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Drop-covered surfaces in the landscape such as dew covers cause increased reflection of the incident light in a direction towards the light source, so-called retroreflection. Surveyable registration in the form of imagery of retroreflected light from pound surface and vegetation, for instance from an airplane, may provide valuable climatological and biological information. Different factors influencing the retroreflection are treated in the paper. Among these the lens-effect of the drops is dealt with in detail, and goniophotometric experiments with laser light are mentioned. An active remoteasensing system for registration of retroreflected light from drop-covered surfaces is described. The system Consists of a laser scanner equipped with an image-producing device. Laboratory tests with the apparatus are presented as well as planned activities with the equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How we see color is an extremely complex phenomenon. What color we see, however, may be influenced by factors like our age, sex, color of eyes, etc. In order to learn more about the effect of these factors on the color we see, the committee asked a group of men, women and children to examine two series of colored samples under controlled conditions of illumination. For most people, in most common lights, a sample in one series could be found which matched a sample in the other series. Since any matching pair will be metameric, the particular matching pair will be very dependent on the particular observer. The using of the metameric samples, and a controlled light source provided the foundation for the experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a method of lifting and photographing for evidence. Often in the course of police work it becomes necessary to photograph dust-impregnated foot and heel prints. Oblique light, the usual method,sometimes will not illuminate the print sufficiently for photographing, and no amount of manipulation of the light source will make the print visible at the film plane of the camera. At other times, the background may be a variegated or unusually colored surface such as linoleum or mottled tile. In these cases, it is much easier to "lift" the print and photograph it without the distracting background. Dust prints on hard surfaces such as wood floors,table tops, chairs, or similar surfaces are the easiest to lift, but it is also possible to lift from newsprint, letters, and papers found lying about the scene of a crime. The Los Angeles Police Department has tried many materials in an attempt to work out the best possible method of lifting prints, and the most successful material to date has been neoprene. This material has all of the necessary properties--flexibility for application, sufficient "tackiness" to pick up the dust-print without absorbing it, re-usability, which makes for economy, and good storing properties for ease of carrying.

The article offers a report in connection with the future uses of solar energy. The section includes, reports on the amount and distribution of solar energy in the United States, the principles of solar energy conversion, and the future outlook of solar energy. Reports states that solar energy has been evaluated in terms of fuel values, technical uses, and human needs by various researchers in field of science. It reports that solar energy received by the land area of the United States is 2,000 times greater than the total fuel consumption in the country, without comparing the efficiency of conversion of either energy form.

This article presents information on police science technical abstracts and notes. The abstract of the paper "A New Light Source for the Laboratory," describes the lamps, which have been made in the following wattages: 2, 10, 25 and 100, with life spans in the hundreds of hours. The radiation emitted covers the spectral range of 2500A to 10,000A. The brightness of the arc may be adjusted by controlling the current. Intensities approach that of the carbon arc. Special powers supplies are needed consisting of a starting high potential and the running potential. These may be operated from a 110 volt source. The lamp bums quietly with uniform brightness with no need of adjustment. The abstract of the article "Carbon Monoxide in Blood," describes a method for the rough estimation of carbon monoxide in blood samples using quantities as small as 0.25 ml. An article on "Separation and Identification of the Volatile Saturated Fatty Acids" by L.L. Ramsey and W.I. Patterson in the "Journal of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists," relates a method applied in biological research. The analysis makes use of chromatographic adsorption on a silica gel column using 1% butanol in chloroform as the solvent. Brom cresol green is used as the indicator.

Filtrates from gametophyte cultures of Polypodium vulgare L. grown under red or blue light contain several substances affecting gametophyte development. Chromatograms prepared from red-light-grown cultures show two separate zones of inhibition while those from blue-light-grown cultures show a broad zone of promotive activity and a zone of inhibition. All the zones of activity affect spore germination, cell division and the transition to two-dimensional growth. None affects cell length but the inhibitors cause a reduction in cell width. Most of the known effects of red and blue light on gametophyte morphogenesis can be interpreted in terms of the activity of these substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the preparation and projection of lantern slides for proper visual presentation patterns at the meetings of various societies. It states that each lantern slide must be prepared with information of a size and contrast to be readable by people with one-half average visual acuity (20/40 Snellen). It mentions that to be readable on the screen, the magnification, the illumination required from the projector, and the screen depend on the size and shape of the room, and the intensity of illumination needed depends on the kind of material to be projected and the reflectivity of the screen. It states that committees of the American Standards Association on Engineering and Photography offer information on the maintenance and proper use of projection equipment.

The article discusses the effect of temperature and light intensity on the rate of apparent assimilation of Fucus serratus, using material that had been kept under standardized conditions during the pre-experimental period. Each of the specimens gathered were kept for 5 days in diffuse daylight, darkened for 12 hours on the night previous to experimentation, and subjected to the same degree of illumination prior to the experimental period. Winkler's method was used to determine the amount of dissolved oxygen given out by the plant over a known period of time.

Analyzes some of the problems, solutions, and potentialities of cinegastroscopy. Information on cineradiography; Light source and its coupling to the fiberglass bundle; Modification of the method of cinegastroscopy with external light source and flexible light carrier.

The urban energy balance climatology of the city and man in the Los Angeles basin was examined during a cloudy day ("Catalina eddy") in September. 1968 from about sunrise to sunset, by measuring or estimating solar radiation, net radiation ground heat flux, actual surface temperature, terrain radiant temperature, radiant sky temperature, and dry and wet-bulb temperature for the physical urban interface. An analogous theoretical model attempted to define the input of energy to the human interface via the solar heat load, and the disposal of human net radiation was shown via the channels of latent, sensible, and body heat flux. In spite of an apparent uniform cloud cover, the energy parameters had considerable area! variation in intensity and trend During the daylight hours seventy percent of the solar radiation was absorbed .An additional thirty-two percent was removed by longwave radiation. Of the net radiation received on the dry surface (forty-seven Percent of solar radiation), about eighty percent was disposed via sensible heat flux, and the remainder entered the pavement as storage Air temperatures taken at shelter height were out of phase with the ongoing energy regime and were deemed of dubious value in urban climatic studies. Urban man received only thirty-seven percent and seventy percent of the values available at the horizontal pavement for solar radiation and net radiation, respectively. A series of empirical and theoretical models show high correlations with the observations. It appeared that solar radiation and net radiation (physical and human) could have been estimated via the solar constant and appropriate transmissivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks into the importance of school lighting in school buildings and facilities in the U.S. Furthermore, the article traces the historical development of proper lighting fixtures in schools. The author claimed that the application of natural lighting receives little attention by school authorities and lighting experts despite its promise of energy efficiency. The Illuminating Engineering Society has proposed the standard for which the intensity of lighting is regulated in schools. Moreover, school authorities have been looking for ways to control energy consumption and glare brought by the light sources. Finally, the improvement of lighting fixtures would involve: (1) reduction of glare; (2) dependence on fluorescent lighting; (3) regulation of color and absorption; (4) location of light sources; and (5) control of classroom lights.

This article presents studies on school illumination. Researchers show an outline of physical, pathological and physiological effects of light or visible radiation upon the eye. Illumination, vision, and ocular fatigue are important factors in the health of the child and likewise in his school progress. The American Recommended Practice of School Lighting called for a substantial increase in lighting standards. The amount of natural light available in the classroom may depend on weather conditions, architectural design, orientation, fenestration, or by the window blinds used. A majority of the classrooms receive its natural light through windows. The type of glass used and the location and design of the windows are therefore important in illumination.

Describes a low-budget pre-set dimming system for schools and theater groups. Combination of electrical mastering and mechanical interlocking; Criteria for dimmer systems; Techniques for achieving convenience; Mechanical interlock system of dimmers; Electrical mastering to solve the particular problem of proportional dimming.

Discusses some developments in German staging and lighting. Influence of the 1951 Richard Wagner Bayreuth Festival in revolutionizing the staging of their grandfather's operas by Wieland and Wolfgang Wagner; Discussion of the technical accomplishments of the Bayreuth productions; Advantages of such a light source for stage lighting; Description of the characteristics that makes the xenon light source ideal for realistic exterior scenes.

Details are given of the design and construction of an apparatus used in conjunction with a spectroradiometer for the measurement of the chlorophyll content of leaves in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes the method used for transcapillary transfer of large molecules across the walls of the blood vessel in a living organ. Principle included in the application of the illuminating source; Evaluation of the operation of the method in transfer; Characteristic of the light source utilized in the procedure.

At an in vivo level, thin-walled, ordinary colorless plants of H. emersonii increase more rapidly in size and have a longer generation time in the light than in the dark. Maximum stimulation occurs with continuous exposure to 100 foot candles of white light. The effective wave lights lie in the 400 to 500 mμ range. Atmospheric CO2 or 10-5 M bicarbonate are essential; without them, light has no effect. Preliminary data for a six-degree temperature range suggest that the Q10, for light-stimulated growth is unity. Finally, the effect of light can be duplicated by a mixture of glyoxylate and succinate, the presumed products of the reductive carboxylation of ketoglutarate which occurs in light-stimulated growth. At an in-vitro level, the effect of light on ketoglutarate metabolism is corroborated. In addition, the data suggest that another, unidentified reaction involving TPN and a product of glucose-6-phosphate metabolism is also affected by light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the relationships between ecosystem structure and function during autotrophic succession of a laboratory microecosystem. Various microorganisms were obtained from a farm pond. They were added to one liter of medium and were allowed to reorganize and grow for several months. The replicate ecosystems were covered with a glass plate and incubated with a Sylvania standard Gro-lux light source. Net community photosynthesis was determined by observing the pH change of the replicate microecosystems between the time the lights go on and lights go off.

Presents a system for logging light interception in crop stands. Use of photosynthesis data for whole stands of plants in models simulating crop growth that requires an estimate of light intercepted by the canopy; Silicon solar cell fitted with a Jena BG-18 filter that is suitable for the purpose; Integration of transducer signals via resistance capacitance feedback networks utilizing operational amplifiers.

Describes several tests of a uranyl oxalate light integrator in relation to its applications in fruit tree canopies in an orchard. Evaluation of the distribution of light in the tree canopies that require many sensors and some form of integration of the short term values; Variability of light conditions in fruit tree canopies due to seasonal changes in growth and crop load; Implications on ecological studies.

Cites the key findings of a survey of apple orchard and tree structure together with measurements of light penetration and its effect on fruit quality. Two distinct types of apple orchard types that predominate the sector; Light penetration levels into the heterogeneous structure of apple orchards arising from the distance between apple trees and tree structure; Implications on ecological studies.

Recently, the substitution of conventional light sources for fluorescence microscopy by laser system have yielded promising results. The .system reported here is capable of creating fluorescent images by excitation with defined pulses of coherent light. Photographic recordings of fluorescent objects have been produced with exposures of less than 10 μsec. No significant amount of fluorescence bleaching was noted, even after illumination for 50 μsec. The laser light source holds a promise for improvement in microfluorometry, and is discussed with special reference to quantification in immunofluorescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring the color of a fluorescent substance requires a special type of optical arrangement not found in all spectrophotometers or colorimeters. Even with the correct optics, the measurement only holds for the particular light source which was used. This restriction sets fluorescence measurement apart from ordinary color measurement, the results of which can be applied to any light source with the proper calculation. By special techniques it is possible to separate out the fluorescence portion of the color from the reflectance portion. Such a separation is valuable for theoretical studies (for example, quantum efficiency determination) or practical studies (for example, how much detergent whitening is brought about by real cleaning and how much by action of fluorescent whitening agent). An interesting application of fluorescence colorimetry is in the study of fluorescent whitening agents and the explanation of the different modes of action of green-shade and red-shade whiteners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]