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The informativeness of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) scores and their actual impact on firms remains understudied. To address this gap in the literature, we make theoretical predictions and conduct empirical research revealing that a high ESG score is associated with a lower probability of ESG scandals and lower stock returns during a scandal event. Our results suggest that ESG scores are heterogeneous but informative, and that a strong ESG reputation may have both positive and negative consequences for firms. Drawing on our findings, we develop a model and showcase that firms face an optimization problem when determining optimal ESG investment levels. Two equilibria may exist based on the trade-off between ESG scandal losses and ESG adjustment costs. Our model explains why certain firms make heterogeneous ESG decisions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this article, we consider a renewal risk model with by-claims, where the price process of the investment portfolio follows an exponential Lévy process. We further assume that the main claim is a one-sided linear process and there exists a certain dependence structure between the innovations and by-claims. In the presence of heavy tails, we obtain a series of uniform formulas in finite and infinite intervals. In order to better describe the obtained results, we carry on the numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) method is highly efficient for estimating expectations of a functional of a solution to a stochastic differential equation (SDE). However, MLMC estimators may be unstable and have a poor (noncanonical) complexity in the case of low regularity of the functional. To overcome this issue, we extend our previously introduced idea of numerical smoothing in [Quant. Finance, 23 (2023), pp. 209-227], in the context of deterministic quadrature methods to the MLMC setting. The numerical smoothing technique is based on root-finding methods combined with one-dimensional numerical integration with respect to a single well-chosen variable. This study is motivated by the computation of probabilities of events, pricing options with a discontinuous payoff, and density estimation problems for dynamics where the discretization of the underlying stochastic processes is necessary. The analysis and numerical experiments reveal that the numerical smoothing significantly improves the strong convergence and, consequently, the complexity and robustness (by making the kurtosis at deep levels bounded) of the MLMC method. In particular, we show that numerical smoothing enables recovering the MLMC complexities obtained for Lipschitz functionals due to the optimal variance decay rate when using the Euler--Maruyama scheme. For the Milstein scheme, numerical smoothing recovers the canonical MLMC complexity, even for the nonsmooth integrand mentioned above. Finally, our approach efficiently estimates univariate and multivariate density functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a model that derives a metric to answer the question: what is the expected gain of a staker? We calculate the rewards as the staking return in a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus context. For each period of block validation and by a forward approach, we prove that the interest is given by the ratio of the average staking gain to the total staked coins. Some additional PoS features are considered in the model, such as slash rate and Maximal Extractable Value (MEV), which marks the originality of this approach. In particular, we prove that slashing diminishes the rewards, reflecting the fact that the blockchain can consider stakers to potentially validate incorrectly. Regarding MEV, the approach we have sheds light on the relation between transaction fees and the average staking gain. We illustrate the developed model with Ethereum 2.0 and apply a similar process in a Proof-of-Work consensus context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the role of hedge fund, swap dealer, and arbitrageur activity in the crude oil market. The contribution of our work is to examine the role of institutional traders in switching between high-volatility and low-volatility regimes. Using confidential position data on institutional investors, we first analyze the linkages between trader positions and fundamentals. We find that these institutional position changes reflect fundamental economic factors. Subsequently, we adopt a Markov regime-switching model with time-varying probabilities and find that institutional position changes contribute incrementally to the probability of regime changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Markowitz's approach could not deal with the overall optimization of both minimizing variance of return rate and maximizing return rate simultaneously due to its short of rational method for handling multi-objective optimization. In this article, a hybrid of the probability-based multi-objective optimization with the uniform design for experiments of mixtures is performed to solve the portfolio investment problem of concurrent optimization of both maximizing return rate and minimizing variance of return rate. The probabilitybased multi-objective optimization is employed to transfer the bi-objective problem of portfolio investment into a mono-objective one with total preferable probability as the goal for the overall optimization of the system in spirit of probability theory, the uniform design for experiments of mixtures is used to perform the subsequent discretization. Project management problem is rather a multi-objective to conduct naturally. The analysis shows the rationality of the hybrid solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an investment risk model with bilateral jumps was considered, assuming the insurer invested the surplus in two types of assets, namely, risk-free and risky ones, in a certain proportion. First, the integral-differential equations of the Gerber-Shiu function related to ruin and penalty were obtained, then, the sinc approximation method was used to obtain a numerical solution. Furthermore, we presented a special example for finding the explicit solutions (ES). By calculating the relative errors of the approximate solution (SA) and ES, we verified the superiority of the sinc method. Finally, several examples under different kinds of jumps were provided to show the impact of parameters such as investment ratio, discount factor or intensity of Poisson process on the ruin probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]