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Since the 1970s, Brazil has carried out the most successful world program of commercial biomass for use and production of energy by stimulating its sugarcane industry and promoting the large-scale production of ethanol nationwide in response to the first oil shock. Today, the technologies behind ethanol production are well established. Brazil is the world's largest sugarcane supplier, producing its ethanol at a competitive price. If other sugarcane producing countries decided to join Brazil's move toward the production of this biofuel, what impacts might there be for each country's economy and employment? This is what we investigate in this paper. Prime candidates for ethanol production include Australia, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and the United States of America. We evaluated the potential socioeconomic impacts of developing this promising industry by using an input–output approach. More specifically, we adapted the Brazilian method of producing ethanol to these countries' distinct economies. We augmented the input–output table of each country, inserting a new ethanol industry based on the Brazilian ethanol production model. We also augmented their new ethanol industry's sales following a hypothetical hydrous and anhydrous ethanol consumption scenario. Thereafter, we reconcile the national accounts, concluding our analysis by quantifying and comparing the different net effects of this new industry for each of the assessed countries for the year of 2009. We demonstrate which industries would be expected to be positively or negatively impacted by this substitution in each country; and find that not all of the countries we assessed would experience positive socioeconomic results from emulating Brazil's production of ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop canopy optical reflectance and ultrasonic sensors provide a means of estimating the spatial variability of biomass and nitrogen uptake by sugarcane during the in-season period. The objective of this paper is to assess the crop canopy reflectance and ultrasonic crop height for predicting sugarcane biomass and N-uptake until the later fertilization stages. An ultrasonic sensor was deployed to measure canopy height, which were combined with optical reflectance sensor to characterize the spatial variability of the crop growth in four commercial fields in southeast Brazil during three different growing stages for dry and wet seasons. Ten sampling location points in each field were defined to determine plant biomass and N-uptake through traditional measurements. The points in each field were used to relate the actual biomass and N-uptake with the sensor data and compare them using the coefficient of determination and standard errors; this defined the best approach in each situation according to the multivariable statistics. It was found that both sensor systems enable to correlate its data with sugarcane biomass and N-uptake. Canopy reflectance sensor produced a better assessment of crop growth at the earlier growth stage whereas the ultrasonic sensor resulted in more accurate predictions at the later growing stages. It was proven that canopy height is season dependent whereas the reflectance data is growth stage dependent. The integration of both sensing systems improved the predictions of sugarcane biomass and N-uptake. It could be an alternative to guide local interventions by sugarcane industry during the growing season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]