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The article explores on the simple procedure for processing event recorder data. The strip chart device called event recorder reads the state of an electrical switch with reference to time used in various studies is said to require a long to process the gathered data. According to the author, the usual procedure uses scissors to cut the strip charts into segments representing the desired time base which is tedious. He suggests the use of a stapler and paper cutter as an alternative for collecting the gathered data.

This paper presents the first empirical sociometric evidence of an international invisible college for information exchange. Using sociometric techniques and ratings of professional status as a researcher, a highly elite invisible college was identified which crossed international boundaries. Members of this elite group were found to be in relatively frequent contact with one another and were considered by the professional community in high energy physics, the context of this study, to be doing the most important work in the area. An important part of the information infra- structure of this invisible college consists of intermediaries who perform a gatekeeping and linkage function. Selected differences in communication behavior between the key people of the invisible college and the intermediaries is noted briefly. Also selected communication differences are noted between members of the invisible college and a matched sample wholly outside this special information network. The paper concludes with suggested questions for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a list of books related to operational research. Some of the books are--"Information Theory and Coding," by Norman Abramson; "Resources and People in East Kentucky: Problems and Potentials of a Lagging Economy," by Mary Jean Bowman and W. Wakeen Haynes; "A Strategy of Decision: Policy Evaluation as a Social Force," by David Braybkooke and Charles E. Lindblom; "Introduction to Probability: A Programmed Unit in Modem Mathematics," by Earl Boyd; and "Economic Analysis and Industrial Management," by Jacques Lesourne.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the development, implementation, and availability of a computer program for generating a variety of feasible network problems together with a set of benchmarked problems derived from it. The code "NETGEN" can generate capacitated and uncapacitated transportation and minimum cost flow network problems, and assignment problems. In addition to generating structurally different classes of network problems the code permits the user to vary structural characteristics within a class. Problems benchmarked on several codes currently available are provided in this paper since NETGEN will also allow other researchers to generate identical problems. In particular, the latter part of the paper contains the solution time and objective function value of 40 assignment, transportation, and network problems varying in size from 200 nodes to 8,000 nodes and from 1,300 arcs to 35,000 arcs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an annotated list of several recent bibliographical publications related to documentation. One of these publications, listed here, is "Library Trends," by Scott Adams which is a brief review of recent developments in the field of library communications covering internal telephone systems, tele-autograph, the annunciator, teleprinter, facsimile transmission, etc. with indications of future developments. Some others of these publications are: "A Plea for a National System of Classification," by P.K. Banerjee; "Bibliography of Papers on Classification and Allied Subjects," published by the Journal of Documentation; "A Study of Thinking," by Jerome S. Bruner, Jacqueline J. Goodnow, and George A. Austin; "Professional Collaboration," by Vannevar Bush; and "Electronic Searching Moves Ahead."

Easily manipulated list structures for recording the basis tree for adjacent extreme point (“simplex type”) network algorithms are paramount to the development of computationally efficient network algorithms. This paper presents a new list structure which is shown to be computationally more efficient and to require one-third less computer memory to implement than all alternate list structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two things are being attempted in this paper: first, by a brief discussion of the socialization process taking place in a specific Polish-industrial community to demonstrate the inadequacy of a clinical etiology of neurosis in terms of either love-thwarting or the arbitrary exercise of authority; second, to explain in sociological terms the context in which "lack of genuine love" and "authority" operate to produce neurotic symptoms. This is also true of parent-child relationships. The local Polish parents emigrated before marriage from farm villages and small towns in Poland. While the old familistic tradition has been slowly deteriorating in rural Poland for several decades, enough of that tradition was brought with them so that their expectations of their American-born children's conduct reflected an alien peasant system of values. An outstanding feature of peasant family life, in contradistinction to that of modem middle-class family organization, is the stress placed upon rules and work-functions rather than personal sentiment; and parental authority is excessive by the standards of any comparable segment of the American population. These rules of conduct and this parental authority are out of place in the American industrial slum.

Cyclic queuing systems have been proposed by several authors in the study of the behavior of multiprogrammed computer systems. Programs in the system wait for service at the central processor unit (CPU); then, after page fault or input-output request at a data transmission unit (DTU), the process repeats until the program completes. Semi-Markov analysis of such systems, based on the apparently plausible assumption of independently but exponentially distributed CPU burst time, and independent, but nearly consistent DTU time may be conducted. This paper presents some very simple approximations based on a continuous-state approximation--the simple diffusion with two reflecting barriers--to describe the CPU utilization. Computational experiences from which the quality of the approximation can be assessed in reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a variety of situations, the amount of service activity wanted by a queuer is a function of the length of time during which he has had to wait for it. Additional want of service may emerge as a consequence of his own activity. New events may induce him to change the information, which he wants to communicate to somebody else. The latter case may also be regarded as a two-phase queuing problem. This paper considers the queuing problem characterized by Poisson streams of calls for service from the customers, the intensity of the individual rate of calls, and service times, being dependent on the position of the customer. An approximate solution is given for the general case, and special cases are examined with the aid of Monte-Carlo models. The solution covers a range of `machine-interference' problems and provides a pendant, in the range of finite numbers of customers, to the classical Erlangian solution of the infinite population delay system case. The model also accounts for the well-known fact that statistics frequently indicate a longer remaining duration of a telephone conversation, the longer it has been in progress. It remains to study, how the distribution of service times affects the accuracy of the solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automatic control of a string of high-speed, densely-packed vehicles is studied in a unified approach. Various input structures for the control schemes and their stability are studied and compared. The optimal decentralized regulation theory developed in a previous paper is applied to seek the best feedback control gains for various input structures. Value of information is defined to evaluate the relative merit of these inputs. The results can be easily applied for on-board computer designs in developing new transportation technology such as `personal rapid transit' systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a tutorial on the methods used to control the transmission of digital information on data communication links. Simple models of data communication systems are introduced and terminology for describing their functions and operation is established. Various graphical methods of representing communication control procedures are discussed and used to describe significant features of communication control procedures in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at a revolution in the introduction of new organizational forms to complement or replace the traditional pyramidal form. Many self-defeating consequences of the older structures are re-appearing in the new organizational forms do to the methods used in introducing and maintaining them. The two major causes for this revolution are the new administrative and information technology available to deal with complexity and the new requirements for organizational survival in an increasingly competitive environment. The author notes that modern organizations require a great deal of creative planning, the development of useful knowledge about new products and processes, and increased understanding of criteria for effectiveness to meet the challenges of complexity.

Dr Martin is Senior Instructor at the GPO Headquarters Training Centre for Instructors. This paper is condensed from part of a Ph.D. thesis, entitled A Study of Some Incentives in the Acquisition of a Manual Skill, accepted by the University of London in 1955. The thesis is devoted to an analysis of different methods of teaching typewriting and teleprinting; a description of experiments set up to compare the efficacy of the 'controlled unison practice' method (developed by Mr John Harrow, formerly officer-in-charge, GPO Telegraph Training School, Glasgow) with the more common 'individual instruction' method; a consideration of the incentive conditions inherent in the 'controlled unison practice' method; and the formulation of a general theory of incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on communication satellites and the issue on the piracy of satellite-transmissions. It mentions how communication satellites have proven its role in developments in the field of communication. It states that since satellites have been considered as a powerful aid for television programme transmission, broadcasters from different countries are driven to find ways to prevent piracy of such transmissions. It suggests the need for international conventions that will help prohibit the unauthorized transmission of satellite-broadcasts.

Presents an abstract of the article "Every Copy an Original," published in the March-April 1955 issue of the journal "Signal." Description and illustration of the Electronic Messenger, a new facsimile transceiver now being produced by Air Associates Inc.; Reference to the essential element of the facsimile equipment; Statement that the Electronic Messenger transmits exact and permanent copies of any printed or written original.

The article informs that an eight-page pamphlet entitled "A Program for the Microfilming of Newspaper Files; Earlier History and Modern Developments; Reading Equipment, Indexing and Filing of Film" is available for free distribution from the Micro-Photo Service Bureau, Cleveland 3, Ohio.

This article focuses on the value and the heuristic utility of traditional-modern conceptualizations. Few sociological ideas have had such a powerful appeal for, and such a strong hold over comparative social analysis as the concepts of Traditional and Moderns. Recently, increasing doubts have been voiced concerning the continued validity and empirical utility of traditional-modern conceptualizations. This is so in several aspects. A fundamental controversy has long-raged concerning the utility of all ideal-type constructs as such--a problem thus inevitably involving most of the conceptual schemes mentioned. More directly, and irrespective of the problems of the Weberian type of analysis in general, strictures have been made at various traditional-modern antitheses specifically, suggesting that they are culture bound and that they imply an idea of an ordered progress from one type of social structure to another. The commonly employed concepts of traditional and modem were adopted as such an analytical tool--a tool ready at hand and at the same time sufficiently generalized and operational to fit the case and one set out to analyze the predispositions of the different groups of origin as regards traditional and modem elements, precisely in terms of basic patterns of institutional spheres and their major socio-demographic indices.

With the increasing complexity of modern society, the ubiquitous communication channels impinging on civilized man, and the heightened frequency and intensity of interaction in urban living, men today are confronted more often than ever before with those moral dilemmas sociologists call role conflicts. We propose to discuss types of role conflict in terms of the specific definitions of social status and social role developed herein and then to present a brief statement of methods of role conflict resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New developments in computer technology will fundamentally change the relationship between man and the computer. There clearly exist both the need and the capability for a flexible,. adaptive technique for fulfilling user requirements of a spontaneous nature. Modern on-line information systems such as can be supported by third generation computer technology can provide the tools permitting the users to interact with the computer in a dynamic fashion. The application of such a system to the Uniform Parole Reports data is described and future developments of on-line statistical analyses and modeling and simulation techniques arc mentioned as targets for collaborative research efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the theory of economic change. It attempts to account for the somewhat tardy development of the theory of economic change in terms of limiting conditions imposed by certain aspects of modem value theory. Although the latter has provided a framework for economic statistics, it may not be entirely suited to the development of a theory of change. The term micro-economic will be applied to the description of events relating to individual economic subjects, as in the analysis bearing on the formation of individual exchange ratios. Economic theory has made an effort to achieve rank as an engineering science concerned with the calculus of motivation. In dealing with macro-economic problems the attempt has been made, notably in the case of welfare economics, to transfer the mode of analysis of value theory to the theory of economic groups. Individual calculation with respect to the future has at the same time continued to provide the basis for a dynamic analysis of macro-economic events.

Traffic signals can be synchronized so that a car, starting at one end of a street and traveling at preassigned speeds, can go to the other end without stopping for a red light. The portion of a signal cycle for which this is possible is called the bandwidth for that direction. Ordinarily the band-width in each direction is single, i.e., is not split into two or more intervals within a cycle. We solve two problems for this case: (1) Given an arbitrary number of signals along a street, a common signal period, the green and red times for each signal, and specified vehicle speeds in each direction between adjacent signals, synchronize the signals to produce bandwidths that are equal in each direction and as large as possible. (2) Adjust the synchronization to increase one bandwidth to some specified, feasible value and maintain the other as large as is then possible. The method of calculation has been programmed for a digital computer and results have been used to synchronize signals on a street in Cleveland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conditions for optimum information acquisition by means of communication systems involve two basic costs (1) average communication cost and (2) average risk cost Communication cost is determined by the values of the basic communication parameters, power, bandwidth, and time It depends on the operational conditions of message density, method of modulation, and the coding technique Risk cost is the cost of decision and arises in the detection of signals in noise It is a function of the method of decoding received signals and decreases with increasing reliability of detection Increases in power, bandwidth, and time decrease risk cost and increase communication cost, respectively Specification of the constraints existing between power, bandwidth, and time in an actual communication system permit risk cost as well as communication cost to be expressed as a function of the three communication parameters Since a trade-off exists between risk and communication costs, the optimum operating condition for a communication system can be found by solving for the minimum average total cost This method is applied to a comparative evaluation of binary communication systems using three fundamental means for acquiring information in the presence of noise unidirectional, bidirectional employing information feedback, and bidirectional employing decision feedback [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review is given of specialized requirements needed for the development of a controlled vocabulary for a decentralized information network composed of 18 subject-oriented clearing houses in the field of education. The major elements of the review include initial development stages, appointment of an advisory group far terminology development, coordination requirements, and lexicographic procedures. Training and coordination related to thesaurus development in a decentralized information network are discussed. A computerized method for developing descriptor group displays is examined and illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses of facsimile transmission systems. Facsimile is a system of communication in which a photograph, map, or other fixed graphic material is scanned by a transmitter and the information converted into signal waves for transmission by wire or radio to a facsimile receiver at a remote point. To further familiarize the library profession with the names of manufacturers of facsimile equipment as well as their different trade names, and to differentiate between facsimile transmission and other types of electronic communication, a dictionary of facsimile terms has been compiled. These dictionary entries have been compiled from several journal references, but most have been compiled from product brochures sent to the authors in response to a written request.