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This article discusses a study which assumed that the greater the dispersion of income within an occupation, the greater the income risks facing anyone selecting that occupation. The study concluded that riskier occupations offer higher mean incomes, and individuals from wealthier families choose riskier occupations. These suggestions imply that persons from wealthier families receive, on average, higher labor incomes. It is suggested also that income inequality may be transferred between generations not merely due to capital market imperfections leading to variations in the quantity or quality of schooling, but also due to the occupational preferences of a person may be stipulated by the income of his or her family.

In this article the author wants to analyze what has happened in recent years to some of the traditional personnel functions as government intervention in personnel administration has steadily increased. Personnel management in the United States cannot today be carried out according to the sole discretion of top management or even in a very flexible way consistent with applying insights of behavioral sciences. Instead, key aspects of personnel management must be molded to fit the legal, control and reporting requirements of governments. The personnel manager is clearly faced with the serious prospect of becoming a corporate lone ranger who is entangled in the red tape of bureaucratic rationality and pomposity. Warnings have been implicit and explicit in the literature for years that unless he became more effective that governmental regulation and public policy would not only supervene but also intervene in the greatest depth. The last area discussed in the paper is in many ways the newest, although governmental intervention into personnel work through the creation of the workmen's compensation concept and start-up of the industrial safety movement can be traced back to the early days of the 20th century.

Seven levels of management from five electric utility companies rated eight cases involving infraction of rules by hourly workers on a disciplinary action scale. Higher level managers rated the cases more severely and cases involving safety violations were judged most severely by all managers. Among several demographic and structural variables examined, only number of managerial levels was associated with company differences in ratings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article discusses the development of workmen's compensation in the U.S. in 1913. The program was considered as a hopeful symbol of progressive labor legislation. According to its proponents, among the many advantages of the workmen's compensation system were: assurance of predetermined, adequate, and prompt benefits; elimination of wasteful litigation; certainty of the means of payment through insurance; promotion of industrial safety and health; adequate medical care and rehabilitation of the injured worker.

Progress of the industrial safety and occupational health movements in the United States toward their common goal of protecting the physical welfare of workers is discussed in this article. When these activities and workmen's compensation began, about a half century ago, it was anticipated that they would be "complementary and mutually sustaining." Besides presenting historical accounts of the safety and health movements, the authors evaluate the current problems and relationships among safety, health, and compensation activities. This article constitutes part of a broader study by the authors to be published under the title, Workmen's Compensation and Occupational Disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the author's view of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) security clearance investigation in the U.S. He considers the basic concepts underlying the security problem mechanism that of the scientist and the applicant for employment. He mentions various cases of certain employees who were under investigation and as questionable security risks. He commented that the employees of AEC are no longer concerned about the mechanism provided for the appeal of personnel security clearance decisions. He suggested for improvements to speed up the procedure, offer for reimbursement of expenses and enable the local review boards.

The article presents a summary of the majority and minority reports of the Joint Committee on the Atomic Energy Commission investigation in the U.S. It is precipitated by Senator Burke Hickenlooper that involves the same heading of the hearings. In the majority report, it is determined that the issuance of some emergency clearances is legally permissible and the legal dispute centers on the definition of the word emergency. The security of information and the processes that characterize the Atomic Energy Act has been provided by numerous provisions.

The article discusses the British view regarding safety issues in nuclear power plants, based from the paper presented to the Norwegian Atomic Energy Society. According to the author, all activities involve some risk of harm to people either through direct participation or indirectly. However, it is hoped that the risks will be minimized and more than compensated for by attendant advantages. Thus, minimum performance requirements for a large range of plant used may be able to reduce accident frequencies to levels below a pre-set target. Moreover, the British Atomic Energy Authority is sponsoring and developing techniques for the better understanding of reactor accidents and their consequences.

The article offers a look on the near end of the atomic energy program in Great Britain. According to the author, one of the reasons for the slow-down of the program started when one of its reactors burned-out. He stresses that the dodging of radioisotopes from the stacks into the atmosphere, harmless in terms of actual, measurable consequences, notwithstanding emphasized the need for better controls and safety measures. On other side, plans for setting up advanced gas-cooler reactors were pushed ahead. Other disturbing factors, which have nothing to do with science, which have intervened the program are discussed.

The article focuses on the essay entitled "Bitter Wages," by Joseph A. Page and Mary-Win O'Brien. According to the author this essay is a dramatic, well-written indictment of American industry and of the administrations of the former U.S. Presidents Lyndon Baines Johnson and Richard Nixon, for their failure to protect adequately the health and safety of the American Industrial worker. Historically, labor leaders have approached the problem of occupational safety with two closely related objectives in mind. First, the incidence of accidents and industrial diseases had to be reduced, and second, the disabled worker had to be compensated for lost income. The workers in occupations in which most of the accidents could not be attributed to employer negligence, convinced the representatives of groups of workers, who stood to gain more from suing their employers for accident damages, that the welfare of the less fortunate workers should not be sacrificed for the benefit of the favored workers.

Demonstrates the variation of health hazards in the working environment. Examination of several measures against pollution in the working environment; Areas in which scientific research would play a preventive role; Emphasis on the importance of inspection services.

An accident is commonly held to be an event which occurs by chance; it may even be defined as such. Closer investigation of a random sample of factory accidents has give support to this view. Controversy over the preventability of accidents, and whether accidents serve the interests of false or true economy, is sufficient justification for attempting an economic interpretation of industrial accidents. An analogy between the accidental injury of an employee and the breakdown of a machine is the basis for the attempt.

Analyzes economic factors affecting safety in the underground bituminous mining. Classification of factors affecting injury rates in the coal mining; Variables and data used in the analysis; Relationship of advance technology with fatal injury rates; Limitation of the data.

Discusses court decisions related to labor in the United States. Provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; Functions of job stewards; Picketing of owner-operators of trucks; Industrial safety.

Presents highlights of the 58th International Labor Conference held in June 1973 in Geneva, Switzerland. Discussion on workers' rights to paid educational leave and on standards to be developed to protect workers exposed to occupational cancer hazards; Adoption of conventions and recommendations on child labor and dockworking.

Focuses on the statutory changes in the employer's liability on its employees. Preliminary conditions for employer's who wanted to escape from employer's liability; Relevance of the Randall v. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co. in the statutory changes in employment; Number of states that altered the law on employment.

The article discusses the safety measures in school buildings for the handicapped children. According to the author, thorough familiarity with the building should be the concern of every teacher of the handicapped children. Important safety procedures should be determined and applied such as keeping the windows close and teaching the children on how to breathe as they move through smoke-filled corridors. Entrances and exits of school buildings should be considered in the planning. The size of the classroom should also be regarded since it would contribute hazard to the handicapped children.

The article discusses the implementation of the teaching of common signs for slow learners in the U.S. Previous studies suggested that common signs like street signs, industrial safety signs and signs in vehicles and buildings be taught to slow learners for their protection and essential information. It delineates the needs of slow learners to identify the signs and to follow directions. Classroom applications that are easy to comprehend and which entice children to learn and familiarize the signs are also presented. Among the approaches developed by writers to teach this special class include factual and imaginary stories, riddles, use of miniature signs, and guessing games.

In the following article the author emphasizes the need of special attention to good vision. In this connexion he quotes a number of cases in which increased production, increased earnings, and reduction in the number of accidents have followed attention to this factor. In conclusion he points out the utility of carefully compiled records of individuals' eyesight when questions of compensation for injury arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, which is reprinted by permission from the American periodical, Factory Management and Maintenance, describes how in a comb-sawing department an improved lighting system, costing some £200, has been largely responsible for a reduction in spoiled work equivalent to an annual saving of £1,000, and a decrease of 18 per cent in minor accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author, who is Director of the Psychotechnical Laboratory of the Postes, Telegraphes, Telephones, at the Hague, Holland, describes an improved keyboard which is adapted to the natural position of the hands and fingers, and facilitates ‘blind’ typing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dr. Myers discusses the underlying psychological and physiological causes of accidents in the factory and on the road. He outlines the psychologist's approach to the problem of accident-reduction, and describes some of the methods hitherto followed, and the results obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses the difficulties which arise through the power of foremen to make or to recommend discharges, and urges that men should be dismissed only by the principals of the firm and, if the dismissal is for personal reasons, only after an inquiry. He also suggests that esprit-de-corps will be increased if new employees are recruited through men already with the firm, or through the men's Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In November 1968 an explosion in the "safe" No. 9 mine of the Consolidation Coal Company at Farmington, West Virgina, killed seventy-eight miners and produced a brief but potent public outcry for new federal safety legislation. In December 1907, ten miles from Farmington at Monongab, West Virgina, 361 miners died in an explosion in the "safe" Monongah No. 6 and No.8 mines of the Fairmont Coal Company. Participants in the coal-mining safety movement included miners, mine inspectors, scientists, journalists and government officials. All played important roles, but the coal-mine operators, more than any other group, defined the response of the Progressive years to the problem of safety in the coal mines and determined the perimeters of state, national, and private action. The national component of the Progressive movement was the logical product of a transformation of the coal industry which began in the 1850s and which, by 1900, had produced an intensely competitive bituminous industry with national coal and labor markets as well as scientific problems which transcended state boundaries. The movement failed to the extent that operators were divided and unable to transcend local frameworks and this, unfortunately, was the usual state of the industry.

Focuses on the problem in the drafting of workmen's compensation acts. Causal connection between the injury and the employment; Factors to be considered in regarding accident as arising out of employment; Responsibility of the employer to compensate the servant for all the results of the accident.

First aid training as provided by the St John Ambulance Brigade appeared to be related to reduced incidence of accidents at work. It was also related to heightened safety awareness in a community which was not, however, accompanied by changes in relevant behaviour. A model of factors affecting safety is discussed. In the comment following, Philip Powell draws attention to some risks of defective data and the faulty conclusions that inadequate information may lead to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subjective estimates of risk made by twenty-five chain-saw operators were compared with an objective risk distribution derived from reported accident frequencies. There was significant agreement amongst the subjects on the distribution of risk, but very little correlation between the subjects' estimates and an objective distribution. The implications of such a mismatch are discussed with respect to accident preventions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample of dentists and pharmacists in South Wales provided information on their work by questionnaire. Dentists suffered more physical disability, found the pace of work more exacting, and described more difficulties and distastes than did pharmacists. The latter however reported more problems affecting their professional standing. The findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex problems of a driver in controlling hovercraft are described. A study was conducted to determine whether drivers with experience in flying fixed-wing aircraft had a lasting advantage over those without it in their ability to control an SRN-5 hovercraft. No evidence of such a difference was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation was undertaken to validate the widely held assumption that a course a an Industrial Rehabilitation Unit may improve clients' attitudes. By means of a pilot study two major attitudes, labelled `Inadequacy' and `Keenness for Work' were identified, and scales were constructed to measure them. These were administered to 327 men on entry to an Industrial Rehabilitation Unit and again to the 213 of these still available five weeks later. Results supported the hypotheses that a reduction of Inadequacy but no change in Keenness for Work would occur during industrial rehabilitation. Further analysis showed that keenness for work was related to employment status six months tater, age, and amount of family responsibility. Inadequacy was related to psychiatric classification. Implications for further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety precautions have traditionally been orientated towards the removal or engineering control of potentially damaging energy, but the use of techniques for reducing non-culpable error is also potentially fruitful. These parallel approaches are here combined into a simple model from which is derived a conceptual outline to guide the selection of countermeasures. From this model a course of brutal study can be constructed in a manner suitable for incorporation into the curriculum at those who will be professionally concerned with the prevention of accidental injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an experiment where half the clients visiting ten of the Department of Employments Occupational Guidance Units completed the Kuder Preference Record as well as going through the normal vocational guidance procedure. Follow-up suggested that the Kuder Record influenced the guidance officers to make recommendations more in line with people's expressed job preferences, and influenced clients to choose jobs in line with these preferences; but use of the Kuder did not relate to subsequent job satisfaction or to satisfaction with the guidance received. For the purposes of this study an objective method was evolved by which scores of the Kuder could be related to the jobs chosen and a measure of agreement obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper briefly reviews past accident research, particularly pointing out two areas which have bred misconceptions: accident proneness and unicausality. It puts forward a model of the accident process which could provide a more fruitful basis for future work as well as an explanation of past research results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the aspects of security protection for business and industry. For the best interests of an industry or business not only should the manager protect his investment against fire, lighting, windstorm, etc., but should also take active measures in his daily operations to secure the business against internal losses from theft, accidents, compromise of trade secrets or governmental classified material, etc. Wartime controls usually mean that manpower and materials are in short supply. Consequently, both must be used to the greatest advantage. The federal government must necessarily control the amount of manpower used to protect the various plants engaged in defense production. There are several factors which will determine the extent to which a plant should be protected against thefts, accidents, trespassers, fire other disaster, and compromise trade secrets, namely, size and location of plant, number and general character of personnel, character of products and cost of security protection. Large plants employing thousands of people must often use not only physical means in controlling access to plant premises by employees, but plant guards must be employed to screen all personnel entering the gates to determine their right to be on the premises. Estimates of annual losses directly attributable to theft from businesses in the U.S. range from 500 million dollars on up. The most effective means to control thefts is to eliminate or reduce the number of opportunities for theft. Second, employees must be properly indocrinated in their moral responsibilities to the company and to the community. Certain basic fire prevention measures should be established in order to eliminate as far as possible the danger of fire. A plant brigade composed of a few selected, properly trained employees should be available at all times during plant operations to act immediately without panic in the event of a fire.

The article provides information on the standards concerning mental health facilities. The facility should be located, built, and furnished adequately in order to optimize the safety, health, and comfort of the residents and staff. The legal requirements for heating, lighting, and ventilation shall pass the minimum standards as well as compliance of fire safety regulations and water supply. The design of the facility should also be allow skilled personnel to develop their potential skills.

The article offers a commentary of the article “Objectives Other Than Income Maintenance for Workmen's Compensation,” by John F. Burton Jr. and Monroe Berkowitz. The Burton-Berkowitz article can be analyzed from three standpoints. The three theories deal with the assumed operations of employers and workers on the margin with people as risk-averters. Burton and Berkowitz are on realistic ground when they depict some disabled persons as rehabilitation-averters. The authors speculate about the expansion of disability insurance under OASDHI. They are aware of larger contexts of state worker compensation.

Workmen's compensation provides cash benefits and medical care to victims of work-connected accidents. Objectives for the program are to: (1) protect workers against interruption of income due to industrial injuries; (2) provide incentives for optimal expenditures on accident prevention; (3) allocate the costs of the disabilities to the sources of the injuries; and (4) provide optimal incentives for the return to the labor force of disabled workers. These objectives, largely derived from an analysis of industrial accidents in a competitive model, are used to evaluate the present workmen's compensation program. The failure to meet the first objective has been documented in an earlier article. Here a general failure to meet the other objectives is demonstrated. A primary reason is that the objectives are interrelated; thus inadequate income protection undermines the other objectives. Workmen's compensation's erosion in favor of competing programs is projected, and, while these programs' deficiencies are noted, the trend is viewed with elan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study which determines the reliability and validity of a measure based from the number of accident behaviors and predicting injuries. The study conducted meetings with the first-line supervisors from a production-type jobs to collect performance specimens for unsafe and safe behavior. The study used dispensary records to identify the number of injuries sustained by an employee during the eight-month period. Results show that the majority of specimens are classified under attitude toward exposure to hazards.

The article presents a study which examines the correlation of the tendency to report injuries to accident proneness. The study investigates total injury and non-occupational visit frequency of 245 craftsmen who were all employed at a large research laboratory as well as determine the systematic variance in the two-year injury distribution by measuring the correlation coefficient between the first and second year. The study reveals that the tendency to report injuries is not correlated to the number of initial non-occupational dispensary visits.

The article presents a study which aims to determine whether personality tests can be used to identify employees who are prone to industrial accidents. It describes what personality differences could be measured between a group of 25 industrial accident-free workers and a group of 25 industrial-accident repeaters. The participants of the study were carefully selected from the South Wind Division of Stewart-Warner Corp. in Indianapolis, Indiana. Results demonstrate no significant differences between the groups in their responses to test questions.

The article presents a study on the psychological aspects of accident-prone employees at Benicia Arsenal in California. It states that the average force of the arsenal is approximately 3500 employees per month during the 20-month period from January 1, 1944 to September 1, 1945. It mentions that to balance the frequency rate of accidents for accident-prone individual, the number of accidents happened was divided by the number of months the employee was on duty. The study uses Mechanical Aptitude Test and Mental Abilities Test. Results show that the mean rate-of- about six per accident-prone employee for the period.

Discusses safety planning in organizations. Accident analysis and statistics; Safety and health programs; Responsibility for safety within the organization; Employee attitudes toward accident prevention.

Recommends measures to reduce on-the-job accidents. Replacement of the committeeman system; Requirement that shop supervisors conduct a monthly crew safety meeting; Crackdown on employees taking advantage of compensation insurance by presenting fraudulent claims.

Features the corporate safety center of the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. Accident/Injury Report Analysis; Presentation on accident cost analysis, plant by plant; Conversion of the production supervisor into a key safety lieutenant; Identification of potential victims.

Examines the effectiveness of industrial safety audits to make safety programs work. Factors influencing industrial safety; Standards and policies governing industrial safety; Components of safety audits; Audit procedure; Implications for industrial management and operations.

Recommends strategies for improving industrial efficiency and safety. Factors influencing industrial efficiency; Focus on human engineering; Discoveries about human capabilities and limitations; Implications for management and business planning.

The article examines the effectives regarding the use of safety posters in iron and steelworks industry in Great Britain as part of its overall accident prevention effort. Accidents in the industry were primarily categorized as caused by plant or material failure, contact between machinery and person or by momentary creation of an unsafe situation. Human behavior has been pointed out as a main contributing factor in causing accidents. Experimental design and procedures of the study were discussed. Conclusions and results were also included.

The article discusses the role of accident-experience learning processes in the prevention of industrial accidents in the U.S. At the outset, the author has presented a study on the frequency rate of accidents among new employees. He likewise explained through a mathematical model, the industrial learning curve phenomena. A comparison between the decrease in accident incidence and the increase in productivity has also been discussed. In his conclusion, he encouraged the participation of workers in accident prevention programs.

Toxic materials in drinking water are a major problem, of water pollution today. This paper reviews how we arrived at this situation, and what actions are being taken to deal with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]