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The article discusses the development trends in the press of several Scandinavian countries, including Finland, Denmark, and Norway. It states that since the Second World War, publication of newspapers in Scandinavia has shifted economically and technologically toward a large-scale or primarily medium industry. It explores the development tendencies in the press by commercialization, one-sidedness, and centralization. It highlights the laws for advertising market in Scandinavia. It mentions that the Finnish press committee proposed several measures, such as budget allocation for newspapers' transportation subsidies.

The article provides an overview of various publications on foreign vegetation. The Finnish Forest Survey deals with the results of estimations of the forest vegetation, tree production and soil character, along 39 survey lines. The paper "The Plant Formations on the Coral Reefs Along the Northern Coast of Cuba," by J. C. Th. Uphof in the "American Journal of Botany," found that the reefs form masses of stone near the shore or at some distance out. The principal vegetation types occurring west of the hundredth meridian are enumerated in "Types of Vegetation in the Semiarid Portion of the United States and Their Economic Significance," by A. E. Aldous and H. L. Shantz in the "Journal of Agricultural Research."

Specimens of Stenostomum, which could be attributed to either S. anatirostrum or S. bryophilum, from Britain, Kenya and Poland have been described, and compared with published descriptions of similar material collected in Brazil and Finland. It is concluded that 5. bryophilum ought to be regarded as a synonym of S. anatirostrum. S. anatirostrum is a very variable species with a wide geographical distribution. It occurs in aquatic and damp terrestrial habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines changes the structure of the medical profession in Finland. Using questionnaire data from 93 per cent of the total population of Finnish physicians, the consequences of these changes, both for the physicians and for the country as a whole, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents updates on congresses related to herbicide and crop protection as of December 1971. Highlights of the First Indonesian Weed Science Conference held in January 1971 at Bogor; Schedule of the Third International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry which will be held in 1974 in Helsinki, Finland.

THIS paper is part of a broad comparative analysis of the role of the state on the labour market in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. The analysis includes the historical background and the structure of interested organizations--these are the independent variables--and the legal rules for conflict resolution, the role of the state as employer, and the methods of incomes policy, which are all regarded as dependent variables. Space does not permit a full account of all parts of the investigation. We have to concentrate upon the methods used for pursuing an incomes policy, and these methods will be analyzed in connection with the collective bargaining systems. We can only hint at some historical background data, and at some of the salient facts about organizational structure and rules for conflict resolution, which should be seen as explaining variables in the analysis of collective bargaining systems and incomes policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on comprehensive description of the underlying factorial structure of Helsinki, Finland, social ecology. The original twenty-variable matrix was modified by elimination of three variables to reduce redundancy and by the addition of twenty-five variables to add relevant detail. The resulting variables were intercorrelated, factored, and rotated to produce a forty-two-variable, six factor orthogonal factor matrix. This matrix is the basis for the testing of several hypotheses and for a summary interpretation of Helsinki ecological structure. The methodological Hypothesis 1 to be tested is that ecological factors are invariant under addition of variables. Four substantive hypotheses, set forth in the original statement of the research design and refined by insights gained from the analysis the twenty-variable factor matrix, may be specified. Methodologically, the author concluded that the general invariance of ecological factors under substitution, addition, and subtraction of variables is established by the Helsinki data. The author found that Helsinki's social ecology is well described by a factor model which identifies six fundamental dimensions in the differentiation of the city's residential areas.

The article discusses sociology in Finland. Before World War II, scientific sociology in Finland was very meager and undeveloped. An economically poor country, with her population long accustomed to harsh climatic and topographic conditions, Finland has for centuries been isolated by geography and linguistic barriers. Her economic and cultural elite has been of Swedish stock since the twelfth century. Alter living under the domain of the Russian Czar from 1809 until the First World War(1914-1918), the Finns became independent as a nation in 1917. A great impetus was given to industrial, agricultural, and educational efforts, but academic sociology per remained as dormant as it was in Britain at that time. Since World War II(1939-1945), the misconception of Finland as an "Iron Curtain" country, together with the fact that few scholars visiting Scandinavia cross the intervening Baltic, has still tended to maintain the relative isolation of her culture from that of Western Europe and North America. The historical background of Finnish Sociology, consisting almost entirely of anthropological, folklorist and ethical-historical studies, is important for an understanding of the present trends.

This paper presents an attempt to examine the applicability of the relative income hypothesis (RIH) in terms of its various specifications proposed by Duesenberry, Duesenberry, Eckstein and Fromm (DEF), Davis and the authors (MD). Using the time series data for 1951 through 1968 the analysis has been carried out for Canada, Finland, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Japan, Philippines, Sweden, United Kingdom and the United States. It is found that RIH provides a fairly good representation of the consumption behaviour of all the countries included in the study. All specifications, however, do not perform equally well. DEF and Davis functions score the maximum points; MD comes at par with DEF in case of Finland, Guatemala, and India. The original Duesenberry specification performs very poorly. This lends us to conclude that the process of habit formation is continuous contrary to what is implied by Duesenberry's original specification and that consumption is a better indicator of the standard of living than income is. Estimates of the long-run marginal propensities to consume are essentially the same as those computed from the permanent income hypothesis by Singh and Drost [1970]. This lends support to the view that the two hypotheses have essentially the same long-run implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the methodological problem of how to describe and measure the extent of recidivism in Finland. Two strategic models can be considered for recidivism. In the first place, one should take into account the heterogeneity of the population with respect to susceptibility. In case of recidivism, for example, there are difference in socio-economic background, past criminal records and the circumstances after the release from a penal institution, all of which may affect an individual's degree of susceptibility. On the other hand, the phenomenon may be looked at from another dynamic point of view. One could think that an ex-convict's adaptation to normal life is a random process, in which the probability to relapse into a criminal career is directly determined by the length of time that one has been able to stay out of it. It may be supposed that this probability is quite high in the beginning, in part due to difficulties in obtaining a steady job and living quarters. But once the initial problems have been solved, the probability of committing a new crime will gradually diminish. This way of thinking is reflected, for instance, in the ideology of Alcoholics Anonymous, in which the 24-hour rule stresses the importance of staying away from alcohol juts for one day at a time.

This article focuses on pediatric rheumatology. A historical moment in pediatric rheumatology took place in Turku, Finland, on August 5, 1970, when for the first time, an individual section dealing with pediatric rheumatology was included in a Scandinavian Congress of Pediatrics. The chairman of the section was Helena Svantesson, from the Pediatric Unit of the Department of Rheumatology, University of Lund. The aim of Svantesson's paper was to point out the diagnostic difficulties in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, with special attention to the extra-articular manifestations of this disease.

Many readers will be surprised to learn of the timely marketing practices and institutions which characterize the small nation of Finland. Its "Americana" marketing appearance, exemplified by planned shopping centers, television advertising, and self-service stores seems incongruous with a common border with the Soviet Union. Wholesaling, retailing, and advertising are some of the areas included in this firsthand report of Finnish marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the activity of running. In trying to answer the question why men run, a physiologist might contend that men run because they have running bodies, hearts, muscles, and bones. Man is primarily a land animal. For certain periods, he depended on himself wherever and whenever he wanted to go. Running is the prime activity in the Olympic Games. It attracts world-wide attention. Finland has produced more Olympic champions in running than any other country. Gunder Haegg of Sweden took the sport of running because of the influence of his father and friends.

Presents the book on economics of forestry in Sweden "Cost Studies in European Forestry," edited by Stridsberg E. and Algvere K. V.

Presents the book on the economic policy of Finland "Monetary—Fiscal Analysis and General Equilibrium," by Lindbeck A.

This article presents information related to the field of periodontology. The annual meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Periodontology was held in May 1974 in Helsinki. Knut Selvig of Norway was elected as president, to serve from July 1, 1974 to June 30, 1975. The "Sir Wilfred Fish Research Prize" was instituted in 1970 by the British Society of Periodontology, with the object of promoting periodontal research by young workers. The research work should have an application to periodontology and must be unpublished.

Backward and forward survival ratios were used to estimate the net effect of language shift upon the Swedish-speaking population of Finland between 1950 and 1960. The analysis was done for males and females separately. Findings show that language shift was an important factor in the decline of the Swedish-speaking population of Finland between 1950 and 1960. Since the heaviest loss took place in cohorts aged 10-19 in 1950, it is suggested that important factors in language shift were those experiences which for most persons occur in late adolescence and early adulthood: secondary schooling, entry into labour market and the selection of a marriage partner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the problems which arise in the planning and constructing of educational indicator systems in the light of literature concerning social indicators and the experience obtained so far in the project of educational indicators at the Institute for Educational Research, at the University of Jyväiskylä. The problems have been divided into those dealing with frames of reference, methodology, practical construction of indicators, and political implications. After discussing some general views on frames of reference, a preliminary frame of reference is presented as an attempt to approach the problem. After this, methodical and practical problems are analyzed in the light of the framework. Finally, some problems connected with the political aspects of indicators are discussed from a general viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparisons were made between perceptions of parents of Finnish and American boys and girls, nine to eleven years of age. The findings indicate considerable similarity and few differences between the national groups, between boys and girls, and between the age levels in the ways parents are viewed. All children tended to view the mother more frequently than the father as a source of understanding and comfort, and all the groups saw the father more often than the mother as dominating, punitive, and fear-provoking. The proposition that older children tend to view the parent of the same sex less positively than younger children was not supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex-role expectations and performance at home and work and social participation are examined on the basis of 444 interviews among the adult population of Helsinki. Women are supposed to be and are more passive in at most all kinds of social participation outside the home, even though the Finnish women, internationally compared, have a high educational level and often work outside the home. The attitudes toward the division of labor between the sexes show that expectations about a woman's employment for economic reasons correlate neither with radical nor with traditional views about the woman's role. The women are more dissatisfied with the division of household tasks at home than with their occupational positions. The norms demanding equality of the sexes seem to be better followed in public than in private life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses findings of a study on the drinking patterns in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Level of consumption of alcoholic beverages in the countries from 1906 to 1963; Shift of Denmark from spirit drinking to beer drinking; Average age of teenagers who are users of alcoholic beverages.

Examines the implementation of the 40-hour work per week in Finland. Factor that led to its development; Impact of the process on non-manual workers.

This article examines the community structure and kinship ties for extended family relations in different types of Finnish communities. The point of departure is that both pressure toward conformity and social differentiation are basic dimensions in the structure of society. The basic assumption is that variations in the two dimensions produce different types of societal states, which, in turn, are related to different types of family patterns. By studying both single and married males and females in different types of communities, the role of marital status in the assumedly differential maintenance of family ties can be also systematically investigated.

The article focuses on the social sources of communism in Finland. The Communist movement in Finland has heavy mass support. In addition it has strongholds in very diverse social and economic areas. The most important historical events are presumably those related to the extension of political rights to all groups in the population. Traditionally the rise of working class movements is explained by the lower classes' feelings of deprivations because of their position in the class structure. A table of different social classes and their relative political preferences has been provided. Even if social class, defined by occupation or self-identification, does not account for the differences in Communists or Social-Democratic support, one may assume that some factors make the Communist supporters feel more deprived than the Social Democratic ones. A comparative table of party preference among working and middle class has also been provided. Other statistical data based on different classes, regions and parties with interpretation has been given.

Concerns the story preferences of U.S. and Finnish grade-school children. Subjects and procedure; Story titles; Favorite fiction stories of U.S. girls.

Ties between couples and wife's parents are closer than ties with husband's parents in families in urban industrial societies. A crucial factor in this matrilateral emphasis is separation of the husband's work role from connections with kin. These general hypotheses were formulated on the basis of an extensive review of previously available evidence. Specific predictions were formulated as to (1) matrilateral emphasis in intergenerational ties, and (2) the effect of separation of men's work from connections with kin. The predictions were successfully tested with data obtained from interviews with both husband and wife in a probability sample of 200 married couples in Helsinki, Finland. The success of these predictions, together with the breadth of evidence previously reviewed, warrant the conclusion that a bask and stable feature of family relations in urban industrial societies has been disclosed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of discovering why people marry is, of course, a very difficult one, but by the slow process of collecting and organizing such facts as relate to it, the mist surrounding the problem may be in some degree dispelled. This article seeks to contribute to that effort certain statistical facts about marriage in Finland, together with some tentative and exploratory comments that do not claim to express verified conclusions. Every society has its peculiar marriage customs, which cannot be wrenched loose from their cultural setting without some distortion. Marriage is always closely associated with economics, law, ethics, and the whole complex of social institutions existing at any particular time and place. The vital statistics of Finland are, like those of the Scandinavian countries remarkably accurate and, in some respects, detailed. The publication of banns must be requested in the parish where the female is enrolled in the register. The responsible priest checks the records to ascertain date of birth, previous marriage record, if any, and other pertinent information.

The article presents information on the short-term national accounts in Finland. By the autumn of 1958, the planning of quarterly calculations of the national accounts was begun and the data on the national income of Finland was found. At the same time as plans were being made for quarterly accounts, an optimum solution was sought for the development of national income statistics in general. The constraints that had to be taken into account included, first, the smallness of the national accounting staff and its insufficient training and second, relatively weak short-term primary statistics. The objectives striven for were, first, to initiate long-term national income research for the purposes of growth studies and other allied investigations, second, to commence input-output studies and several other objectives. The most important of those objectives was to commence quarterly national income calculations. The first quarterly study, done as an experiment, showed nonetheless that the staff of the Division for National Accounting had to work a great deal of overtime.

The article discusses co-operation between farmers in Finland. Agriculture has become organized increasingly as family farming, i.e. hired workers have decreased. Farmers who co-operate intensively have more enthusiasm for agriculture and are more given to traditional values of rural living. Agriculture has also become increasingly mechanized. Further, specialization is growing on farms. These large-scale trends have been accompanied by a change from a relatively self-supporting farming community to a monetary society. Through these changes, the tradition of co-operation has fared well. It is still an important and notable trait in the social system of Finnish farming communities. Co-operation with machinery is becoming the commonest and the most important form. In organizing the common use of machines there are two possibilities: firstly, the informal kind of co-operation and secondly, some kind of machine station. The most difficult problems associated with co-operation between farmers are social in character.

A new merit rating method, the mixed standard scale, was developed in Finland and applied there in several different occupations at the worker level. This method minimized the common errors in rating, and it provided a very useful index of the accuracy of rating. The purpose of the present investigation was to ascertain the applicability of the rating method to personnel at the managerial level, and at the same time to ascertain its applicability in a different cultural setting, the United States. Both the halo effect and leniency error were found to be relatively in- significant, and the indices of accuracy of ratings the method provides were again found to be useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the post-war conditions, the political system and policy of Finland after 1939. The author asserts that the political conditions in the country after 1939 offers little hope, in which the question as to the future of freedom and independence arises. He argues that the country's independence depends entirely upon its consistency with Russian security and interest in world affairs.

This article analyzes symptomatic and asymptomatic hypoglycemia of the newborn, and a control series, for a period between one and four years after birth. During the three-year period from 1967-69, 339 newborn were treated for hypoglycemia at the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu, in Finland. Excluded from the study were 181 newborn with additional diseases such as asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome, infectious disease, hemolytic disease, cerebral hemorrhage, or manifest congenital anomaly. The hypoglycemia of most of the infants born in the University of Oulu Hospital was found during a blood glucose screening of the high-risk groups. The blood glucose level was also determined for all the symptomatic newborn, including those outside the high-risk groups. The blood glucose was recorded three times daily during the first 2 to 4 days of life. In conclusion, 151 children diagnosed as having hypoglycemia during the first few days of life were followed up one to four years after birth. Of the 151 infants, 8 had hypoglycemia with convulsions, 77 had only hypoglycemia without convulsions but with other symptoms, and 66 had been asymptomatic.

A transition matrix model was designed to estimate language shift between Finnish and Swedish in nine Finnish cities, between 1920 and 1930. Data from the Census of cities in Finland for 1920 and 1930 provided cross-tabulations of the population by sex, by age-group, by languages spoken and by place of birth. Age-sex cohorts could thus be formed and language shift could be studied for every cohort. A life table for Finland, 1921-1930, was used to estimate mortality. Several additional assumptions, similar to those traditionally made for the residual method of analyzing internal migration, allowed the fitting of the data into the transition model for more than half of the cohorts analyzed. Various relaxations of basic transition rules allowed the fitting of almost all of the remaining cohorts. Findings suggest that language shift was an important factor in the decline of the urban Swedish-speaking population of Finland between 1920 and 1930. Language shift appears to be related to a person's entry into the labour force. In addition, a change from monolingualism to bilingualism was virtually universal for urban Swedish speakers, whereas a similar change for Finnish speakers only occurred to a significant degree in the three cities with the highest proportions of Swedish speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the effect of the community context of individuals on their politicization in Finland. It was further assumed that this influence would be similar to the so called contagion effect found with other variables: individual adopt through social interaction knowledge, opinions and modes of behavior common in their environment. The confirmation of the contagion hypothesis does not mean that it would also be invalid when applied in different substantive areas. It does not even mean that the level of politicization in an individual's social environment would not influence his level of political knowledge and interest. It only indicates that community context is not a relevant social environment. Commune may be very important in cases in which the influence of communal variables on individuals is transmitted by organizational variables. In cases in which the main intervening mechanism is the interaction of individuals, commune is probably too large and too heterogeneous. Political subcultures and probably also other subcultures in modern society are not ecological or vertical but horizontal and determined by variables such as education, occupation, sex and age. Ecological variables confirmed the finding of the decreasing influence of political heterogeneity on voting turnover. It was also found that high voting turnout is not positively correlated with high level of political knowledge and political interest.

The article presents information on a social and technical change in an Alandic Island Community. Within this area three subregions can be distinguished. The coast of Finland and the row of large islands just outside it, as well as the Aland Main, are counted as the Inner Archipelago, which by Finnish standards is densely and evenly settled. The natural resources consist of fishing grounds, grazing, arable land and forest. Until the end of the 18th century they were divided between villagers by a system called solskifte, which resembles the Scottish runrig in 1757 a new system for land allotment, solskifte, was enacted in Sweden-Finland, but it took more than a century before all villages in the Outer Archipelago were surveyed and their land reallotted. Until the end of last century all production on the islands was overwhelmingly directed toward maintaining self sufficiency. The islanders' dependence on the surrounding system has also increased insofar as a considerable part of their economic activity had simply not been possible without direct support from outside. Investments in land reclamation or farming equipment had not been profitable without government subsidies.

The article presents information on public sense of justice and judicial practice. In this report a comparison is made between different segments of the population and their punitive demands for certain crimes, an attempt is made to estimate the influence of a particular judge on the variation in sentences, the judicial practice of different categories of judges is analyzed and punitive demands by the public are compared with the prevailing judicial practice. Generally the punitive demands by the public have been compared to the provisions of statutory law, but the wide range of the scale of penalties makes comparisons inconclusive. This leads to the measurement of judicial practice. One possibility would have been to analyze the mean penalties according to court records, but even this would have given accurate results since many different kinds of offences can be listed under the same point of law. To make the comparison more accurate it was decided to present the same cases to judges in Finland. The questionnaire was mailed in September 1965 to all the judges of Finland general courts of first instance. In each case the judges were asked which sentence they would pass, taking into consideration that the offender was 21 years of age or more, responsible for his actions and a first offender, according to the law currently in force. The respondents also stated the type of sentence, the severity of the penalty and whether the sentences was conditional or unconditional.

Statistics on premarital pregnancies cases in which the bride is already pregnant at the time of the wedding are of considerable interest in studying the reasons why people marry. It is only since 1939 that Finland's vital statistics have made it possible to study this matter. Notification of births since then have included the date of marriage of the parents, and it is possible to count how many children have been born before the seventh, eight or ninth month of marriage. Similar statistics have been available in Sweden since 1911. Returning to statistics on the present-day frequency of premarital pregnancies, it must be stressed how difficult it is to draw conclusions from such figures. For example, low figures may reflect two opposite moral influences either a general disapproval of all premarital relations, or approval of premarital relations with contraceptives and/or with induced abortions.

This main objective of this article is to present a part of the data collected in an explorat study of the use of the semantic differential for measuring social and political images. The data were collected in Finland, and, all in all, Finnish images of over twenty peoples and twenty nations were assessed. Because of the special interest of the Northern lands for the readers of Acta Sociologica, it seems worth-while reporting in some detail the images held by the Finns of themselves and of their Scandinavian neighbors. A second purpose of the study was to investigate the interrelations between two kinds of images, referred to here and subsequently as social images and political images. The former term refers to images held about a specified group of people, while the latter refers to images held about a nation as a nation, that is, as a geographical and political entity. It is commonly believed that these two aspects of national images, can, on occasion, be widely discrepant. For example, such statements as the following are not infrequently heard in the United States: "We have no quarrel with the Russian people, only with their government." Nevertheless, it was hypothesized prior to the data collection that, by and large, these two kinds of images would show a rather high degree of relationship.

This article consists of three parts: First, a presentation of some results concerning leisure use in Finland, secondly a sketchy theoretical interpretation of these results, and thirdly some discussion of the role of community and leisure activity in the national political system. In the Finnish society of today the Communists represent a totalitarian movement, which attacks the legitimacy of the prevailing social and political order. What makes the political situation interesting is the fact that Communist support is fairly widespread. In the parliamentary elections after the Second World War the Communists usually obtained almost a quarter of the total vote and occupied almost a quarter of the seats in Finnish Parliament. The community activity and leisure use among the Communist party members and supporters display a peculiar pattern, in fact, an analysis of the community and leisure activities among the communist supporters seems to provide an important key to an understanding of variations in Communist strength in Finland. In order to analyze the structural bases of community and leisure activities, the Finnish Communists have here been dealt with as a demonstrative case. The main point is that the adherence to a totalitarian movement has occurred under two rather different conditions. In the South/West the Communists display strong social activity and belong to voluntary associations, which, however, are not tied to the total social system. In the North/East the associations, which are supposed to function as mediators, do not exist at all.

The article presents a discussion on the ecology of social structure and disorganization in Helsinki, Finland. The purpose of this article is to reveal factors by which the ecological distribution of various symptoms of social disorganization in Helsinki can be described and explained. The analysis is carried out by means of variance analysis, the Kendall coefficient of concordance and factor analysis. This is not an attempt to compare behavioral differences in individuals, but to shed light upon regional differences in behavior. The study proceeds from the hypotheses and results brought forward in certain ecological studies of cities. They are briefly and roughly the following: as a result of the process by which a city grows and changes, individuals, groups, tasks and production units become distributed according to a pattern which results in an inner differentiation within the city; this process of selection and differentiation gives rise to so-called natural areas with their own distinctive characteristics; each of these areas, with its characteristic features, leaves its impression upon the people inhabiting it and influences their behavior.

The article analyzes the social class structure in two villages in the South-West of Finland, with special reference to the interaction between the classes. The study of social classes forms an important and topical branch of modern sociology. The choice of the most important characteristic of a class has, however, largely depended on the investigator's prejudices and research methods. Sometimes a class has denoted an occupational group, sometimes a set of individuals with the same socio-economic status, and sometimes a group of people who are treated in the same way or who have closer connections with each other than with outsiders. But it has been found that most of the variables used in defining social class are correlative. The members of the same occupational group have the same socio-economic status and hold the same opinions; they come into contact with each other more easily. On the other hand, interaction adds to the feeling of solidarity and standardizes norms and values; thus it is likely to increase the cohesiveness of the group.

Sociological research on religion in Finland is generally unknown abroad. This is caused by two factors: first, this research is comparatively recent and quantitatively small; second, it is published almost exclusively in Finnish. The language barrier prevents recognition of Finnish research. Until the middle of the past century, Finland existed in a so-called "Era of Cultural Unity," for which the term "Era of Old Lutheranism" was coined in Scandinavian literature. Distinguishing characteristics of Old Lutheranism are: the regard of the existing social hierarchy as God ordained, a uniformity of opinion concerning Christian concepts, the central position of the Lutheran Church as a governing institution of the entire society, and the religious tone of all culture. Tampere, which during the past century has developed into Finland's largest industrial city, has been a geographic locus for the author's research. Tampere is located about 100 miles north of Helsinki on the Tamnieroski River, which provides ample water for industrial development.

The article discusses the education of children with disabilities in Finland. The authors stressed that the formal and legal realization of the problem of educating the handicapped was way back in 1892. The problem resulted to the formulation of a legislation aimed at taking the responsibility of the handicapped in providing free education for the blind and for the deaf. They also noted that education for handicapped is organized in consonance with the framework of the general system of public education. The financial matters incurred in the program is shared by federal, communal, and municipal authorities, in addition to voluntary organizations.

Low amounts of selenium in 25 plant species in Finland were related to low amounts of selenium in the soil. No plant acted as an accumulator. Acid soils and iron hydroxides reduced uptake. Generally vety little selenium is found in plants and soils in Finland (frequently < 30-50 ppb Se). Such values in forage are regarded as the lower limit before nutritional deficiency occurs in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an outline of a previously published clinical study which focuses on occupational dermatoses in Finland. An analysis of the causes of 1752 cases of occupational dermatitis, is made in the study.

The article presents information about the book "Social Policy for the Sixties: A Plan for Finland," by P. Kuusi. It represents a comprehensive review of the requirements and possibilities of social policy, with detailed discussions and proposals for employment, housing family policy, old age, public health and social assistance.