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This paper examines the case of backward linkage in the Malaysian engineering industry. In the late 1950's and early 1960's, "linkages" occupied a prominent place in the literature on development economics as a means of increasing capital formation and the rate of economic growth. Section I of the paper looks at the concept of linkages as it has been presented in the development economics literature. Section II shows how linkages can be used in a study of the economic effects of export growth and explains the choice of engineering as a case study. Section III discusses the backward linkage from Malaysian export industries to engineering, and Section IV asks why engineering production developed in Malaysia. Section V puts forward some general conclusions.

This paper contrasts the economic performance of a group of immigrant Chinese paddy farmers in West Malaysia with their native Malay counterparts. The situation involves their differing response to the introduction of doublecropping. Productivity measures, production function estimates, and field observations indicate significant differences in performance. The reasons for these differences are attributed to the characteristics of immigrant groups, differences in perception of the innovations, and historical factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper illustrates, with a ten year simulation, possible effects of Malaysia"s national buffer stock for natural rubber on the level and stability of export earnings, export tax revenue, producer income and worm price. Employing rubber market parameters based on inference and empirical tests and buffer stock operating costs and policies similar to those of the current Malaysian buffer stock, it is shown that capital requirements for effective control exceed those at the disposal of the buffer stock manager while control may be expected to stabilize price at the expense of export earnings and producer income stability. These unfavourable effects can be neutralized in part by the increase in receipts obtained with a sufficiently narrow controlled price range or by an increase in demand emanating from reduced price risk. Under the apparent wider range of the buffer stock, losses in export earnings and producer income, as well as capital expenses and the terminal deficit of the stock authority are each less than 1 per cent of export earnings and producer income. The maximum short run capital requirement is about 2.5 per cent of these latter magnitudes. The arguments presented indicate that internationalization of the buffer stock would increase the benefits and decrease the costs in terms of the proportion of producer income and export earnings, compared to the existing national device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents abstracts of several papers about economic history published in the June 1965 issue of the Journal of Economic History. In the article External Equilibrium and Internal Convertibility: Financial Policy in Meiji, Japan, Hugh T. Patrick examined the role of financial policy and central banking in Meiji, Japan in terms of government expenditures and revenues, of the monetary system, and of the balance of payments. While, in the article The Economic History of Malaysia: A Bibliographic Essay, Wong Lin Ken provided a critical bibliography of English-language writings on the economic history of what is now Malaysia.

Describes the condition of manpower planning and labor markets in West Malaysia during the 1960s. Problems and conditions in employment markets; Implications of insulated markets for manpower and economic policies; Suggestions offered for future employment-creation policies.

This paper examines the returns to educational investment in Malaysia and their implications for public-sector resource allocation policies. These policies largely define the accessibility of educational facilities for most groups in Malaysian society, and since the resultant pattern of educational attainment impinges directly on personal incomes, attention will also be given to the distributional aspects of public investment in education. The focus of the latter will be upon urban-rural divergences, which in Malaysia touch directly on the question of racial equity. The indigenous Malays now constitute exactly one-half the total population but four-fifths of all rural residents; the Chinese account for just over one-third of the total population, but two-thirds of all urban residents are Chinese. (The remainder of the population is mainly of south Indian extraction and not notably concentrated.) A locational breakdown—if employed with proper caution—can therefore serve as a simple proxy for racial differences. This is the basic reason why existing economic imbalances in Malaysia are felt so keenly: urban-rural disparities are popular nowhere, but fairly extreme ones have been tolerated over long periods of time; racial disparities are—with good cause—universally regarded as more oppressive and less tolerable. The coincidence of economic imbalances by location and by race does not simply complicate the regional problems which Malaysia shares with virtually every nation in the world: it adds a whole new dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on a paper which offers a summary of the plant communities of Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia. The conditions of topography and climate militate against the uniformity that would lead to a zonal distribution of plant formations are mentioned. It also notes that the shrub formation is apparently limited to favourable conditions of illumination and unfavourable edaphic conditions. The paper also reveals that the sub-summit dwarf forest is fully exposed to light and consist of symmetrical dwarf trees in close association.

Studies have been undertaken by scholars in recent years to discover the management "gap" that exists between American and European management[l], and between foreign and local firms in developing countries[2]. In most of these studies, it has been found that there is a managerial gap, with the foreign firms performing better than the local firms. All these comparative studies have somehow confined their scope of study to the broad field of general management. This paper attempts to investigate the narrower functional field of marketing management and explains the reasons for the marketing management gap which exists in a developing economy with particular reference to Malaysia[3]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine some relationships among natural rubber output, inventories, and exports, with special reference to Malaya. These relationships were chosen for study mainly because of their importance in the search for more effective stabilization and development policies in primary producing countries which are heavily dependent upon export trade. The selection of natural rubber and of Malaya is chiefly to give the analysis a tangible object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article states that the study of social stratification is an integral and important aspect of the sociological analysis of social systems. Its significance, among other things, lies in the fact that it provides a basic framework for the analysis as well as understanding of the distribution of social power, prestige and wealth in society. In ethnically heterogeneous societies structure of social stratification also provides useful means of assessing the relative positions of various ethnic groups which may have important implications for social stability and social integration of the society. The research reported in this paper represents an attempt to investigate some aspects of social stratification in West Malaysia. Because of the various theoretical and methodological problems involved in the study of social stratification in a ethnically heterogeneous and rapidly modernizing society like West Malaysia the research is primarily of an exploratory nature.

A conference paper about the ecology of Basilia hispida in Malaysia is presented. Basilia hispida is the sole Nycteriibiidparasite of the flat-headed bamboo bats Tylonycteris pachypus and T. robustula, to which it is host specific. The study involved the capture of bats of each species and sex per period of two consecutive half months, and recording the number and sex of flies upon them. It also studied the ecology of the hosts and the breeding biology and behaviour of the flies.

Highlights the 22nd annual general meeting of the Malayan Trained Nurses Association. Speech of president Chong Ah Foo; Promotion of continuing education for nurses; Plans of the Ministry.

Nineteen members in 4 successive generations of one Chinese family in Malaysia were found to have classical lichen amyloidosis without systemic amyloid involvement. The disease was transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait with variable penetrance. Sex ratio was equal and the onset was around the age of puberty. The extent and severity of the lesions tended to increase with age. No patient subsequently developed the systemic form of amyloidosis. The present findings further strengthen the genetic theory of lichen amyloidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on a study performed to determine the environmental factors that affect the distribution of plant species in the Malayan Lowland Dipterocarp forest. Grid samples obtained through tree-mapping revealed that the Dipterocarpaceae is the most significant family, containing 375 species with 2773 trees, 139 kinds and 52 families. It was also found that some less common species were randomly distributed while others showed significant aggregation, which was related to diffusion and fruit size. The study showed that the distribution of the rarer species depended on the changes in soil and the micro-environment, whereas the distribution of the more common species is determined by the relations among flowering, fruiting, dispersal agency and gap formation.

Comments on the structure of the economically active population in Malaya with respect to race, sex, age group, branch of economic activity and occupation. Calculations of male life expectancy used in examining the population; Projections on the labor force by age group and race.

Family planning programmes, whether intentionally or not, do by their nature affect the birth rates of populations served. Since the birth rate in the absence of the programmes is not known, it is not possible to determine with certainty the dimensions of their fertility effects. This article presents preliminary results of a continuing study of pre- and post-acceptance natality rates among all new acceptors in the national family planning programme of Malaysia during 1967-1969. To explain the observed results, use has been made of auxiliary data sources. Differences in the fertility of acceptors compared with the general female population are discussed, particularly in terms of differences between these two groups in their age and racial composition. Amongst acceptors, differences in fertility patterns associated with different contraceptive methods accepted are discussed. The limitations inherent in a fertility study covering only three years are recognized, as is the need for continuation and further refinement of the present study.

In the heterogeneous society of the state of Sabah, formerly the British colony of North Borneo and since 1963 a state of Malaysia, the Murut tribe has had a special place. A series of censuses showed that the country's indigenous population as a whole was growing at a slow rate, so that in the year of the most recent count, 1960, the average density of population was no more than 16 persons per square mile--only an eighth of that of Malaya. The decline of the Murut people was a well recognized phenomenon locally, not least by the Muruts themselves. It was investigated from time to time and aroused considerable comment, but no good diagnosis ever resulted, and by 1960 the most recent investigation had petered out in discouragement. Since the thesis that the Murut tribe was dying out and has now recovered is based on the results of censuses, it is necessary to consider how reliable those enumerations were. Is it possible that they were so inaccurate that the one exception to the general pattern of slow but sure growth among the indigenous peoples was no genuine exception but merely the result of poor enumeration?

A representative sample of West Malaysian fourth-order drainage basins classified into six standard groups by cluster analysis, which reduces the degree of subjectivity inherent in earlier methods of landform classification. All pairs of basins in the sample are intercorrelated over five morphometric variables: hypsometrie thtegral average slope, basin relief, drainage density, and basin area. Standard groups consist of basins which correlate significantly with basic pairs, and for which morphometric indices have similar mean values. The drainage basin map reflects the main features of West Malaysian geomorphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion on Islam, society and political behaviour by considering the case of the West Malaysian state of Kelantan. Religion, like myth, turns often upon the relation between morality and reality. Thus many religiously inspired world views, and especially those of the universalistic religions, are in tension with social reality. A collision occurs between the exhortation towards the behavioral requisites of an ennobling vision of the human situation and the facts of human social experience, and its impact is felt in the steering-mechanism of individual behaviour. Sociologically it can be argued that despite the traditional Islamic prescription that political authority must implement institutions in accordance with legal-religious theory, there is no reason why an injunction that there should be a close relationship between theory and practice must necessarily produce a greater effect on political behaviour. Every religion, necessarily, either does or does not make political assertions and injunctions, and all of these positions have political consequences of varying kind and extent, depending less upon the content of the formal prescription than upon the actual situations in which they are invoked or implicated.

This article attempts to answer some of the questions relevant to the cause of Singapore's secession and to project the future course of the Federation. It seems that the various societal diversities have already weakened the political unity of the Federation in view of the fact that Malaysia has neither sustained these functional interests nor enhanced their perpetuation. The union has been weakened as a fortress of common defense and resistance against Communist subversion and terrorists' offenses. Indonesia claimed a victory with the secession and might still increase her guerrilla activity in the Borneo states, although the latter policy may change with the outcome of the current power struggle. The Borneo states, on the other hand, may feel that dissolution of the Federation is all the aggressive Indonesians want and that withdrawal from the union would end all aggression. The shared belief of the necessity to maintain a balance between the Chinese and the Malays no longer unites the states, since with Singapore's withdrawal the balance is heavily in favor of the Malays. There is, of course, a slim chance that Singapore, which since secession has encountered serious economic problems, may rejoin the Federation despite its weaknesses, and hence the Federation may eventually complete its task of building a multi-ethnic nation.

This article discusses the contrast between formal and informal education among the Ibans of Sarawak, Malaysia. The two modes stand in sharp contradistinction to one another. At home the transitions from infancy to childhood and from childhood to adolescence are relatively continuous with the controlling devices of ridicule and shaming delicately interwoven with the attractions and satisfactions of group life. At home the emphasis is upon educating all children to accept shared values of Iban, while in school the emphasis is upon selecting children to different levels of achievement. In the longhouse the Iban child learns not to be different from his peers if he is to live in a society where people think of themselves as equals; in the classroom he learns that it is worthwhile to perform better than his mates if he is to enter the good life of the urban centers. This emphasis on allocation frustrates the primary objective of primary schools in Sarawak to educate all students with basic knowledge and skills so that they can participate effectively in modernizing a society.

The application of survey research techniques to the study of the internal organization of attitudes has resulted in findings that vary from the results of recent experimental inquiry. The behavioral and affect components of attitudes have exhibited a high correlation for both Chinese and Malay ethnic groups living in George Town, Malaysia. It has not been possible, however, to demonstrate a corresponding relationship between behavior and cognition, nor a consistent arrangement of affect and cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An apparatus is described which is capable of sampling the benthic fauna to a depth of 50 cm by providing a natural substrate for colonization. The results obtained from an area of visually uniform sediments demonstrate that stream animals occur in significant numbers deep in the bottom sediments and that, at most, only about half the benthos lives in the upper 10 cm usually ‘quantitatively’ sampled in stream surveys. The significance of a deep-living fauna in regulating community density, in recolonizing denuded areas and in optimizing utilization of available food resources is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looks into economic development in two Asian countries, Ceylon and Malaysia. Facilitation of the formulation of economic policy within countries confronted with formidable developmental problems; Assessment of the potentialities for further development within the territories of the countries; Recommendations for practical measures to promote the economic and social betterment of the populations.

Discusses the outbreak of subungual infection in newborn infants in the maternity unit of the University Hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Natural history of the disease's lesions; General symptoms of the infection; Epidemiology; Treatment and prevention.

The article informs about a peculiar custom among the Melanau people of Malaysia to flatten the heads of female infants. A simple apparatus consisting of a frontal pad and straps is applied to the child's head after it is about a month old, and twisted to a certain pressure. The process never lasts more than ten or 15 minutes and is continued at intervals of some ten to 20 occasions. The result is a flattening of the brow and occiput and the object appears to be the desire to broaden the face to a moon-like shape of beauty.

By comparison with most other countries in Asia, West Malaysia has a high per capita income. In 1970 Gross Domestic Product at factor cost was $M900 per head of population or approximately $A270. But until recently the domestic manufacturing sector was small and was not a major source of growth. The explanations for this lay in the openness of the economy, its small size, and the relatively more attractive investment opportunities in rubber and tin. In the last few years however, the picture has changed significantly. Since 1960 the rate of growth in the manufacturing sector has been almost twice that in the economy as a whole, and there has been considerable diversification into new product areas. In 1960, manufacturing activity accounted for 8.6 per cent of Gross Domestic Product. By 1970 this contribution had increased to 14.8 per cent. The Government has provided various forms of indirect assistance to stimulate private investment in manufacturing, but its direct expenditure on industrial development has been extremely small. During the period of the Second Malayan Plan (1961-1965) public expenditure on industrial development represented only 2·2 per cent of total public development expenditure in West Malaysia. However expenditure on infra-structure was relatively large. Roads, railways, ports, electricity and water absorbed 39·8 per cent of total public outlays for development purposes. Apart from the improvement of infra-structure, Government assistance to industry has been by means of income tax concessions, some protective tariffs, the provision of industrial credit and industrial site development. Of a number of industrial estates established, by far the most successful have been those at Petaling Jaya, near Kuala Lumpur, and in Johore Bahru (adjacent to Singapore). Most of the light industrial firms granted pioneer status under the original 1958 Pioneer Industries Ordinance have established factories in these areas. However some of the... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on Australia's foreign investments in manufacturing industries in Singapore and Malaysia. Gross expenditure from 1948 to 1949 and 1964 to 1965; Management of labor in factories; Australia's contribution to manufacturing development in Singapore and Malaysia.

Epidemiological studies of human leptospirosis have generally been limited to countries with specialized laboratories employing the microscopic-agglutination (MA) test. The sensitized-erythrocyte-lysis (SEL) test is much simpler for routine hospital laboratories to carry out and it has been found valuable in the diagnosis of human leptospirosis. This paper reports the results of studies of the SEL test as an epidemiological tool in serological surveys.The results showed that the significant SEL titre was 1:80 and that the sensitivity of the test depended possibly on the antigen preparation and the amount of complement used. Most of the SEL antibodies were found to persist at significant titres for about 1 year after active infection, but less than half persisted longer than that. The SEL test is therefore useful for detecting recent infections and for indicating that stability of leptospirosis in an area.The endemicity of leptospirosis in West Malaysia was confirmed by the SEL test, based on the employment of 1:80 as the significant titre.