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Bones and teeth represent a common finding in ancient DNA studies and in forensic casework, even after a long burial. Genetic typing is the gold standard for the personal identification of skeletal remains, but there are two main factors involved in the successful DNA typing of such samples: (1) the set-up of an efficient DNA extraction method; (2) the identification of the most suitable skeletal element for the downstream genetic analyses. In this paper, a protocol based on the processing of 0.5 g of bone powder decalcified using Na2EDTA proved to be suitable for a semi-automated DNA extraction workflow using the Maxwell® FSC DNA IQ™ Casework Kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The performance of this method in terms of DNA recovery and quality was compared with a full demineralisation extraction protocol based on Qiagen technology and kits. No statistically significant differences were scored according to the DNA recovery and DNA degradation index (p-values ≥ 0.176; r ≥ 0.907). This new DNA extraction protocol was applied to 88 bone samples (41 femurs, 19 petrous bones, 12 metacarpals and 16 molars) allegedly belonging to 27 World War II Italian soldiers found in a mass grave on the isle of Cres (Croatia). The results of the qPCR performed by the Quantifiler Human DNA Quantification kit showed values above the lowest Limit of Quantification (lLOQ; 23 pg/µL) for all petrous bones, whereas other bone types showed, in most cases, lower amounts of DNA. Replicate STR-CE analyses showed successful typing (that is, >12 markers) in all tests on the petrous bones, followed by the metacarpals (83.3%), femurs (52.2%) and teeth (20.0%). Full profiles (22/22 autosomal markers) were achieved mainly in the petrous bones (84.2%), followed by the metacarpals (41.7%). Stochastic amplification artefacts such as drop-outs or drop-ins occurred with a frequency of 1.9% in the petrous bones, whereas they were higher when the DNA recovered from other bone elements was amplified (up to 13.9% in the femurs). Overall, the results of this study confirm that petrous bone outperforms other bone elements in terms of the quantity and quality of the recovered DNA; for this reason, if available, it should always be preferred for genetic testing. In addition, our results highlight the need for accurate planning of the DVI operation, which should be carried out by a multi-disciplinary team, and the tricky issue of identifying other suitable skeletal elements for genetic testing. Overall, the results presented in this paper support the need to adopt preanalytical strategies positively related to the successful genetic testing of aged skeletal remains in order to reduce costs and the time of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the assortment and primary methods of waste collection within the Reichskommissariat Ukraine during the occupation by Nazi forces. The Ukrainian occupational press serves as the primary source for this article. It demonstrates that the extraction of various resources and the plundering of material valuables were directed towards supporting the economic and military power of the Third Reich, with waste collection policies being one of its facets. To facilitate this activity in this realm, the Nazis utilized existing infrastructure within the territory of Ukraine, including warehouses, factories, and offices of Soyuzutyl, established on the eve of the Second World War, as well as the infrastructure of the consumer cooperative system. It is shown that the specificity of Ukraine lies in assigning waste collection duties to consumer cooperatives, which transformed into the primary suppliers of various raw materials for the needs of the Third Reich. Local administrations and individual cooperatives actively participated in this endeavor, and special associations were also established. Additionally, the occupying authorities sought to involve schoolchildren and the broader population, developing various incentive systems for this purpose, although the participation of these actors was minimal. The article examines the peculiarities of waste collection propaganda within the territory of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine, which was based on ideological motives such as gratitude for liberation from Soviet rule, as well as economic motives related to the need for waste to produce consumer goods for the local population by enterprises of the Nazi regime. It is argued that primary attention was given to collecting scrap black and colored metals, as well as bones, paper, and rags. The author suggests that the scale of economic plundering of Ukraine was much larger than commonly believed, yet acknowledges that this requires further in-depth research involving a wide range of archival sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis is a dysregulated immune response to an infection that leads to organ dysfunction. Sepsis-associated organ dysfunction involves multiple inflammatory mechanisms and complex metabolic reprogramming of cellular function. These mechanisms cooperate through multiple organs and systems according to a complex set of long-distance communications mediated by cellular pathways, solutes, and neurohormonal actions. In sepsis, the concept of organ crosstalk involves the dysregulation of one system, which triggers compensatory mechanisms in other systems that can induce further damage. Despite the abundance of studies published on ​​organ crosstalk in the last decade, there is a need to formulate a more comprehensive framework involving all organs to create a more detailed picture of sepsis. In this paper, we review the literature published on organ crosstalk in the last 10 years and explore how these relationships affect the progression of organ failure in patients with septic shock. We explored these relationships in terms of the heart–kidney–lung, gut-microbiome–liver–brain, and adipose tissue–muscle–bone crosstalk in sepsis patients. A deep connection exists among these organs based on crosstalk. We also review how multiple therapeutic interventions administered in intensive care units, such as mechanical ventilation, antibiotics, anesthesia, nutrition, and proton pump inhibitors, affect these systems and must be carefully considered when managing septic patients. The progression to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in sepsis patients is still one of the most frequent causes of death in critically ill patients. A better understanding and monitoring of the mechanics of organ crosstalk will enable the anticipation of organ damage and the development of individualized therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Taxonomic ambiguity still exists in ariid catfish species identification. Morphological similarities occur in ariid catfishes which lead to misidentification of the species. To overcome this taxonomic ambiguity osteology is one of the effective integrated taxonomic tools for species discrimination. From this study, we provide an osteotaxonomic key for the field identification of ariid catfish species. Methods: The fish samples were cleaned and washed with the freshwater put into the sample for 1% potassium hydroxide solution (KOH). Then fish samples were allowed for alkali digestion of muscle in the solution for 24-48 hours depending on the condition of the specimen. After the completion of the muscle digestion process, Alizarin S dye was used for staining the fish bones. Result: The present paper deals with a comparative study of the five Ariidae family species discussed, they are Arius arius (Hamilton, 1822), Plicofollis layardi (Gunther, 1866), Netuma thalassina (Ruppell, 1837), Nemapteryx caelata (Valenciennes, 1840) and Osteogeneiosus militaris (Linnaeus, 1758). The osteological portions used for this study like premaxillary, dentary, neurocranium, otolith, vertebral and caudal bone. The aforementioned osteological portions made the important primitive characters that will be used to differentiate the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvianolic acid B (SalB), among the most abundant bioactive polyphenolic compounds found in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., exerts therapeutic and protective effects against various diseases. Although some summaries of the activities of SalB exist, there is lack of a scientometric and in-depth review regarding disease therapy. In this review, scientometrics was employed to analyze the number of articles, publication trends, countries, institutions, keywords, and highly cited papers pertaining to SalB research. The scientometric findings showed that SalB exerts excellent protective effects on the heart, lungs, liver, bones, and brain, along with significant therapeutic effects against atherosclerosis (AS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), liver fibrosis, diabetes, heart/brain ischemia, and osteoporosis, by regulating signaling pathways and acting on specific molecular targets. Moreover, this review delves into in-depth insights and perspectives, such as the utilization of SalB in combination with other drugs, the validation of molecular mechanisms and targets, and the research and development of novel drug carriers and dosage forms. In conclusion, this review aimed to offer a comprehensive scientometric analysis and in-depth appraisal of SalB research, encompassing both present achievements and future prospects, thereby providing a valuable resource for the clinical application and therapeutic exploitation of SalB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are essential and effective medications commonly prescribed to patients with autoimmune disorders and inflammatory diseases. However, they often adversely affect bone health, including a rapid bone mineral density reduction and an increased bone fracture rate. An estimated 30% of long-term GC users develop secondary osteoporosis [glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO)], whereas the measurement and prevention for GC-treated patients are sometimes clinically overlooked in clinical practice. Fortunately, many guidelines for GIO-related fracture risk assessment have been established, and several new drugs that benefit primary osteoporosis patients may also serve as potential GIO therapeutic options. Because of the broad application of GCs in clinical practice and the growing prevalence of GIO, increasing with the dose and time of GC administration, awareness of GIO development is crucial for implementing preventive therapy promptly and effectively. In this paper, we discuss the pathomechanisms of GIO and bone health problems depending on the method and route of GC administration in various groups of patients. Various treatment regimens are broadly analyzed, highlighting the most crucial aspects and new therapeutic options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This research paper investigates whether robotic total knee replacement (TKR) reduces bone resection compared to conventional TKR. While TKR is a successful procedure, revision surgery remains a challenge with up to 8.3% of all knee replacement procedures requiring revisions. Materials and methods: The study retrospectively analyzed the tibial polyethylene inserts used and bone cuts made in 157 primary TKRs performed by a single surgeon. The results show that 93.3% of robotic TKRs used the base size tibial polyethylene of 9 mm, and the average distal femoral cut was 7.4 mm and the average tibial cut was 6.4 mm, with the minimum being 3 mm. Conclusion: The study suggests that robotic TKR reduces bone resection compared to conventional TKR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To answer the following question: "Do recombinant, purified, and concentrated growth factors enhance the regenerative potential of particulate bone graft substitutes in maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSA)" Materials and Methods: Human studies comparing histomorphometric data on new bone formation, residual graft material, and fibrous tissue ratio (outcomes of interest) following MSA procedures employing particulate bone grafts/substitutes in combination or not with growth factors were retrieved from PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus online databases and complemented with a hand search. Controlled studies published in English up to December 2022 and reporting on histomorphometric data expressed as volume percentage of the outcomes of interest were considered. Risk of bias was assessed, and a meta-analysis was performed to investigate the effects of supplementary growth factors on new bone formation, remaining graft particles, and fibrous tissue ratio. Results: Data were included from 613 samples in 477 patients reported in 22 publications. Meta-analysis showed that platelet-rich plasma or platelet-rich fibrin resulted in 49% more new bone formation than in control group areas (P = .004), and those areas supplemented with growth factors presented 57% less residual graft particles after healing (P < .0001). A significant (P = .03) 1.85-fold increase in connective tissue formation was noted in areas treated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs) after healing. Conclusions: Selective supplementary growth factors may enhance new bone formation and accelerate particulate graft turnover, while rhBMP may significantly increase connective tissue formation in MSA procedures in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Poor diet quality and unhealthy dietary patterns have been linked to poor bone health, yet few studies have investigated the role of diet quality in bone health in pediatric populations. Objective This systematic review aims to assess the available evidence on the association between diet quality and bone health markers in children and adolescents. Data Sources The PubMed, Scopus, and Virtual Health Library databases were searched electronically from October to November 2022, without any restrictions on date or language. The STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) checklist was used to assess the quality of the studies. Data Extraction Published observational studies in children and adolescents (ages 2 to 19 years) that investigated the association between diet quality and bone health were eligible for inclusion. Two researchers independently analyzed and selected all articles using the Rayyan app. Initially, 965 papers were identified. A total of 12 observational studies qualified, including 8 cross-sectional and 4 longitudinal studies. The sample comprised 7130 individuals aged 3 to 17.9 years, representing both sexes. Bone health was evaluated by measures of bone mineral density and bone mineral content. Data Analysis Seven studies (58.3%) showed significant associations between diet quality and bone health markers, all of which evaluated diet quality by identifying dietary patterns. Diet quality as evaluated by all dietary indexes was not associated with bone health markers. Conclusions Adherence to a healthy diet may benefit bone health in children and adolescents. These findings emphasize the importance of developing effective public health policies that encourage healthy eating habits from childhood to preserve bone health. Longitudinal research using a specific tool to assess diet quality in relation to bone health is warranted. Future studies should also measure bone-regulating hormones and markers of bone turnover. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022368610. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of ridge augmentation using a customized titanium mesh (CTM) that was preformed by trimming and bending the commercial titanium mesh on a virtually reconstructed 3D acrylic resin model using clinical, radiologic, histologic, and histomorphometric analyses. Materials and Methods: This study was designed prospectively for patients who required vertical ridge augmentation using a staged approach before implant surgery. After installation of the CTM, grafting was performed using deproteinized porcine bone mineral covered with an absorbable membrane. Computed tomography was performed preoperatively and 6 months after simultaneous/staged guided bone regeneration to measure planned, reconstructed, and lacking bone volume, and the reconstruction rate was calculated based on these values. Clinical complications were also recorded, particularly the mesh exposure rate. At re-entry, the bone core was obtained using a trephine bur, and histologic and histomorphometric analyses were performed. Results: A total of 10 sites in eight patients were used for the study analysis. The mean planned bone volume was 1.15 cm3 (range: 0.78 to 1.56 cm3), mean lacking bone volume was 0.13 cm3 (range: 0 to 0.59 cm3), and mean reconstructed bone volume was 1.02 cm3 (range: 0.56 to 1.43 cm3). The exposure rate was 30% (3 out of 10 sites). The reconstruction rate was over 80%, except for one case that showed suppuration. From histomorphometric analysis, 27.52% ± 16.87% of new bone, 7.62% ± 5.19% of residual graft, and 64.86% ± 23.76% of connective tissue were observed. The core biopsy samples demonstrated different pseudoperiosteum layer appearances based on the healing stage of the augmented sites. In the premature bone, the inner osteogenic layer consisted of multiple layers of osteoblast cells with adjacent large blood vessels. However, in the mature augmented site, there was no specific inner osteogenic layer, and the outer fibrous layer was dominant. Conclusions: The fabrication of CTM based on the application of the 3D-printing technique makes vertical ridge augmentation easier and can reduce complications and achieve target bone acquisition. In addition, it is expected that quantitative analysis of the pseudoperiosteum layer will be facilitated using the CTM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medical education related to bone fracture must address numerous challenges including complex anatomical characteristics, diverse injury mechanisms, fracture typing, and treatment modalities. Our newly developed 3D printed model comprises components that may be combined or split to simulate various anatomical features, fracture types, and treatment modalities. This study aims to analyze the teaching utility of the new 3D-printed model compared with the traditional solid model. Methods: This prospective study included 112 students randomly assigned to fracture-related education with a conventional model or the newly developed 3D-printed model. All students received 40 min of lecture, 20 min for femoral neck and 20 min for tibiofibular fractures, and a post-class quiz (10 min each) immediately followed. Scores on tests of fracture-related knowledge and user satisfaction were measured pre and post education for comparison. Results: The 3D printing group had an advantage in retention of anatomic knowledge, fracture typing and choice of treatment for the femoral neck fracture (P < 0.05). For the tibiofibular fracture the 3D printing group had an advantage in retention of anatomic knowledge and fracture complications (P < 0.05).Scores on the questionnaire survey also showed increased satisfaction in the 3D-printed model group(P < 0.05). Conclusions: The proposed 3D-printed model can enhance the teaching effect significantly and has potential for widespread use in medical student education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objectives of this work were as follows: (1) to develop holistic recommendations for physical activity, sleep, sedentary behaviours and eating habits adapted to children and adolescent life stage (5–17 years) and targeting optimal metabolic cycle and achieving energy balance; (2) to provide evidence-based information that can be used by the government, policy makers, healthcare professionals, community, schools as well as families to endorse active, healthy, living in apparently healthy children and youth aged 5–17 years, and as a base for monitoring the activities, particularly the physical ones, on the people level. The Egyptian Academy of Bone and Muscle Health followed an established guideline development process to create the Egyptian 24-h movement clinical guideline for children and adolescents. Online databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library) were searched for relevant peer-reviewed studies that met the a priori inclusion criteria. Results: A total of 41 studies met the inclusion criteria. Leveraging evidence from the review of the literature led to the development of 11 key questions covering 8 domains. Fifteen statements focus on the overall identified targets through integration of the movement activities and eating behaviour. Results revealed a major change in the previous basic understandings as it shifts away from segregated into integrated movement behaviour and dietary habit paradigm. Based on this, the final guideline was developed providing evidence-based recommendations for a "Healthy 24-h day", for Egyptian children and adolescents. Conclusion: The 24-h composition of movement behaviours has principal implications for health at all ages. The developed guideline provides an up-to-date evidence-based recommendation towards a holistic approach for favourable daily life activities and adopts a feasible perspective by outlining these activities within a 24-h period. In addition, eating and dietary elements have been included to complete the energy cycle. Children and adolescents who meet the 24-h movement guidelines generally report more favourable health indicators than those who do not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aims of this study were to compare the functional and radiographic results, perioperative complication after lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (LUKA) with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and the legacy constrained condylar knee (LCCK) arthroplasty for the treatment of lateral compartmental knee osteoarthritis (LCKOA), and to provide a basis for the treatment of LCKOA. Methods: From January 2021 to January 2024, analyzed retrospectively clinical data of 74 patients with LCKOA treated with LUKA, TKA and LCCK arthroplasty. According to the operation plan, the patients were divided into three groups: LUKA group (23 cases), TKA group (23 cases) and LCCK group (28 cases). The changes of hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle of the affected knee before and after operation were measured. All patients were assessed using the operation time, blood loss during operation, incision length, visual analogue scale (VAS) score before operation and after operation, Hospital for Special Surgery score (HSS), Oxford Knee Score (OKS), range of motion (ROM). Results: All 74 patients were followed up for (2.38 ± 0.33) years. The operation time, blood loss during operation, incision length and VAS score after operation in the LUKA group were significantly less than those in the TKA group and LCCK group (P < 0.05); HKA valgus angle, ROM, HSS score and OKS score of the three groups after operation were significantly better than those before operation (P < 0.05); There was no significant difference among the three groups in HSS score and OKS score (P > 0.05). Conclusion: LUKA, TKA and LCCK arthroplasty have good clinical effect in the treatment of LCKOA; Compared with TKA and LCCK arthroplasty, LUKA has the advantages of less trauma, less bleeding, less pain and quick recovery. The short-term effect is satisfactory, and the long-term effect remains to be observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) is the dysfunction of group of muscles and bones in the joint area, the main symptoms of TMD are the pain of the chewing muscles and (or) the temporomandibular joints, mandibular movement disorders and joint noise. This study was designed to explore the therapeutic effects following Individual Musculoskeletally Stable (IMS) position stabilization splint therapy for TMD patients using Fricton index, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and surface-Electromyogram (sEMG). Methods: In this study, we enrolled 31 TMD patients (ranging from 18 to 26 years old, including 7 males and 24 females), first Fricton index was used to evaluate the clinical curative effect of TMD with the treatment of IMS stabilization splint; then CBCT was used to observe the TMJ condylar position changes of TMD before and after the treatment of IMS stabilization splint; finally sEMG was used to observe the changes of electromyography of anterior temporalis (AT) and masseter muscles (MM) of TMD before and after the treatment of IMS stabilization splint. Results: The course of treatment was 6–8 months, with an average of 7.6 months. After the IMS stabilization splint treatment, TMD symptoms relieved, especially in pain, mandibular movement disorder, but still slightly inferior in the treatment of joint noise. And there was a statistically significant difference in the anterior and inner joint space, the condyle had the tendency of moving forward and outward. AT presented reduction significantly of EMG value at rest position after treatment. Conclusions: IMS stabilization splint is a therapeutic reversible treatment for TMD, especially for pain and mandibular movement disorder; it produces effects of forward and outward condylar movement and elimination of the masticatory muscles antagonism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An articulated group of skeletal elements comprising a sacrum, both ilia and a first caudal vertebra, plus an isolated tooth found in immediate proximity to the bones, from the lower Cenomanian Chalk at Saint-Jouin-Bruneval (Seine-Maritime, Normandy, France) is described and attributed to a new genus and species of abelisaurid theropod, Caletodraco cottardi, on the basis of several characters of the sacrum and pelvis. The peculiar shape of the transverse process of the first caudal vertebra shows that Caletodraco cottardi differs from majungasaurine abelisaurids previously described from Europe, such as Arcovenator escotae, and belongs to the Furileusauria, a group of derived abelisaurids hitherto recognized only from South America. The presence of a furileusaurian abelisaurid in the Cenomanian of Normandy suggests that the biogeographical history of the Abelisauridae in Europe was more complex than hitherto admitted. Several previously described European abelisaurids, such as the Albian Genusaurus sisteronis, may in fact belong to the Furileusauria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a deep learning-based workflow designed for the segmentation and 3D modeling of bones in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) orthopedic imaging is presented. This workflow uses a convolutional neural network (CNN), specifically a U-Net architecture, to perform precise bone segmentation even in challenging anatomical regions such as limbs, joints, and extremities, where bone boundaries are less distinct and densities are highly variable. The effectiveness of the proposed workflow was evaluated by comparing the generated 3D models against those obtained through other segmentation methods, including SegNet, binary thresholding, and graph cut algorithms. The accuracy of these models was quantitatively assessed using the Jaccard index, the Dice coefficient, and the Hausdorff distance metrics. The results indicate that the U-Net-based segmentation consistently outperforms other techniques, producing more accurate and reliable 3D bone models. The user interface developed for this workflow facilitates intuitive visualization and manipulation of the 3D models, enhancing the usability and effectiveness of the segmentation process in both clinical and research settings. The findings suggest that the proposed deep learning-based workflow holds significant potential for improving the accuracy of bone segmentation and the quality of 3D models derived from CBCT scans, contributing to better diagnostic and pre-surgical planning outcomes in orthopedic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Both bone fragility and poor cognitive functions are known to contribute to fracture occurrence, but it remains unclear whether their contribution is independent of each other and which cognitive dysfunctions are most involved. This study aimed to clarify the involvement of various cognitive abilities in fall-related fractures among community-dwelling fallers aged 55 and over, and to determine whether poor cognitive abilities is a risk factor independent of bone fragility. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we collected sociodemographic and medical data, including bone mineral density (BMD), and performed cognitive and mobility assessments in 189 individuals with a history of fall in the previous year. Results: Fallers with a fracture had poorer cognitive and mobility performance than non-injured fallers. Multivariate regressions revealed that cognition, BMD and other risk factors were independently associated with fracture among all participants (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01–1.08, p = 0.034 for completion time on part A of the Trail Making Test [TMT-A], and OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.33–0.84, p < 0.001 for BMD), particularly in women (OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.60–0.98, p = 0.039 for backward digit span score, and OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.25–0.75, p = 0.001 for BMD). Conclusion: Thus, poor cognition, especially poor processing speed and working memory, is associated with an increased risk of fracture in fallers, particularly in women, regardless of BMD or other fracture risk factors. Hence, an in-depth cognitive evaluation should enhance the detection of fallers at risk of fracture, particularly in the absence of signs of osteoporosis, and thus ensure the best possible prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: TMJ morphology/position and trabecular structure are influenced by various factors. The role of the interincisal angle, an indicator of the anterior occlusal relationship, on TMJ remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the morphology, trabecular bone structure, and position of the condyle, as well as the glenoid fossa's morphology in skeletal class II populations with different interincisal angles. Materials and methods: A total of 150 adult patients with normodivergent facial types and skeletal class II malocclusions were selected and divided into three groups based on their interincisal angles: normal, small, and large angle groups. The indexes of TMJ were measured using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data and analyzed using Dolphin Imaging, Mimics, and ImageJ. Results: The small angle group had the smallest anteroposterior diameter (APD), while the large angle group had a greater mediolateral diameter (MLD). The large angle group exhibited significantly the largest maximum axial area, bone surface area, and bone volume (P < 0.05). Small and large angle groups exhibited greater bone trabeculae (Tb. N) and thinner trabecular thickness (Tb. Th). Compared to the normal angle group, the small angle group exhibited a larger horizontal condylar angle and smaller bilateral condylar angles on the axial plane, while the large angle group showed the opposite trend. Small and large angle groups showed a reduced vertical condyle angle on the coronal plane, with the largest reduction observed in the large angle group (P < 0.05). Small and large angle groups had higher heights of the glenoid fossa (GFH). The large angle group exhibited the greatest GFH and width of the glenoid fossa (GFW) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The large angle group had elongated oval and large condyles, and deeper glenoid fossae, while a flattened-oval and smaller condyle, and wider and shallower glenoid fossae were observed in the small angle group. Small and large interincisal angle affects the structure of condylar trabeculae, resulting in thinner Tb. Th and greater Th. N. In the condylar position, small and large angle groups exhibit condylar rotation in the axial and coronal planes. Therefore, the interincisal angle affects the morphology, position, and trabecular structure of the TMJ. This implies that we must pay attention to the impact of the interincisal angle on TMJ, and it is crucial to restore the normal interincisal angle during orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aims to investigate the relationship between muscle mass and specific health outcomes in pediatric populations with neuromuscular disorders. A search was performed for any relevant studies published in English from 1996 to 2023 in five databases. To be included in this analysis, articles must have had participants with an average age ≤21, focus on children with neuromuscular disabilities, and primarily examine relationships between muscle mass and any functional or health outcomes measure. Studies including typically developing children were used to contrast and enhance findings. Thirty-two studies were included, with 10,129 unique individuals represented: seventeen studies focused on healthy/typically developing children; seven on children with cerebral palsy; three on children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy; two on children with sarcopenia; and one study each on children with osteoporosis, congenital muscular dystrophy, and other various neurologic disorders. Thirteen studies assessed functional outcomes, ten assessed bone outcomes, and nine assessed other cardiovascular/metabolic outcomes. All of the included studies demonstrated relationships between muscle mass and respective outcomes in varying measures. The results of this review demonstrate that there is a consistently recognized relationship between muscle mass and important health outcomes in children, supporting clinically targeting muscle mass as a means to optimize desired outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Significant improvement in neonatal care has enabled increasing survival of preterm infants. Metabolic bone disease of prematurity is often overlooked due to other comorbidities of preterm birth. The best approach is screening and prevention of the disease in high-risk infants such as preterm infants. Aim: We followed up the clinical, radiological, and serum biochemical markers of metabolic bone disease in extremely preterm infants (<28 weeks of gestation). The clinical applicability and validation of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) as a novel bone turnover marker were assessed. Standard and novel biochemical bone turnover markers and quantitative ultrasound were compared. Method: Patients' data were collected from medical records. Assessments of calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, bone-alkaline phosphatase, CTX-I, and quantitative ultrasound were prospectively performed twice in 42 extremely preterm infants at postmenstrual ages of 30–32 weeks and 36–40 weeks. Bone mineral density was measured by quantitative ultrasound. Conclusion: Phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, bone alkaline phosphatase, calcium, or ionized calcium are not related to gestational age, but bone mineral density, measured by quantitative ultrasound, is related. There is no correlation between standard and novel biochemical markers and quantitative ultrasound for the identification of metabolic bone disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Animal models that use open surgical transection of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) do not accurately simulate the clinical condition regarding the pivot-shift mechanism and the associated inflammatory response that occurs before reconstruction. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to characterize a reproducible manual, nonsurgical method to mimic an isolated ACL tear in a clinically relevant model and to evaluate the development of progressive posttraumatic osteoarthritis due to ACL injury. It was hypothesized that the ACL could be reproducibly torn with minimal damage to other ligaments and that there would be progressive development of degenerative joint disease after ACL injury. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 37 mice (strain C57BL/6) were used to compare the manual procedure with sham surgery (sham group; n = 10) and with the established surgical ACL transection (ACLT) procedure (surgical group; n = 27). In the sham group, a closed manual procedure was performed on the right knee and sham surgery on the left knee. In the surgical group, the closed manual procedure was performed on the right knee and surgical ACLT on the left knee. Dissection using India ink, histological assessment with safranin O and hematoxylin-eosin staining, radiological evaluation through radiographs and microfocus computed tomography scans, and gait analyses were performed to assess cartilage/ligament status. Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) and synovitis scores, anterior tibial translation, range of motion, bone microstructure, osteophyte volume, and pain were assessed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks postoperatively. Results: The manual procedure successfully resulted in an ACL rupture and associated meniscal injury. The posterior cruciate, lateral collateral, and medial collateral ligaments were intact in all dissected knees. Two weeks after ACL tear, the surgical group showed a significantly higher synovitis score, whereas 8 weeks after ACL tear, the manual group showed a significantly higher volume of osteophytes. No significant differences were found between the groups in terms of OARSI score, anterior tibial translation, range of motion, bone microstructure computed tomography values, and stride distance/irregularity. Conclusion: This procedure can be used to create an ACL tear model without causing grossly evident injuries to other ligaments and avoiding the risk of cartilage damage from surgical instruments. Clinical Relevance: This procedure offers a more clinically relevant ACL tear model and facilitates simple, inexpensive, and reproducible development of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of children and adults worldwide suffer from undiagnosed and untreated celiac disease (CeD). The clinical picture of CeD is highly heterogeneous and comprises manifestations that can affect almost the whole body. This narrative overview is aimed at characterizing diseases and complaints that are associated with unrecognized CeD and that frequently involve sites other than the gastrointestinal (G.I.) tract, i.e., dental, otorhinolaryngological, and ocular complications; skin and hair abnormalities; afflictions of the bones, joints, and muscles; cardiovascular affectations; kidney diseases; neuro-psychiatric disorders; and gynecological–obstetrical manifestations. The association between CeD and extra-GI manifestations is frequently overlooked, which leads to a delay in diagnosis. Most CeD-mediated disorders can be treated with a strict gluten-free diet (GFD), but some of them are irreversible unless CeD is diagnosed in time. Some manifestations can be classified as risk factors for CeD, and CeD screening tests for affected patients should be selectively considered. Apart from gastroenterologists, specialists in other medical disciplines can play an important role in identifying people with unrecognized CeD and may help prevent its progress and long-term complications. Further comprehensive investigations are necessary to clarify the pathogenesis of extra-GI manifestations and the effect of a GFD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This reassessment of the findings from our phase I/II study seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of SBRT for treating local intermediate–high-risk prostate cancer in the absence of androgen deprivation therapy due to patient refusal, with a median follow-up of 6.5 years. Our primary focus is on analyzing the treated areas compared to recurrence patterns in the seven patients who experienced local relapse. Additionally, we provide updated data on late toxicities of grade ≥ 2, both genitourinary and gastrointestinal. Objectives: We investigated spatial patterns between primary and recurrent tumor sites and assessed long-term toxicity after dose escalation stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) to the dominant intra-prostatic nodule (DIN). Materials and methods: In 33 patients with intermediate–high-risk prostate cancer (PCa), doses up to 50 Gy were administered to the DIN. Recurrence sites were determined and compared to the original tumor development sites through multiparametric MRI and 68Ga-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT) images. Overlap rates, categorized as 75% or higher for full overlap, and 25–74% for partial overlap, were assessed. Long-term toxicity is reported. Results: All patients completed treatment, with only one receiving concomitant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Recurrences were diagnosed after a median of 33 months (range: 17–76 months), affecting 13 out of 33 patients (39.4%). Intra-prostatic recurrences occurred in 7 patients (21%), with ≥75% overlap in two, a partial overlap in another two, and no overlap in the remaining three patients. Notably, five patients with intra-prostatic recurrences had synchronous bone and/or lymph node metastases, while six patients had isolated bone or lymph node metastasis without intra-prostatic recurrences. Extended follow-up revealed late grade ≥ 2 GU and GI toxicity in 18% (n = 6) and 6% (n = 2) of the patients. Conclusions: Among patients with intermediate–high-risk PCa undergoing focal dose-escalated SBRT without ADT, DIN recurrences were infrequent. When present, these recurrences were typically located at the original site or adjacent to the initial tumor. Conversely, relapses beyond the DIN and in extra-prostatic (metastatic) sites were prevalent, underscoring the significance of systemic ADT in managing this patient population. Advances in knowledge: Focal dose-escalated prostate SBRT prevented recurrences in the dominant nodule; however, extra-prostatic recurrence sites were frequent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicken bones, a by-product of the poultry industry, can directly or indirectly enter the food chain. Bone meal and bone products could be sources of many contaminants. Considering the wide range of uses made of bones in the culinary and food industries, this material needs to be safe and antibiotic residue–free. To determine if such is the case, the concentration of doxycycline in chicken bones was investigated, this antimicrobial being one of the most commonly used in poultry production. Ross 308 broilers were grouped into three experimental and one control group. Doxycycline was administered in drinking water at therapeutic and sub-therapeutic doses, as well as via spray treatment. The concentration of doxycycline in bones was determined post slaughter by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Doxycycline was quantified at 135 μg/kg 22 days after the last day of antibiotic administration at therapeutic doses; 2,285 μg/kg after sub-therapeutic treatment for 27 days and 9.62 μg/kg 22 days after the end of spray application. High concentrations and long persistence of doxycycline in bones were found in this study. Doxycycline can contaminate all bone-derived products in the food and fertiliser industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The anatomy of the trochlea plays a significant role in patellar stability. The developmental anatomy of the trochlea and its relationship to patellar stability remains poorly understood. Purpose: To describe the developmental changes of the osseous and cartilaginous trochlear morphology in skeletally immature specimens. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: A total of 65 skeletally immature cadaveric knees between the ages of 2 months and 11 years were evaluated using computed tomography scans. The measurements in the axial plane of both cartilage and bone include medial, central, and lateral trochlear height; sulcus height; medial and later trochlear facet length; trochlear sulcus angle; patellar sulcus angle; condylar height asymmetry; and trochlear facet asymmetry. Additional measurements included trochlear depth and lateral trochlear inclination angle. In the sagittal plane, measurements included curvilinear trochlear length, direct trochlear length, condylar height, and patellar sulcus angle. Results: Analysis of trochlear morphology using condylar height, condylar height asymmetry, and trochlear depth all increased with increasing age. The osseous and cartilaginous sulcus angles became deeper with age until age 8 and then plateaued. This corresponded with an increase in trochlear depth that also plateaued around age 8. Osseous condylar asymmetry increased with age but flipped from a larger medial condyle to a larger lateral condyle around age 8. The continued growth of the trochlea with age was further demonstrated in all measures in the sagittal view. Conclusion: This cadaveric analysis demonstrated that there is an increase in condylar height as age increased by all measurements analyzed. These changes in condylar height continued to be seen through age 11, suggesting a still-developing trochlea past this age. By age 8, a plateau in sulcus angle, and sulcus depth suggests more proportionate growth after this point. Similar changes in trochlear and patellar shape with age suggests that the 2 structures may affect each other during development. Clinical Relevance: This information can help design, develop, and determine timing of procedures that may alter the anatomy and stabilize the trochlear and patellofemoral joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Primary leiomyosarcoma of bone constitutes less than 0.7% of all primary malignant bone tumors. Currently, there is no consensus on whether therapeutic approaches should align with the biological characteristics seen in soft tissue leiomyosarcoma or be tailored to the bone location. The efficacy of perioperative chemotherapy for this rare tumor type remains uncertain. Our study aimed to assess various treatment modalities across multiple centers. Surgical intervention emerged as the most significant prognostic factor for patient survival in our analysis, with tumors situated axially, indicating poorer prognosis. A considerable portion of patients experienced secondary metastases. Additionally, the perioperative chemotherapy regimens administered did not correlate with enhanced survival outcomes. Hence, the efficacy of perioperative chemotherapy in bone leiomyosarcoma warrants further investigation, alongside the identification of appropriate agents for treatment. Primary leiomyosarcoma of bone (LMSoB) is extremely rare, comprising only <0.7% of primary malignant bone tumors, and is therefore considered an ultra-rare tumor entity. There is currently no consensus as to whether therapeutic strategies should be based on the biological characteristics of soft tissue leiomyosarcoma or on primary tumor localization in the bone. The use of perioperative chemotherapy and its effectiveness in this rare tumor entity remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the impact of different treatment approaches in a multicenter setting with a total of 35 patients included. The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 74%. Patients with localized disease undergoing surgery had a significantly higher 5-year OS compared to patients who did not undergo surgical treatment (82% vs. 0%, p = 0.0015). Axial tumor localization was associated with worse event-free survival (EFS) probability (p < 0.001) and OS (p = 0.0082). A high proportion of our patients developed secondary metastases. Furthermore, the perioperative chemotherapy protocols applied to our patients were not associated with an improved EFS or OS. Therefore, the benefit of perioperative chemotherapy in LMSoB needs to be further investigated, and the choice of agents still needs to be clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cushing's syndrome is caused by the excessive secretion of cortisol or the intake of exogenous cortisol. Morbidity caused by osteoporosis is a major complication that cannot be ignored. We conducted a study to evaluate bone density and fracture risk factors in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Patients and Methods: This retrospective case-control study involved 176 patients diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome [153 female and 34 male patients] and 84 controls [72 female and 12 male patients]. Patients admitted to the clinics within the last eight years were included in the analysis. We collected demographic, clinic laboratory data, and bone densitometry measurements from electronic patient files. The classification ofpatients into normal, osteopenia, or osteoporosis groups is determined by their Body Mineral Density measurements based on the World Health Organization criteria. Results: Among the patients, 135 were diagnosed with Cushing's disease and 41 with adrenal adenomas. Patients with Cushing' syndrome showed a higher incidence of osteopenia (11.4%) and osteoporosis (2.8%) when compared to the control group. No osteoporosis cases were found in the control group, while nine cases of osteopenia were detected. Osteopenia was significantly more common in adrenal adenoma patients than in those with pituitary Cushing's disease. Osteopenia was present in 39.1% of adrenal Cushing's patients, with only 8.7% (n = 2) having osteoporosis. Osteopenia was observed in 11 patients (23.4%) with pituitary Cushing's disease, while only 4 patients (8.5%) had osteoporosis. Conclusions: Osteopenia is more prevalent in patients with adrenal Cushing's syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are commonly found in the general population, both among adult and pediatric patients, and their incidence has been increasing in recent years. Most of the late literature agrees that surgical reconstruction of the ACL is effective in improving long-term outcomes in pediatric patients, while others in the past have pleaded for non-surgical management. Purpose/Hypothesis: Our study aims to verify if ACL reconstruction (ACLR) using transphyseal technique in skeletally immature patients will provide angular deviations or growth restrictions. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study; Level of evidence 4. Methods: We perfomed a retrospective study to verify if transphyseal ACLR in children with less than or equal to 2 years of remaining growth leads to either limb length discrepancies or axis deviations. Results: Most patients who were treated using transphyseal technique showed significant improvements in their functional scores. There were statistically significant differences in lateral distal femoral angles (LDFA) and medial proximal tibial angles (MPTA), with no clinical impact. There was no significant limb length discrepancy (LLD) during the 2-year follow-up. Conclusions: Transphyseal ACLR is safe among children who have less than or equal to 2 years of remaining growth and brings no risk of axis deviations or limb length discrepancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the osteological collection of late medieval dogs from the excavations of the Beryozov hillfort of the XVI–XIX centuries. In the frozen cultural layer, numerous bone remains (more than 547 items), including almost complete skeletons of dogs of different ages, were well preserved. The distribution of dog remains on excavated sites, the composition of skeletal parts, craniological parameters, age composition and bone pathologies were analyzed. The height at the withers and the weight of the dogs have been defined. All dogs were locally bred, and there was no influx of other breeds from outside, as well as there was no special selection. Throughout the whole period, dogs of the same type similar in appearance to modern laikas were kept in Beryozov. The dogs were of different sizes, stand between 37–60 cm at the withers, weighing 10–30 kg. The animals moved freely around the town, often feeding on solid kitchen waste. Dogs were used as a draft power, and in cold times as a transport animal, and to a lesser extent for hunting fur-bearing animals, wildfowl and for herding reindeer. In some cases, the local population could use dogs in ritual ceremonies.

The glassy and crystalline hydroxyapatites that affect the metabolic processes such as tissue growth and healing are affected by the electrical, electrochemical, and optical properties investigated in this study. The aim of the present study is to determine effects of high-energy radiation and impurities on the electrical and optical properties of hydroxyapatites responsible for tissue growth and tendency of glass forming ability. The approach of the study involves synthesis using carbonates, oxides, silicates, phosphates, and borates of parent materials using elevated temperature and low-temperature flux process. High-energy radiation effects were studied by exposing hydroxyapatites with 5 μCi Cs137 γ - ray source. Morphology was studied to determine dissolution and glass formation of additives such as titanium, gallium, and selenium. Irradiation of silicate bio glasses showed huge effects on the electrical characteristics, such as dielectric constant (hence polarity) and resistivity of the materials while optical properties showed insignificant changes. Morphological studies showed transition of faceted to nonfaceted structure. Exposure for the bias voltage of 50 to 1000 mV in the range of 100 to 100000 Hz frequency range showed a large decrease in the dielectric constant and increase in resistivity. The IR and Raman spectra for irradiated glasses exposed for 24 h showed a small change. Morphological results showed that substitution of gallium, magnesium, and /or titanium affects the transition to the glass formation. The addition of selenium showed enormous potential to improve the mixing and glass formation without titanium and gallium precipitates in the matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a joint disorder predominantly affecting the knee, elbow, and ankle of children and adolescents. This comprehensive review delves into the epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment of OCD. Results: The most common cause of OCD is repetitive microtrauma, typically associated with sports activities, alongside other significant factors such as genetic predisposition, ischemia, and obesity. In early stages or when lesions are small, OCD often presents as non-specific, vaguely localized pain during physical activity. As the condition progresses, patients may experience an escalation in symptoms, including increased stiffness and occasional swelling, either during or following activity. These symptom patterns are crucial for early recognition and timely intervention. Diagnosis in most cases is based on radiographic imaging and magnetic resonance imaging. Nonsurgical treatment of OCD in young patients with open growth plates and mild symptoms involves activity restriction, immobilization methods, and muscle strengthening exercises, with a return to sports only after symptoms are fully resolved and at least six months have passed. Surgical treatment of OCD includes subchondral drilling in mild cases. Unstable lesions involve methods like restoring the joint surface, stabilizing fractures, and enhancing blood flow, using techniques such as screws, anchors, and pins, along with the removal of fibrous tissue and creation of vascular channels. The specifics of OCD treatment largely depend on the affected site. Conclusions: This synthesis of current research and clinical practices provides a nuanced understanding of OCD, guiding future research directions and enhancing therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patellofemoral osteoarthritis (PFJOA) is a subtype of knee OA, which is one of the main causes of anterior knee pain. The current study found an increased prevalence of OA in postmenopausal women, called postmenopausal OA. Therefore, we designed the ovariectomized rat model of patella baja-induced PFJOA. Alendronate (ALN) inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone loss, and has been reported the favorable result of a potential intervention option of OA treatment. However, the potential effects of ALN treatment on PFJOA in the ovariectomized rat model are unknown and need further investigation prior to exploration in the clinical research setting. In this study, the effects of ALN on articular cartilage degradation and subchondral bone microstructure were assessed in the ovariectomized PFJOA rat model for 10 weeks. Methods: Patella baja and estrogen withdrawal were induced by patellar ligament shortening (PLS) and bilateral ovariectmomy surgeries in 3-month-old female Sprague–Dawley rats, respectively. Rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8): Sham + V; OVX + V, Sham + PLS + V, OVX + PLS + V, OVX + PLS + ALN (ALN: 70 μg/kg/week). Radiography was performed to evaluate patellar height ratios, and the progression of PFJOA was assessed by macroscopic and microscopic analyses, immunohistochemistry and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Results: Our results found that the patella baja model prepared by PLS can successfully cause degeneration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone, resulting in changes of PFJOA. OVX caused a decrease in estrogen levels in rats, which aggravated the joint degeneration caused by PFJOA. Early application of ALN can delay the degenerative changes of articular cartilage and subchondral bone microstructure in castrated PFJOA rat to a certain extent, improve and maintain the micrometabolism and structural changes of cartilage and subchondral bone. Conclusion: The early application of ALN can delay the destruction of articular cartilage and subchondral bone microstructure in castrated PFJOA rat to a certain extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study was to analyse the effect of supplementation with various forms of genistein (nano-, micro-, and macro-) on the mineral status of rat femurs in conditions of DMBA-induced mammary gland neoplasia. Thirty-two 30-day-old Sprague Dawley rats were used in the study. The rats were divided into four experimental groups: a control group (without supplementation) and groups supplemented with nanosized (92 ± 41 nm), microsized (587 ± 83 nm), and macrosized genistein. Micromorphometric and histological examination of the rat femurs were performed, as well as analysis of the weight and mineral composition (17 elements). Quadrupole ICP-MS was used for analysis of all trace elements. Supplementation with genistein (nano-, micro-, and macro-) was shown to cause changes in the mineral composition of the bones. In the rats receiving nanogenistein, disintegration of the bone tissue was observed. The femurs of these animals had higher content of calcium (by nearly 300%) and potassium (by 25%) than the other groups, while the level of magnesium was about 22% lower. In the case of microelements, there were increases in copper (by 67%), boron (48%), manganese (13%), and nickel (100%), and a 16% decrease in strontium compared to the bones of rats without genistein supplementation. Changes in micromorphometric parameters, resulting in increased bone fragility, were observed. Administration of genistein was found to have an effect on the amount of trace elements in the bone tissue of rats with breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of the earliest members of the archosaur-lineage (i.e., non-archosauriform archosauromorphs) are characterised by an extremely elongated neck. Recent fossil discoveries from the Guanling Formation (Middle Triassic) of southern China have revealed a dramatic increase in the known ecomorphological diversity of these extremely long-necked archosauromorphs, including the fully marine and viviparous Dinocephalosaurus orientalis. These recent discoveries merit a reinvestigation of enigmatic Triassic diapsid fossils from contemporaneous European deposits housed in historical collections. Here, we provide a redescription of Trachelosaurus fischeri, represented by a single, disarticulated specimen first described in 1918. Due to its unique morphology, which includes short, bifurcating cervical ribs, and a high presacral vertebral count, this taxon has been referred to either as a "protorosaurian" archosauromorph or a sauropterygian. Our revision clearly shows that Trachelosaurus represents the first unambiguous Dinocephalosaurus-like archosauromorph known from outside the Guanling Formation. Our finding has important systematic implications. Trachelosauridae Abel, 1919 represents the senior synonym for the recently identified Dinocephalosauridae Spiekman, Fraser and Scheyer, 2021. Based on our phylogenetic analyses, which employ two extensive datasets, we also corroborate previous findings that tanystropheids and trachelosaurids represent two families within a larger monophyletic group among non-crocopodan archosauromorphs, which is here named Tanysauria (clade nov.). Trachelosauridae is minimally composed of Trachelosaurus fischeri, Dinocephalosaurus orientalis, Pectodens zhenyuensis, and Austronaga minuta, but one of our analyses also found a probably taxonomically broader clade that may also include Gracilicollum latens and Fuyuansaurus acutirostris. Trachelosaurus fischeri considerably expands the known spatial and temporal range of Trachelosauridae to the earliest Anisian and the Central European Basin. Our findings add to the growing evidence for the presence of a diverse group of fully marine reptiles during the Middle Triassic among Tanysauria. These trachelosaurids possess flipper-like limbs, high vertebral counts, and elongate necks, thus superficially resembling long-necked Jurassic and Cretaceous plesiosaurs in some regards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasties (RSA) have become a primary choice for improving shoulder function and pain. However, the biomechanical failure mechanism of the humeral component is still unclear. The present study reports a novel protocol for microstructural imaging of the entire humerus implant under load before and after fracture. Methods: A humerus specimen was obtained from a 75-year-old male donor. An expert surgeon implanted the specimen with a commonly used RSA implant (Aequalis reversed II, Stryker Orthopaedics, USA) and surgical procedure. The physiological glenohumeral contact force that maximized the distal implant migration was selected from a public repository (orthoload.com). Imaging and concomitant mechanical testing were performed using a large-volume micro-CT scanner (Nikon XT H 225 ST) and a custom-made compressive stage. Both when intact and once implanted, the specimen was tested under a pre-load and by imposing a constant deformation causing a physiological reaction load (650 N, 10 degrees adducted). The deformation of the implanted specimen was then increased up to fracture, which was identified by a sudden drop of the reaction force, and the specimen was then re-scanned. Results: The specimen's stiffness decreased from 874 N/mm to 464 N/mm after implantation, producing movements of the bone-implant interface consistent with the implant's long-term stability reported in the literature. The micro-CT images displayed fracture of the tuberosity, caused by a combined compression and circumferential tension, induced by the distal migration of the implant. Conclusion: The developed protocol offers detailed information on implant mechanics under load relative to intact conditions and fracture, providing insights into the failure mechanics of RSA implants. This protocol can be used to inform future implant design and surgical technique improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The shoulder joint is the most commonly dislocated joint in the human body, and the recurrence rate exceeds 50% after nonsurgical treatment. Although surgical treatment reduces the recurrence rate, there is controversy regarding the optimal surgical approach. Previous studies suggest that the Latarjet procedure yields favourable outcomes for specific populations at risk of recurrence, such as competitive athletes with significant glenoid defects. However, most of the existing related research consists of nonrandomized controlled trials with small sample sizes, and there is a lack of strong evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of the Latarjet procedure. Methods: The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched. Athletes with ≥ 20% glenoid defects were selected for inclusion. The following data were extracted: general patient information, instability rates, return to sports (RTS) rates, imaging features (graft positioning rate and graft healing rate), functional assessments [Rowe score, Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System(ASOSS), visual analogue scale (VAS), forward flexion function, and external rotation function], and complications. Results: After excluding suspected duplicate cases, a total of 5 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The studies involved a total of 255 patients, including 237 males (93%) and 18 females (7%). The average age at the time of surgery was 25.4 ± 8.5 years. All the studies had a minimum follow-up period of 2 years, with an average follow-up time of 48.7 ± 18.9 months. The pooled rate of return to sport (RTS) was 94.3% (95% CI: 87.3%, 98.8%), and 86.1% (95% CI: 78.2%, 92.5%) of patients returned to their preoperative level of activity. The pooled redislocation rate was 1.1% (95% CI: 0%, 3.8%). Regarding the imaging results, the combined graft retention rate was 92.1% (95% CI: 88.1%, 95.5%), and the graft healing rate was 92.1% (95% CI: 88%, 95.4%). Postoperative functional evaluation revealed that the combined Rowe score, ASOSS score, and VAS score were 93.7 ± 6.5 points, 88.5 ± 4.4 points, and 1.1 ± 10 points, respectively. The forward flexion and external rotation angles were 170.9 ± 6.9 degrees and 65.6 ± 4.5 degrees, respectively. After excluding one study with unclear complications, the combined complication rate was 9.4% (95% CI: 1.0%, 23.6%). Conclusion: For athletes with shoulder instability and a total of ≥ 20% glenoid bone defects, the Latarjet procedure can achieve excellent functional outcomes, with the majority of patients returning to preoperative levels of sports activity. This procedure also leads to a low recurrence rate. Therefore, the Latarjet procedure has been proven to be a safe and effective treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 2 (PAPSS2) deficiency is a rare disorder due to biallelic pathogenic variants in the PAPSS2 gene. This disorder was first described in 1998 by Ahmad et al. and Faiyaz ul Haque et al. To date, 79 patients with PAPSS2 deficiency have been reported. The main reported features of these patients are related to bone abnormalities and clinical/biochemical androgen excess. Disproportionate short stature and symptoms associated with spondylar skeletal dysplasia are the most common clinical features that require clinical attention. Androgen excess has been described much less commonly. This review summarizes the currently published clinical, molecular, and biochemical features of patients with PAPSS2 deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diets can influence the body's acid–base status because specific food components yield acids, bases, or neither when metabolized. Animal-sourced foods yield acids and plant-sourced food, particularly fruits and vegetables, generally yield bases when metabolized. Modern diets proportionately contain more animal-sourced than plant-sourced foods, are, thereby, generally net acid-producing, and so constitute an ongoing acid challenge. Acid accumulation severe enough to reduce serum bicarbonate concentration, i.e., manifesting as chronic metabolic acidosis, the most extreme end of the continuum of "acid stress", harms bones and muscles and appears to enhance the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Progressive acid accumulation that does not achieve the threshold amount necessary to cause chronic metabolic acidosis also appears to have deleterious effects. Specifically, identifiable acid retention without reduced serum bicarbonate concentration, which, in this review, we will call "covert acidosis", appears to cause kidney injury and exacerbate CKD progression. Furthermore, the chronic engagement of mechanisms to mitigate the ongoing acid challenge of modern diets also appears to threaten health, including kidney health. This review describes the full continuum of "acid stress" to which modern diets contribute and the mechanisms by which acid stress challenges health. Ongoing research will develop clinically useful tools to identify stages of acid stress earlier than metabolic acidosis and determine if dietary acid reduction lowers or eliminates the threats to health that these diets appear to cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of radiographic changes in the mandibular angle (bone apposition) and osseous alterations in the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) in the adult population of Switzerland. In addition, the study intended to investigate possible correlations between the two sites of contour bone changes (mandibular angle and TMJ) and to analyze various patient-related factors, including sex, age, dental status, and medical history. Methods: Panoramic radiographs of 600 patients distributed into six age groups (283 females, 317 males, aged 20 to 79 years) were included to evaluate radiographic changes. The bone in the mandibular angle region and the shape of the condylar heads were examined for contour changes (bone apposition at the jaw angles and osseous changes of the TMJs). General estimating equations, binormal tests, and chi-squared tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Approximately half of the mandibular angles (47.8%) showed bone apposition, mostly bilateral. TMJ alterations were less common (27%), often unilateral, with flattening being the most frequent finding. No significant correlation was found between the two sites. Bone apposition at the mandibular angle showed a significant male predominance, whereas TMJ changes did not differ by sex. Alterations in both sites increased with age, and were not related to dental status or analgesic use. Conclusions: Bone apposition at the mandibular angle should be interpreted as part of the natural functional adaptation of the bone associated with aging. Assuming that parafunctional habits may influence the development and progression of alterations in the mandibular angle or TMJs, the presence of radiographic changes in these areas should prompt dental clinicians to investigate further in this direction. Trial registration: The study was approved by the Swiss Association of Research Ethics Committees (swissethics), BASEC reference number: 2020–00963 (25.05.2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between lower limb bone deformities and body functions, activity, and participation in ambulant children with CP and whether changing bone morphology affects outcomes in these domains. (2) Methods: A systematic literature search (PROSPERO CRD42020208416) of studies reporting correlations between measures of lower limb bone deformities and measures of body function, activity or participation, or post-surgical outcomes in these domains was conducted from 1990 to 2023 in Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. We assessed study quality with the Checklist for Case Series (CCS) and a quality assessment developed by Quebec University Hospital. Meta-analysis was not possible; therefore, descriptive synthesis was performed. (3) Results: A total of 12 of 3373 screened articles were included. No studies evaluated the relationships between bone deformities and activity or participation, or the effect of isolated bone surgery on these domains. Correlations between bone deformities and body functions were poor-to-moderate. Internal hip rotation during gait improved after femoral derotation osteotomy. (4) Conclusions: A shift in paradigm is urgently required for the research and management of bone deformities in children with CP to include the activity and participation domains of the ICF, as well as consider more psychological aspects such as self-image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osteoking has been used for fracture therapy with a satisfying clinical efficacy. However, its therapeutic properties and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Method: A bone defect rat model was established to evaluate the pharmacological effects of Osteoking by the dynamic observation of X-ray, micro-CT and histopathologic examination. Transcriptome profiling was performed to identify bone defect-related genes and Osteoking effective targets. Then, a "disease-related gene–drug target" interaction network was constructed and a list of key network targets were screened, which were experimentally verified. Results: Osteoking effectively promoted bone defect repair in rats by accelerating the repair of cortical bone and the growth of trabeculae. Histopathologically, the bone defect rats displayed lower histopathologic scores in cortical bone, cancellous bone and bone connection than normal controls. In contrast, Osteoking exerted a favorable effect with a dose-dependent manner. The abnormal serum levels of bone turnover markers, bone growth factors and bone metabolism-related biochemical indexes in bone defect rats were also reversed by Osteoking treatment. Following the transcriptome-based network investigation, we hypothesized that osteoking might attenuate the levels of ZBP1–STAT1–PKR–MLKL-mediated necroptosis involved into bone defect. Experimentally, the expression levels of ZBP1, STAT1, PKR and the hallmark inflammatory cytokines for the end of necroptosis were distinctly elevated in bone defect rats, but were all effectively reversed by Osteoking treatment, which were also suppressed the activities of RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL in bone tissue supernatants. Conclusions: Osteoking may promote bone formation and bone defect repair by regulating ZBP1–STAT1–PKR axis, leading to inhibit RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL activation-mediated necroptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]