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This paper examines the homogeneity and heterogeneity of church members' beliefs at the denominational and congregational levels. Homogeneity is defined as the extent to which one pattern of belief tends to dominate all others. Heterogeneity is defined as the extent to which more than one pattern of belief exists within a group. Data were obtained from Baptist and Methodist members of two middle class and two working class congregations. The data indicated that heterogeneity prevailed in both denominations and in three of the four congregations. A discussion of these findings focuses on some of the functional implications of heterogeneity and the role of heterogeneity in some of the crises religious groups are facing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While ethnic pluralism is becoming an increasingly important ideology, formal education to strengthen ethnicity has been largely ignored until recently. This paper investigates the effect of religious education on ethnic identification. Questionnaire data were provided by 183 Jewish men aged 22-29 who resided in St. Paul. Analysis of these data indicates that Jewish education has a "mild but lasting" independent effect on Jewish identification. Relevant childhood and adolescent socialization variables (Jewish activities, father's religiosity, and familial expectations for participation in Jewish activities) do not confound this relationship. Three relevant variables concerning the respondent's adult structural characteristics (synagogue membership, Jewish organizational involvement, and secular education) were used to specify the magnitude of this relationship in various contexts. Most important in this analysis is the finding that the relationship between Jewish education and Jewish identification increases with increases in secular education. Implications of this study are considered and suggestions for further research are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an ecological perspective, one aspect of the relationship of social distance and physical distance is analyzed in the three largest cities in Israel. The principal aim of the paper is to examine ethnic (country of origin) residential segregation as an indicator of social patterning within the society. Despite the different demographic, topographical and functional characteristics of the three cities, fairly similar patterns of ethnic segregation are found using the technique of Smallest Space Analysis (SSA-I) to analyze index of dissimilarity matrices. Patterns of ethnic segregation are then related to the SES of sub-quarters to determine the nature of the internal structure of the cities. It is suggested that ethnicity is an important variable in the process of social stratification in urban Israel, at least insofar as ecological relationships are concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on various papers related to migration in North America, published in different journals. One of the papers titled "Ethnic Pluralism in the Connecticut Central City," aims to provide some hard facts on the ethnic groups who reside in three of Connecticut's largest cities--Hartford, Bridgeport, and New Haven. In another paper "Blood Pressure Changes Among Male Navaho Migrants to an Urban Environment," comparative data on systolic and diastolic blood pressures were obtained on male Navahos before and after migration from a rural to an urban environment. Both measures were significantly higher after migration. Various possible causes such as, change in altitude, saturated fat intake and age, are eliminated. The paper titled "Immigrant Ethnicity in a Changing Politics: Chicago From Progressivism to FDR," describes immigrant political behavior, especially voting and points out some causes of this behavior, specifically, those forces which resulted in strong ethnic Democratic voting by the end of the 1920's.

The article presents the author's perception of misunderstandings in international relations. The author agrees that the disentanglement of nationalistic ideologies and non-nationalistic factors in ideologies is important for a comprehensive understanding of certain basic issues. The author states that there are two dynamic systems that are causing misunderstandings-first is related to interdependence between culture, emotions and perceptions and second is the limits of insight.

Following Max Weber's insights, two kinds of bureaucracy are distinguished: charismatic and legal-rational. Bolshevism is analyzed as a charismatic movement which, through institutionalization, results in a "charismatic bureaucratic society." The Communist bureaucracy is a ruling class, administering a state property system and, in that institutional setting, industrialism serves not so much to raise the standard of living as to maintain and extend Communist power and guarantee charismatic claims to superiority. Charismatic bureaucratic society, though a common historical form (found also in Incan Peru and Pharaonic Egypt), is outside the Western tradition of pluralistic societies based on private property. Western bureaucracies are not totalitarian; they neither raise total moral claims nor constitute a ruling class but remain sources of countervailing power in a pluralistic, not a monolithic, society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the enduring pluralism in the American society. Despite its mistakes, the American experimentation in pluralism has been largely a success compared to the ethnic and racial conflicts in India, Palestine, Yugoslavia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Iraq, Ceylon, and Burma. Notwithstanding its large land mass and population, the U.S. was marked by only one civil war. The durability of the social fabric may be attributed to the spirit of tolerance and liberalism which has characterized the American society.

The article presents a report of a seminar on "Social Science as a Transnational System," which was held at the Bellagio, Italy, Study and Conference Center of the Rockefeller Foundation from July 16 to 21, 1973. While initiative for holding the seminar was taken by Chadwick Alger of Ohio State University and Gene Lyons of Dartmouth College, participants were selected and the agenda was developed with the collaboration of scholars from many countries, including a number who were not able to be present at the seminar. In a similar spirit, the seminar had no sponsor, except the scholars collectively present. The report that follows attempts to report faithfully the key issues raised in the seminar, identifying the source of contributions wherever possible. This thematic report was developed from summaries of each session and written memoranda which participants contributed in elaboration of their oral interventions. The report is organized around the main themes of asymmetry and dependency, nationalism, ideology, pluralism and community. The authors expect the report to be viewed as the collective work of all participants.

From time immemorial Jewish tribal exclusiveness among dominant societal groups has resulted in various forms of conflict determined by the social situation. The critical force involved has been the group's peculiar resistance to social assimilation. Different social systems react differently to the persistence of this trait. The caste system of India, for example, would hardly notice it. But capitalist culture, which originated in the European medieval city, has constantly resisted it; that culture is basically assimilationist. American Negroes, in their opposition to racism, have relied mainly on the ideology of assimilation, These two divergent tendencies have come into collision recently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the question of why civil religion might arise in the first place. Essentially the argument is: (1) the condition of religious pluralism creates special problems for social interaction; (2) social interaction, in such situations, is facilitated by a universalistic legal system; (3) a universalistic legal system may, therefore, be elevated to the sacred realm. Actually, the data bear on only the first two at these propositions, showing that the association between legal development and societal complexity increases with every increase in religious pluralism. We prepare the groundwork for the plausible claim, therefore, that, in the absence of a universally acceptable meaning system (traditional religion), the legal order may become a universally acceptable substitute (civil religion). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a list of articles related to multiculturalism published in various journals. They include "Domestic Pacification," by George D. Corey and Richard A. Cohen, "Cultural Pluralism in the Southeastern United States: Toward an Understanding of Historical Conflict," by Raymond Gavins, "Interethnic Conflict," by Nathan Glazer, "The Transmission of Cultural Heritages: The Case of the Irish and the Italians," by Andrew M. Greeley and William McCready, and "Protesting Voices: A Way of Hearing," by J. Merrell Hansen.

The article examines the No One Model American policy in education in the U.S. The American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education has adopted the policy as a guide for addressing the issues in the American school system: The rejection of the melting pot theory, to be replaced by active encouragement and perpetuation of cultural pluralism in the American society. The four areas in the institutional life of Livingston College that are in conflict with the principles stated in the No One Model American are: college image and philosophy as evidenced in institutional documents; population: ethnic-racial mix of student, faculty, administration and staff; curriculum and specific policies and practices.

The article comments on the role of cultural pluralism in the society in the U.S. Any hope for cultural pluralism involves politics and economic power. The most immediate danger of cultural pluralism is its handy convenience in ignoring problematic conditions that confront socially disenfranchised groups and in failing to address pressing educational problems of ethnical minorities in schools. There is a danger that the Mexican American studies and particular courses could add to reinforce the already catalog of myths and stereotypes about Mexicans and Americans.

The article analyzes the effect of age, sex, and language on rotation in a visual-motor task. It is concerned with the phenomenon of rotation as measured by the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test. This task is also a function of field-dependence or -independence; that is, the ability to overcome an imbedding context, to experience an item independently of an organized field of which it is a part. Specifically, this study was designed to assess the influence of three different variables, namely, age, sex, and cultural environment as manifested through language differences upon the occurrence of rotation on a graphic-motor task. Several factors have been postulated to be among the more significant in the rotation phenomenon, whether it be in relation to blocks, drawings, or other tasks. The subjects of this investigation were divided into four language groups, each consisting of 120 normal children between the age of 6 and 14 years. The four language groups were the following: English, French, Bilingual, and Canadian Indian. Age and language were found to be significantly related to the occurrence of rotation.

Demonstrates the originality of the Lebanese experiment on cultural pluralism, equality of treatment and equality of opportunity. Problems encountered in trying to secure equal economic and social rights in a pluralist's society; Acknowledgement of equality of opportunity before the law and equal status for all cultures; Information on the program of action of Lebanon aimed at regional and social development.

Analysis of 1957 national sample data indicates several religious differences in occupational achievement: (1) Protestants are more likely than Catholics of the same occupational origin to enter high-status nonmanual occupations; (2) Catholics are more likely than Protestants of the same origin to enter low-status nonmanual occupations; (3) Protestants are more often sharply up-mobile, and Catholics are more often sharply down-mobile. These differences are small but are not diminished by controls for ethnicity, region in which reared, age, generation, and size of community in which reared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses cultural pluralism and national equilibrium in Switzerland. It states that the Swiss have learnt to blend their cultural heterogeneity into national unity and political stability. Ethnic linguisim of the Swiss population is stated to be an important ingredient of their cultural pluralism. Switzerland's national languages are German, French, Italian, and Romansh, which are recognized equally in their Federal Constitution. The linguistic equilibrium is stated to be manifested in the multilingual principle, which is of recent historical origin. The article concludes that the country's linguistic equilibrium originated at time before language was made a symbol of rampant nationalism and that it is an integrating influence of Swiss democracy.

This article reviews some of the competing theses in the argument about the content of and degree of heterogeneity in British West Indian culture, and then relates their various hypotheses to some empirical findings on attitudes in Trinidad and Tobago. The focus is on four sociological interpretations of West Indian culture, the thesis of cultural pluralism, the thesis of cultural consensus, the argument about cultural variation and the thesis of increasing modernism. The basis of cultural pluralism is the view of culture as a system of major institutions. The basis of the cultural homogeneity is the structural functionalist theory. The intra cultural variation is repeating across the society, giving both variation and integration to the culture. Discussion on the thesis of cultural consensus, cultural pluralism, value variation and increasing modernism is presented. As a thesis about the organization of West Indian culture, cultural modernism meshes even better with the Trinidadian data than does the thesis of cultural variation. Only on the man-nature orientation do the trends in the Trinidadian groups approximate those in the thesis of cultural modernism.

This research examines the view of Robert Dahl on pluralism as a working model of political decision-making and not with the prescriptive pluralism of political theorists. In some ways Dahl's New Haven, Connecticut findings are not very different from those of the elitists. In this light, it is interesting to compare Dahl and Hunter, the two main protagonists of the elitist-pluralist debate. Besides the infinitely better methodology used by Dahl, one of the main differences between the two writers is the way in which they interpret and particularly the way in which they appraise their data. Hunter is highly critical of politics in Atlanta, Georgia and obviously believes that the city falls far short of the democratic ideal. He writes that his concern for the future of democracy prompted his study of power in Atlanta. Dahl is much less critical of New Haven politics and believes that it is not so very different from a reasonable man's expectations of democracy in operation. He holds the view that over-optimism about democratic possibilities in modern large scale industrial societies will only breed cynicism about democracy. New Haven may not operate in the way that perfect textbook democracies should operate, but that is all pie in the sky, and New Haven is a good example of what a real, feasible democratic system looks like, warts and all.

The article examines the role of religion in the revolt of the Netherlands which resulted in the pluralistic structure of the new nation. Until the late 1560s the revolutionary movement consisted of loosely structured, rather isolated small groups with around them larger groups of supporters. It has been shown that in the earlier sects and groups of heretics the leaders were often people of modest background, coming from the lower-middle classes and the working classes. Although their status was probably somewhat higher than that of most of their followers, they were not very acceptable to other groups of the population. In the emerging Calvinist groups, the leaders increasingly consisted of merchants and learned people. It was only natural that part of the leadership of the revolutionary movement would fall into their hands. In the meantime a certain institutionalization took place. The religious movement developed from a great variety of loosely structured sects into an established church. The survival of the Catholic Church in the Netherlands was not only a matter of tolerance, or rather of inability on the side of the Calvinists to impose upon others their religious convictions. There has also been certain inner dynamics at work among the Catholics which in part can be explained by the operation of the same determinants which caused the spread of Calvinism. Although those who remained Catholic were exposed to more or less the same conditions of structural conduciveness and structural strain as well as in a certain degree to the same new belief systems, other precipitating factors and especially a different way of mobilization for action has been operative among them.

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Social welfare's stance toward the Negro, the author states, has been one of philanthropic colonialism, which has two aspects: paternalism predicated on the assumption of cultural underdevelopment and clinical ism founded on a presumption of psychological damage resulting from the Negro's history. The values of cultural pluralism as opposed to the melting pot ideology are pointed out. It is time, the author maintains, to try the "great experiment".-to opt for the desirability of ethnicity, to provide a decent standard of living for minority groups and an opportunity to enter the mainstream while at the same time maintaining their differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent declines in fertility in Asia have taken place in countries with a Mongoloid type of population. The recent fertility decline in Ceylon is interesting in view of the completely different ethnicity of its population. During the period 1963-69 the crude birth rate fell from 34.1 to 30.4 by II%. The analysis indicates that the age structure in 1969 tended to increase the crude birth rate while the marital structure tended to reduce it. Jointly they tended to reduce the birth rate. Besides this marital fertility of women (30-40) declined by 20% during this period while that of women (15-29) did not undergo any appreciable change. In view of the slow pace at which the National Family Planning Programme is proceeding it may be safer to assume that the expectation set in the medium projections may be realised by 7978. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the author's current research works on sociology. The first research concerns the effects of strategic intervention on the educational lives of children from deprived backgrounds. The second research is concerned with the sociology of religion while the last one is concerned mainly with the topic of pluralism. These are basic questions for all modem societies, since none of them is homogeneous in race, religion, language, national origin, and other symbols of group identification. The author's interest in pluralism runs alongside his interest in the study of racial and cultural minorities. The pluralistic ideology affirms strongly that one can have pluralism without having a minority and majority situation. Empirical demonstration is lacking, however. This is not to say that pluralism, therefore, is too costly, for alternative social arrangements may carry even greater disadvantages than those entailed in minority majority arrangements. Before one can arrive at sound judgments regarding such important value questions, one needs much fuller information on the causes and consequences of pluralism under various conditions.