that trade foremen are in the best position to determine task durations, coordinate sequencing, and promise completion commitments. Consistent with lean thinking to involve trades in management, this paper focuses on the importance of specialty trade contractors and their foreman who supervise most of the physical construction work, especially in the commercial construction sector, by investigating the relationship between construction engineering and management education and specialty trade contractors. This paper promotes an increase of employment within specialty trade contractors by bachelor-level, construction engineering and management graduates by bringing attention to the significant opportunities available for students with specialty trade contractors, both as field supervisors and project managers. A survey of 148 construction students at five universities and 60 industry professionals representing 34 specialty trade contractors shows that additional exposure to specialty trade contractors can result in greater employment opportunities within this vital component of the construction industry. This research also reveals that construction management and construction engineering students have an interest in employment with specialty construction firms and that the specialty construction sector desires greater inclusions of academic content related to their work as part of university construction curricula. Furthermore, a road map of improvements is proposed that construction engineering and management programs could follow in order to encourage more of their students to seek future employment within the specialty contractor sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fostering the development of the next generation of construction engineers requires broad input from both industry and academia. The 2014 Construction Engineering Conference (CEC) aimed to bring industry and academic leaders together to recognize emerging challenges in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry and present ideas for a path forward. The conference papers showed the following three emerging themes: (1) the need for industry-academia integration in the delivery of case-based learning; (2) the role of building information modeling (BIM) in project coordination and construction engineering education; and (3) the increasing need for integrated project teams. This paper summarizes the current state of the AEC industry, trajectory, educational opportunities, and future directions of each theme drawing upon the papers submitted to the 2014 CEC. This aggregation yielded compelling conclusions that the industry is facing an exciting but challenging path forward. Potential methods for achieving success include enhanced collaboration between industry and academia focused on skills needed to adapt to change and increasing project complexity; using BIM and other technologies to support project team integration; and the involvement of multiple disciplines early in project development and in educational activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry requires motivated and highly skilled people. The very nature of engineering and construction places an equal or greater requirement on oral and written communication skills, as it does on technical skills. To ensure young engineers are successful in construction, it is crucial that timely feedback and evaluations are provided in an effective and positive manner, which underscores the need for effective communication skills. Feedback should be provided to students and young engineers to inspire motivation, support personal and professional growth, and foster engagement. This paper provides survey and interview results from 13 CH2M HILL interns, two early career CH2M HILL engineering professionals, and 19 Bachelor of Science Construction Engineering graduates from Iowa State University(ISU), and summarizes the critical link between feedback and engagement, both in businesses and universities, to fostering successful career paths in construction. It is suggested that proactive partnerships between industry and academia are necessary to promote and nurture many elements critical to the success of young engineers in the construction industry and related businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Junior engineers often enter their careers thinking that they have learned all the academic concepts they need to be successful in their field. However, once they begin working, they are asked to perform tasks that they only vaguely remember from class, to use computer programs that they have never heard of, and to perform calculations that they have no idea how to begin. The truth is that undergraduate and even graduate coursework provides engineers with only the basic structure for knowledge that they will develop during the course of their careers. Well-rounded and successful engineers need to approach their careers with an open mind and expect to learn new skills on the job, often under the pressure of impending deadlines and demanding clients. The willingness to learn, be flexible, and perform tasks that one is not familiar with is invaluable in the workplace, and it can open doors that take a career in new and exciting directions. The knowledge associated with experience and perseverance is far greater than that gleaned from textbooks, although developing that knowledge requires two characteristics that are not taught in engineering curriculum: patience and flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understanding of, and ability to predict, the seismic behavior of woodframe structures has improved immensely in the last 10 years. Two notable projects occurred in succession, the Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering (CUREE) and California Institute of Technology (Caltech) CUREE-Caltech Woodframe Project, and the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) NEESWood Project, which provided greater understanding, improved analytical modeling, and advances in force- and performance-based seismic design (PBSD) of woodframe buildings, respectively. The NEESWood project focused on the development of a PBSD philosophy (and procedures) for midrise woodframe buildings and included full-scale system-level validation. To date, the complete design procedure has not been systematically explained, which serves as the impetus for this paper. While the method was shown to be quite viable, some challenges remain, including identifying a format that would facilitate widespread adoption and use by engineers. Thus, this paper examines the progress, current state, and challenges for PBSD of midrise woodframe buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, the state departments of transportation in the US have experienced an increase in their construction projects, while the level of their in-house inspection staff and resources has either remained the same or declined. Previous studies have found that one strategy that may reduce the inspection workload is prioritizing construction activities for inspection. However, reducing the number of inspections also has its risks, such as functional failures and reduced design life. Thus, available inspection resources should be allocated to the activities with significant risk consequences if inspection is reduced. The objective of this paper is to develop a risk-based inspection protocol to facilitate efficient allocation of available inspection resources to minimize the risks associated with reduced inspection. First, the risk consequences associated with reduced inspection are identified for various construction activities linked to transportation projects. Based on data collected from 23 state departments of transportation, 58 engineers and inspectors from the Indiana Department of Transportation and 20 inspection consultants in the Midwest, the subjective perceived probabilities associated with the occurrence of each risk consequence are encoded by using fuzzy analysis, from which the risk impacts due to reduced inspection are obtained. The construction activities are prioritized based on the risk impacts associated with reduced inspection into five priority levels. The greater the risk impacts are as a result of reduced inspection, the higher the priority would be for inspection of that activity. Thus, the proposed protocol can be used for resource allocation based on risk impacts. The proposed list of prioritized construction activities can assist project and program managers in state departments of transportation in better allocating their limited inspection resources while reducing the risks due to reduced inspection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students and postdoctoral associates interested in tenure-track environmental engineering positions have limited resources to aid them. The Student Services Committee (SSC) of the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors (AEESP) organized a workshop to fill some of the need. Newly hired faculty and experienced search committee and department chairs shared information on how to create competitive applications. Students and postdoctoral associates were also provided with individualized feedback on their faculty application packages. Survey data were collected for all participants, and these data are presented in this paper along with tips shared during the workshop and information collected from the literature. The objective of this paper is to share that information (1) to inform applicants (students and postdoctoral associates) about the academic job search process, and (2) to inform mentors about how to mentor applicants. Survey responses revealed that participants felt they learned valuable information about the job search process. They found the personalized feedback on application packages to be the most helpful activity; other mentors are encouraged to provide similar personalized feedback. A wiki website component included in the workshop was effective at engaging the participants and helped broaden the impact beyond the workshop attendees. Key lessons learned by comparing workshop results with literature were the importance of fit, the unique diversity of environmental engineering, mentoring and networking, Ph.D. planning sessions, being informed, and becoming a more skilled candidate. The recommendations presented in this paper can be used by students, postdoctoral associates, and their mentors to facilitate the candidate's path toward academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most Americans blame lack of centralized urban planning, weak political will, divisive politics, and way of life for urban sprawl in America. Urban sprawl worsens America's addiction to oil. Americans drive at least five times farther to get to work than people elsewhere in the developed world. Even though the solutions, knowledge, and technology to curb urban sprawl and oil addiction are available, political hostility and unfavorable market conditions prevent them from being implemented effectively. Although engineers should be at the front lines, delivering these solutions, they are often not directly involved in the process. Because they are more reactive than proactive, they are impeding the future effectiveness of these solutions. This paper examines the political and market factors that drive urban sprawl and describes the role of engineers in delivering the solutions necessary to curtail urban sprawl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a brief review of infrastructure stimulus programs during the Great Depression in the U.S. It emphasizes on the infrastructure stimulus spending and more diverse infrastructure types. It presents an analysis of the effectiveness of education in preparing engineers to make the case for higher levels of infrastructure investment.

An essay is presented on challenges and opportunities in the engineering disciplines to a successful renewable energy transition. It offers the contours of the "engineering challenge," wherein both engineers and nonengineers differ significantly in conceptualization of the boundaries between "policy" and " engineering." The author mentions a conference in Florida in May 2003 that patterns science, sustainability and engineering into a more ordered and standardized form.

This article describes the use of undergraduate college students as mentors who receive course credit for carrying out a properly structured mentor-assisted enrichment project (MAEP) with young proteges, using science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education kits and involving professional engineers, so that youth connect 'learning about' engineering concepts with 'learning how' they are applied in real-world situations. This approach involves both informal and formal education to produce multiple benefits for youth and undergrads, as well as for faculty who supply undergrads as mentors, teachers who supply young proteges, and engineers who share real-world experience. Participating companies and organizations also use this project as an opportunity to recruit future hires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Site visits are necessary and important for construction projects. Construction engineers spend much time on site visits, but visit effectiveness has not been explored and its effect on project performance is unclear. In this study, a checklist to improve the effectiveness of site visits was developed, based on site visit deficiencies and construction productivity factors found in the recent literature and the most frequently occurring defects from 338 construction projects. The checklist was then used on eight ongoing road and bridge projects to test its applicability and effectiveness. Results show that proper use of the checklist by contractors indicated a high level of project quality. Time spent on site visits was also reduced through using the checklist. This research links site visit practices with management knowledge, such as work planning, quality management, and coordination. The checklist developed in this research incorporates management knowledge as a systematic tool that complements technical checklists to guide and improve the effectiveness of site visits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A clashing of views has emerged in the engineering community over Policy 465 and the call for a master's degree or equivalent as a pre-requisite for professional licensure. This conflict over Policy 465 echoes much of the divisive rhetoric that characterized what Edwin Layton has termed the 'revolt of the engineers' in the Progressive Era of the United States in the early part of the 20th century. During this time period, reform-minded engineers attempted to strengthen the professional stature of engineering through licensing initiatives and other reforms. Both then and now, the debates are characterized by diverging opinions about how changes in licensing may affect the competency of engineers, the cost of engineering work, and the public image of engineering. Furthermore, both those in favor of Policy 465 and reformers in the Progressive Era invoke a new higher purpose, or 'transcendent value' for the profession to garner support for their movements. Ultimately, these debates underscore the inherent conflict between professional independence and business interests in the practice of engineering. The similar nature of the current debate over Policy 465 and the Progressive Era 'revolt' suggests many of the divisive issues of the early 20th century remain unresolved, and is characteristic of two separate ideological cultures within engineering, one professional and one industrial. This long-standing discord within the engineering community highlights the need to better understand the ideologies and values in conflict within engineering in order to more fully realize the potential of the engineering profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]