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El artículo presenta noticias que tratan de la economía latinoamericana. Se informa sobre una comisión colombo-ecuatoriana que estudia las posibilidades de integración de las zonas fronterizas de ambos países. Se anuncia que Chile es uno de los grandes exportadores de papel. Se habla de un remanente de 300.000 toneladas de trigo que tiene Uruguay para exportación.

This paper reports the results of a sample survey for the year 1965. From it I obtain estimates of the market value in 1965 of an increment to the schooling of an agricultural worker in Chile. Thus this paper is a contribution, albeit small, to the growing literature on investment in humans in economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the discussion of exchange rate policies centers around the currencies of the United States, Great Britain, France, and other relatively highly developed economies. This is unfortunate. In the more highly developed economies the comparatively high degree of monetary stability which has existed in recent years has pushed into the background some of the fundamental economic relationships among monetary and fiscal policies, exchange rate policies, balance of payments problems, and trade restrictions. It may be that these relationships will show up in better focus in the economic laboratories provided by some of the less developed countries. In the latter countries inflation is likely to be the order of the day, Also, there is likely to be much less concern in any one of these countries over the impact of its alternative international exchange policies on the rest of the world. This paper is a survey of the experiences of the Republic of Chile in these areas from the 1920's through 1962. It attempts to piece together the relationships among exchange rate policies, the balance of payments, and trade restrictions as they became evident over time. More attention is focused on the 1959-62 period than on the pre-1959 period, because of time and space limitations and because more data are available for the former. We look first at the economic and political background against which the survey is set. The basic theoretical framework of the survey is presented next. Third, the pre-1959 experience is considered. Fourth, the 1959-62 period is examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a comparative study of three Pentecostal sects, two in Chile and one in Brazil. Opposing the traditional class system in which they rank low, the Pentecostal sects seek to shape their own structure after an egalitarian model in which all criteria of conventional ranking as practiced by the wider society are rejected. In reality, however, compromise with authoritarian principles seems rather common. Comparison of the three cases shows that the closer a sect comes to the egalitarian model the more its leaders feel the need to validate their authority by seeking supernatural sanctions for their decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper analyzes the design of the stabilization policy, particularly its cost model, which was applied in Chile in 1965, and was then used as the basis for policy in following years. It briefly describes the choice of strategy, develops the analytical model used, sets forth specific policy proposals, and evaluates the results. Emphasis is placed mainly on the relationship between analytical tools and policy making. No attempt is made to discuss thoroughly the theory of inflation or to develop a comprehensive historical explanation of the Chilean inflationary process; both of these subjects have already been widely examined and discussed. The approach to the problem was to build a system of analysis capable of measuring the probable influence of each of the relevant aspects, and of defining the area of sound policy propositions consistent with the probable rate of inflation anticipated from the expected behavior of the system. The procedure followed was (a) to verify the quantitative impact of variations in the price of each input in production costs, and to determine the possibility of improving the deteriorated prices of certain products; (b) to measure the savings gap anticipated from the expenditures-pattern behavior at the price level derived from the costs approach (with an assumed rate of production increase); and (c) to foresee the monetary expansion adequate to finance the probable rate of cost-push inflation and the feasible increase in real output. Even though the last two approaches are, in some sense, two sides of the same coin, they are analyzed separately because different policy variables are used. We thus have a planning approach where the foreseeable minimum rate of growth of prices is measured with a cost model, and demand is adjusted to variation of foreseen prices and production, in order to avoid other effects such as unemployment. This paper describes the cost model and its implications in detail, and the gap and monetary models b... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report on one exercise of this type: a set of tentative estimates of the economic impact of infant malnutrition in Santiago, Chile. The approach is quite exploratory and reflects limitations both of data and of previous economic analysis of malnutrition problems. However, we can (and do) draw on the considerable body of "technological" information that has been gathered by nutritionists on the effects of malnutrition on child development. We accept these results as definite and base our estimates of benefits on them, in much the same way as an economist evaluating a steel mill accepts an engineer's figures on the amounts of iron, limestone, and coke necessary to produce a ton of final output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since popular pressures may be more powerful allocators of government investment funds than social productivity criteria or capital-output ratios in at least some underdeveloped countries, their causes and consequences are of interest to economists and other planners. Recent jacquerie that affected Chile's rural development budget involved a local movement by Araucanian Indians (also called Mapuches) to seek an adequate resource base in Arauco Province. It stemmed largely from the fact that the man-land ratio in the area has been rising regularly without a commensurate increase in agricultural productivity and alternative employment possibilities. The issues central to this grassroots movement and its influence on national policy are analyzed in the four sections of this paper: (1) a summary of how the problems currently faced by the Mapuche developed; (2) a description of the current economic structure of Arauco Province to which the Indian discontent there can be traced; (3) an analysis of a successful joint effort in 1962 to increase the Mapuche resource base in Arauco; and (4) an account of the difficulties confronted by Indian farmers in making going concerns of the new farms they acquired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to consider how these political and ideological divisions at the national level are reflected among union officials at the local level. Such a question touches on some basic problems in the social psychology of ideologies in a developmental setting: whether individuals from very different socioeconomic backgrounds (e.g., urban vs. rural, upper working vs. lower working class) are differentially susceptible to various ideologies; whether present socioeconomic status and satisfaction with that status are related to accepting different ideologies; whether relations with management and perception of management or views of the purpose and functioning of the union are related to the acceptance of one or another ideology; etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to treat the development of the automobile industry in Chile in terms of how it has responded to government development policies, exchange control, inflation, and monetary policy. It will conclude with a brief discussion of the implications of Chile's experience for Peru, which is today in an earlier stage of promoting a domestic automobile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on various issues related to medicine and socialism in Chile. This paper describes and analyzes some of the changes that occurred in the Chilean health system during coalition government Unidad Popular's (UP) period. Since the UP' s attempts to improve medical care took place in the context of the health system that it inherited, the article briefly analyzes the structure and problems of the health reforms of the 1950's and the 1960's, particularly the national health service. Chile's fate was determined largely by the international economic situation. Therefore, it briefly describes some of the imperialist policies of multinational corporations and the United States government that limited the viability of socialist government and socialized health care in Chile. Finally, the article analyzes several implications of the Chilean experience for health care and social change. These implications concern the goal of mass mobilization, state power and persistence of the private sector, violence and the health workers, reactionary versus progressive reformism, and strategies for progressive health work.

The paper analyzes the relationship between the institutional and informal credit markets in rural Chile. The institutional credit market comprises the conventional supplies of loanable funds, e.g., private commercial banks, state financial institutions and government reform agencies and their clients. The informal credit market consists of regionalized transactions of money goods and services among family, friends, shopkeepers, traders, landlords, farm laborers, and money-lenders to facilitate consumption, production, and trade. The analytical framework used spell out the necessary conditions for a two-sector agricultural credit market and provide theoretical footings for two possible types of relationships between these markets. Some propositions are presented for analysis of the Chilean case. The informal and institutional credit markets are differentiated on the supply side by terms of lending and nature of market operation. The number of farm operators seeking credit in the informal credit market exceeds the number seeking credit in the institutional credit market.

This paper presents evidence on the demand for money in Chile for the period 1935 to 1963. Ibis economy has experienced a growth history and a monetary history that are quite different from those of the United States and many other western countries. However, the economic structure appears to be sufficiently similar to those of more developed economies that comparisons may be made between the results of this study and those obtained elsewhere. Chile offers a particularly interesting experiment for the study of monetary phenomena because the variables that are of critical interest—real money balances, real income, and the cost of holding money—have undergone large variation through time and thus provide an excellent set of observations for statistical analysis. The movements of the important variables are summarized in Table I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information about books related to money, prices, credit and banking. The book "Banking and Credit. A Textbook for Colleges and Schools of Business Administration," by Davis R. Dewey and Martin J. Shugrue is designed primarily to enable business men to understand their relations with banks and bankers. As the only comprehensive history that has appeared of Chilean money and banking, Guillermo Subercaseaux in his book "El Sistema Monetario i la Organizacion Bancaria de Chile" supplies a real need in economic literature. Of considerable interest to economists of every hue is Subercaseauxs attitude towards the "pure theorist" and his ascription, with some asperity, of the eventual appearance of inconvertible paper in Chile to the undermining of the practical good sense and conservatism of the earlier statesmen by the introduction from Europe. The later portions of the book deal with the attempt to resume the gold standard in 1895 and its breakdown in 1898 and the numerous subsequent monetary laws and proposals for reform.

The people of Chile are suffering from an unsound monetary system, which has for a long time been a disturbing factor in business and has contributed not a little to the establishment of foreign control of the industries of the country. The circumstances make it necessary to offer fellow citizens a treatise on the theory and history of paper money. The first issue of inconvertible money in Chile occurred in 1865, during the war with Spain, and consisted of inconvertible notes of the bank of Chile. The assumption was undertaken after the war, and Chile entered upon a period of bimetallist. By 1878 the failing value of silver had driven gold from circulation. The banking law of Chile which follows the liberal inspiration of whom it was at one time a professor of the University of Chile, fixed the maximum note issue at 150 percent of the paid-up capital of the bank. Taking advantage of the needs of the government in 1878, the bank obtained the privilege of issuing its own notes in payment of public dues; in that same year the law authorized the issue of the note. without convertibility, and provided for forced circulation. This privilege was for one year, but appears to have been continued much longer.

The article discusses rural and urban destinations of migrants and community differentiation in a rural region of Chile. Empirical surveys of rural-urban migration in Latin America have often tended to treat the rural communities of origin as essentially identical. Systematic distinctions among rural communities have not often been made, except perhaps by regions within a nation, in part because most of the important internal migration surveys have been conducted in the capitals or major cities and, consequently, have only the information provided by the immigrants concerning their rural communities of origin. Rural based surveys are necessary to allow one to distinguish among rural communities of origin and to provide information on rural-rural and non-migrants as well as rural-urban migrants. In a paper using data from a survey conducted in various rural communities of less than 2000 population located in a small rural region of Chile, the author found that the most rural category of communities had an age standardized rural-urban outmigralion rate to places of 10,000 population or more that was 57 percent that of the least rural communities.

The article reports on the difficulties associated with the application of industrial management processes in foreign countries. The author focuses on how executives can utilize management practices formulated in the U.S. while working in Chile. It is suggested that business enterprises that operate using management practices developed in the U.S. can be more successful in foreign economies than their local counterparts. Ways in which socioeconomic and environmental factors affect industrial efficiency and organizational effectiveness are discussed. Chilean labor laws and price regulation laws are also mentioned.

The article examines the effects of an uncertain political environment for the business management of private enterprise. It determines that political rather than economic is the best criteria in selecting the top business officials and influences that guide their conduct. Business firms are required that their businessmen will dedicate the major portion of their attention to political activity, for the preservation of its existence, in which the result, is the negligence of the firm's internal organization and management.

Organized by the Circulo de la Prensa, or Publishers Social Circle, of Valparaiso, Chile, under the auspices of the National Journalists Association of Chile, the "First Hispanic-American Press Congress" was held at Valparaiso, Chile, from January 8 to 15, 1937. Journalists from Spain and all countries on the American continent were invited to the conference for the announced purposes of promoting international good-will and trade as well as the interests of newspapers and journalists. The congress was held in connection with the commemoration of the Fourth Centennial of the founding of Valparaiso, and delegates were offered substantial reductions in transportation and housing costs as special inducements to attend. Delegates at the conference either represented publications or assisted in their private character as journalists. They were grouped according to nationality, with one vote allowed to each country represented. The conference adopted fifty-three resolutions. The congress resembles several previous convocations which have attempted to organize journalists of the western hemisphere for mutual assistance and public service.

The article deals with the interrelationships among income distribution, economic growth and social structure in Chile from 1970 to 1973. It focuses on the issue of income redistribution and its implications to economic and social development. The study describes the socio-economic structure of the working population and the general conditions of egalitarian development. The article attempts to identify the factors that determine how much of the national income can be redistributed from the minority to the majority without jeopardizing the possibilities of raising the investment rate.

Agrarian reform has variable effects on its beneficiaries. Some make considerable income progress while others stagnate. A number of factors are involved in this relative success or failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses a sample survey conducted in Chile from December 1969 to March 1970 on individual schooling and income by age, occupation and region of residence. Regional differences in the level of educational attainment; Percentage of the labor force that consists of farmers; Number of years of schooling attained by workers residing in the city of Santiago.

The article focuses on the process of opinion research in Uruguay and Chile. The introduction of attitude research and opinion measurement in countries where they have never been used before must be made in terms of local conditions. The geographic situation, the administrative and political aspects of government, and the social institutions constitute a cultural complex which cannot be approached without awareness of its peculiarities. The two experiments reported here concern countries at diverse stages of demographic evolution and economic development. Without overstating the scope of the national stereotypes evoked in such responses, it does not seem to be drawing too much from the data to find in these attitudes, and in their conflicts among various social groups, signs of a transformation in the Chilean mentality. As the processes of urbanization and industrialization continue, the psychology of groups is altered proportionately. It is in any case demonstrated that an immense task is opening to social psychology in countries like Uruguay and Chile, which are well armed for confronting it.

The report by James O. Bray in the February 1966 issue of "Land Economics" is another attempt to explain the current malaise of Chile's agricultural sector. As the reasons for the food shortage which finds Chile unable to sustain her burgeoning population with domestic supplies' are discussed further, it becomes steadily clearer that economists have reached somewhat of an impasse in their arguments. Profit margins in agriculture are too low for efficient farm operation due to discriminatory price policies and rising costs of operation. The amount of irrigated land devoted to natural pasture can certainly be considered an index of flagrant land mismanagement. The study concludes that to draw forth a production increase as large as Chile currently requires would require very substantial price increases because the smaller the group of price-responsive farmers the larger the increase in price that would be necessary. Agrarian reforms could be executed to transfer control of resources to persons more likely to be price-responsive. This would certainly improve income distribution.

The article focuses on the social and economic correlates of induced abortion in Santiago, Chile. Induced abortion is the method of birth control practiced in Chile, where one of every three or four pregnancies is deliberately interrupted. In approximately one-fifth of those pregnancies that do come to term, interruption was contemplated, then rejected, probably because of risk and unpleasantness involved. These induced abortions constitute a public health problem, mostly because of the high risk of infection in unsanitary environments. There is also unquestionable evidence of socio-economic consequences, for the mother temporarily deserts the home and, furthermore, the whole procedure exerts a negative social pressure upon her. The problem of induced abortion has not been rationally attacked for lack of knowledge of the attitudes, beliefs, and motivations prevalent among Chilean women and their families. It was the belief earlier that much could be contributed by epidemiological methods applied from a point of view of preventive action and public health.

Findings on sexual behavior and use of contraception among men in Santiago, Chile are reported. Data were obtained by a survey in 1968. Results are compared with findings on sexual behavior of women in the same city, and implications for the Chilean family planning program are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three kinds of occupational mobility are tested here against data from a study of 469 domestic servants, made in Santiago, Chile in 1961. The method of the research was by personal interview with a pre-tested and standardized schedule. First, there is some small range of achieved status within the housemaid occupation. Secondly, the most widely preferred change is by escape to jobs of modestly higher status. Thirdly, the relatively rigid social structure of Chile presently precludes the possibility that higher status will be ascribed to domestic service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the vegetation and soils in the South Chilean Islands. South-western Chile is a mountainous region which has an oceanic climate and evergreen rain forest or peat-forming herbaceous vegetation. The hollows at Chepu on Chiloé Island feature woodland dominated by Nothofagus nitida and Tepualia stipularis, which have waterlogged peaty soils of about 60 percent organic content. Meanwhile, on the central uplands of Chiloé Island peat formation still happen mainly in hollows, and Astelia pumila dominates the bog vegetation.

The common theme underlying most theories on lower-class leftist extremism views this orientation as dependent on frustration with life situation. Employing data collected in lower-class slums of Santiago, Chile, five theories bearing on this notion are tested. None is supported. Leftist radicalism, however, is associated with imputation of responsibility for frustrations to the social structure. Results support a definition of radicalism as a complex orientation requiring antecedent cognitive variables for its emergence. The popularity of the frustration-radicalism hypothesis is interpreted as a partial result of the post-factum self-legitimation of successful revolutionary movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration is both a spatial and a temporal phenomenon. The definition of spatial areas and the comparative use of periodic census data are important elements in the coverage of internal migratory movements. The residual method has been widely applied in Latin America, but unreliable vital statistics limit its accuracy and corrective factors must be introduced. The author discusses techniques for ascertaining place of birth, procedures applied to obtain information on out-migrants at specific periods, the distribution of migrants in time and by age (using cohorts and promotions) and other results shown up by migration statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement for improved management started in Chile with the establishment of the Faculties of Economics and Business Administration. Besides universities, two institutions have played an important role in the development of management in Chile. Accounting attained its present development with the establishment of the Faculties of Economics and Business Administration, in which a complete curriculum in accounting was developed. This curriculum includes courses such as: General Accounting, Specialized Accounting, Cost Accounting and Auditing. In the last few years, the government of Chile has recognized many problem and now it is possible to depreciate according to the cost of replacement. The cost of replacement is only used in the tax aspect. In other words, the different accounts in the balance sheet are not modified in value as a consequence of the depreciation based on the cost of replacement. The great advantage of the present system is that it allows business firms to make adequate depreciation.

This article reports on attempts to estimate sectoral real physical capital investment functions from timeseries data for the developing economy of postwar Chile. In this article, the models of real physical capital investment behavior are utilized and presented. This models, both putty-putty and putty-clay, are explored in this article and the putty-putty models are further subdivided into two alternatives. The result in obtaining the estimates of real physical capital sectoral investment behavior in postwar Chile are discussed.

The article focuses on key relationships between stability of export earnings and economic growth between the economy and major industry in Chile. Fluctuations are confined to short-run phenomena, which are determined primarily by shifts in demand. If changes in the value of exports affect growth, it is mainly through their unstabilizing effect of the capacity to import and domestic demand of the export economy. Therefore the key to the relationship between export instability and economic growth lies in the relationship between the fluctuating value of export earnings and the changing level and composition of its domestic share. Stabilization policy must first isolate the differential effects of changes in the value of exports on different income recipients. Some of these, including the government, may have greater destabilizing effects on income than others. For policy to be effective, it must respond to different sectoral impacts of export fluctuations to insure maximum growth with stability. Therefore so-called "automatic" financing schemes designed to compensate countries for shortfalls in export earnings, if they are truly to promote stability and growth, cannot afford to be automatic either in terms of amount of financing or conditions under which financing would be made available.

The article discusses the September 1970 Chilean election and attempts to single out some elements of its broader significance. It recounts the election and administration of Chilean President Eduardo Frei, the Christian Democratic candidate, since 1964 to 1970. Under Frei administration, the government became the majority stockholder in the large U.S. copper operations in the country, established the agrarian reform program, and diverted significant resources into education.

The article focuses on the Christian Democratic Party (PDC) of Chile, which ascended into power in 1964. It particularly explores the factions within the Party, its ideology which focuses on liberty, the administrative style of President Eduardo Frei Montalva, PCC's labor policy and governmental relations. It also looks at the impact of the political officialist-nonconformist differences on PDC and on Freis' administration.

Communal land tenure exists as a minor system in Chile concurrently with the predomniant system of individual fee simple ownership although Chilean law does not provide for communal tennure. Communal holdings are found in the northern desert higlands in the northern dry-margin sector of the lands of Mediterranean climate and in the Araucanian indigenous sector in the far south. The lands remaining in communal tenure chiefly are of low productive capacity as dry farms of pasturelands. It is hypothesized that in a situation in which only a small fraction of the land is cultivable and the remainder is of low carrying capacity, the highly productive lands tend to become controlled by individual tennure, where as communal tenure tends to continue on lands of low carrying capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses major political issues on agrarian reform and structural change in Chile during the 1960s. Policy alternatives facing the government; Characteristics of the government's agrarian reform strategy; Problems facing the government's agrarian reform during the reign of President Salvador Allende.

Discusses the relationship between political integration and political stability in the context of the Chilean Agrarian Reform. Relationship between economic development, modernization and industrialization; Association of differentiation and integration with development and industrialization; Characteristics of land ownership in Chile; History of the rural union movement.

Analyzes the financial and investment activities of the Chilean Development Corp. from 1939-1964. Background on the corporation; Corporate goals and objectives; Investment funds, by type of source, of the corporation.

This article presents information regarding the industrial development in the Concepcion area of Chile. Concepcion has long been Chile's third city and also ranks third in industrial development. Industries in Valparaiso and Santiago are based largely on proximity to labor and markets and include many handicraft factories. Concepcion on the other hand has a high proportion of the comparatively large manufacturing establishments, the origin of which is due not so much to market as to other factors. The Concepcion Area enjoys many advantages for the location of industry that are not found elsewhere in Chile, many of which were taken into consideration when the site of the Huachipato mill was chosen. About 90 per cent or more of the country's coal is produced within a distance of thirty-seven kilometers of the city, an important item in the location of industry when coal was used for generating electricity prior to the advent of hydro-electric power. While the region has many advantages as an industrial center it also has several handicaps, most of which are common to the entire country. Among these is a lack of capital. Much of the present expansion is based on loans from the Export-Import Bank of the U.S. and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

This article describes a theoretical framework for considering rural-urban migration and reports on some findings from a 1966 household survey of seven communities located in a small region of Chile. The basic hypothesis was that the rate of rural-urban migration from each community of a rural region varies positively with its level of differentiation. Differentiation was defined as the degree to which a community is institutionally coupled to the national society. The data from migration histories of persons exposed, between the ages of 12 and 29 over a ten-year period, to the possibility of migration from the survey communities tended to support the hypothesis, particularly when rural-urban moves were made for employment. The evidence was less consistent when moves were made for education. As expected from the theoretical framework, a significant deviation of the rural-urban migration rate from that predicted seems to be accounted for by the variable per capita economic opportunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In analysis of and policy recommendations for developing economies, frequently the assumptions are made that the degree of capacity utilization is not an important consideration and that short-run flexibility is extremely limited. These assumptions are examined in the case of the postwar experience of nine sectors of the Chilean economy. The basic conclusion of this examination is that considerable short-run flexibility does exist in the Chilean economy; therefore, the frequently assumed rigidities lead to a too narrow set of policy alternatives. Not insignificant benefits may be gained from anticyclical policies, and there may be a high payoff to policies which improve the functioning of markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article points out how much the diocese is useful as an operational unit in research on the Church as an institution. In this article, the author presents the fruits of comparative research he has conducted in the dioceses of three countries: France, Chile, and the U.S. Within each country and with the help of national informants, four dioceses were chosen, according to policy orientations of the bishops, economic and regional factors, and the relationship of the local church to its surrounding milieu. This two sampling strategy was followed up by two further sampling strategies. In each diocese, three organized programs of lay activity representing different ideological tendencies were chosen as well as a quota sample of rank-and-file laymen who were interviewed as respondents. On each of the other levels, the interviews were an informant type. The diocese, then, emerged as the key field unit for approaching the study of changes in the Church's lay sphere. The study not only attempts to provide descriptions about systemic states and change configurations in the twelve dioceses but goes on to identify a range of variation in selected types of lay developments, preparing the way for taking up the problem of explanation: what are the factors that bear most directly on degrees and directions of structural change?

The incipient Chilean supermarket industry faces formidable barriers in attempting to replace the traditional food retailing structure. The author of this article examines the present state of the shift to modern retailing methods, the desirability of that shift, the barriers it faces, and the position of the government in deciding whether the change will be evolutionary or revolutionary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article traces the growth of information and documentation services in Chile. The author notes that during the 1950's, Chile's scientific community proposed to the state the creation of a commission to be in charge of assessing the nation's needs for scientific and technological progress. In addition to financial resources, Chile needed information resources, which could support the nation's future scientific and technological commitments. Many university libraries possessed fair holdings and rendered services to the best of their ability, yet in the broader context of Chile's bibliographic system, these centers had not received the attention necessary to make them adequate to support scientific and technological research.

Although most sexually reproducing strains of Rhodochorton purpureum are dioecious, an isolate from chile is monoecious. The tetrasporphyte of the monoecious strain differentiates directly from the fertilized carposgonium as in the dioecious strains but it differs slightly in its development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the effect of external environmental conditions on the management of business firms in Chile. Responses to changes in the environment; Use of profits to gauge the performance of the firms.