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Background: Supragastric belching (SGB) and aerophagia are behavioral disorders characterized by air induced esophageal distension. SGB is known to be associated with Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Low Mean Nocturnal Baseline Impedance (MNBI) values support GERD diagnosis. We aimed to assess if chronic esophageal distension by air affects the esophageal mucosa integrity by assessing changes in MNBI. Methods: In a single‐center database study, we searched retrospectively for patients with a diagnosis of pathological SGB (n = 146) or aerophagia (n = 34) based on impedance‐pH reflux monitoring. During the examined period, patients with a conclusive negative diagnosis of SGB and no evidence of aerophagia were used as a control cohort (n = 191). MNBI at 3, 5, and 17 cm over Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) was evaluated. GERD was diagnosed if acid exposure time (AET) >6%. All impedance studies of included patients were prospectively reevaluated. Results: GERD was diagnosed in 31.7% patients with SGB, a rate not different in comparison to patients without SGB (30.8%, p = 0.906). MNBI at 3 and 5 cm above the LES was significantly decreased among patients with SGB. SGB was not correlated with MNBI at 3 cm over the LES, (p: 0.086 OR: 1.000 95% CI: 0.999–1.001) when using multivariate analysis. Moreover no difference was spotted as far as MNBI at 3, 5, and 17 cm over the LES is concerned among patients with or without aerophagia. Conclusion: Even if patients with SGB do show lower MNBI values, esophageal distention due to excessive air movement does not directly lead to impairment of esophageal mucosa integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in Pathology International, explores the alteration of small intestinal occludin and ZO-1 expression in liver cirrhosis. The study found that bacterial translocation (BT) plays a crucial role in the development of cirrhosis complications, and increased gut permeability is observed in patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. The authors evaluated intestinal integrity deregulation in cirrhotic patients and found that occludin and ZO-1 expression were disturbed compared to controls. They suggest that gut barrier deregulation in cirrhosis has a multifactorial etiology and that other mechanisms, in addition to tight junction alterations, are implicated in promoting BT in decompensated cirrhosis. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Preventing disease progression and viral suppression are the main goals of antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) by transient elastography is a reliable non-invasive method to assess liver fibrosis in patients with CHB. Our aim was to explore factors that may affect changes in LSMs during long term tenofovir (TDF) monotherapy in a well characterized cohort of patients with compensated CHB. Methods: We analyzed serial LSMs in 103 adult patients with CHB who were on TDF monotherapy and had at least three LSMs over a period of 90 months. Results: Twenty-five (24%) patients had advanced fibrosis at baseline. A significant decline in mean LSM between baseline and last visit (8.7 ± 6.2 kPa vs. 6.7 ± 3.3, p = 10− 3) was observed. Twenty-four (23%) patients had progression of liver fibrosis with mean increase in liver stiffness of 2.8 kPa (range: 0.2–10.2 kPa). Multivariate analysis showed that BMI ≥ 25 (OR, 0.014; 95% CI, 0.001–0.157; p = 0.001) and advanced fibrosis (OR, 5.169; 95% CI, 1.240–21.540; p = 0.024) were independently associated with a fibrosis regression of > 30% of liver stiffness compared to baseline value. Conclusions: In CHB patients TDF monotherapy resulted in liver fibrosis regression, especially in patients with advanced fibrosis. Despite the successful antiviral effect of TDF, 1 out of 4 patients had liver fibrosis progression. Obesity and advanced fibrosis at baseline were independently associated with significant liver fibrosis regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The existing literature does not provide adequate guidance on the diagnosis and management of patients with nonspecific terminal ileitis, while data regarding the percentage of patients who ultimately develop Crohn's disease (CD) are scarce. We evaluated the prevalence and natural course of nonspecific terminal ileitis in patients who underwent colonoscopy during a 11-year period. Methods All patients with endoscopic findings of terminal ileitis and nonspecific histological findings were included. Exclusion criteria were a clinical history of CD or any other disease that can cause terminal ileitis, or a recent history of using drugs implicated in lesions of the terminal ileum. Results From 5353 colonoscopies, 92 patients with nonspecific terminal ileitis were identified (prevalence: 1.7%). Among these patients, 56 (61%) had available follow up for =6 months after the initial endoscopy. Main indications for endoscopy were chronic diarrhea (37.5%), screening endoscopy (23%), and abdominal pain (20%). Sixteen (29%) patients received medical treatment, while recession of symptoms was recorded in 19 of 43 symptomatic patients (44.1%). Twenty-three (41%) of the 56 patients underwent a second endoscopy and 15 (65.2%) cases had persistent endoscopic findings. Eleven (19.6%) of the 56 patients were eventually diagnosed with CD. The probability of CD diagnosis was significantly higher in patients with persistent symptoms (P=0.002) and endoscopic findings at follow up (P=0.038). Conclusions Nonspecific terminal ileitis generally has a benign clinical course. However, patients with persistent symptoms and endoscopic lesions are at increased risk for subsequent development of CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]