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The present study is an attempt to identify the main sources of growth of five selected Indian industries, viz. Cotton Textile, Jute Textile, Sugar, Paper (including paper board) and Bicycle. The investigation is carried out by estimating production functions of the Cobb-Douglas form by utilizing time series of cross-section data for the industries under study. The estimates of the elasticities of output with respect to various inputs, returns to scale and 'technical progress' provide the basis for drawing inferences regarding the nature of the growth of the industries. The data and the variables used in the study are discussed in Section 1. Section 2 provides a brief discussion of the methodology. The results of the investigation are presented in Section 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between the end of the Canton Crisis of 181-15, and the Bank of England Crisis of 1825, the financial usages of European houses in China had become better defined. Increased reliance and valuations upon negotiable paper instruments of finance were apparent. Quite apart from the extensive use of the East India Co.'s remittance paper as negotiable in India and China, the provision of private credit facilities for private trade in India and China were now explicit. Records of short-term lending on the spot and deposit accounts were now in evidence. The individual consigner of Indian cottons and opium who surveyed on a large scale for the China market could now also obtain direct credit backing from China agencies, albeit at the exorbitant rate of ten to 12 per cent. Indian agents of the China houses were also encouraging and financing groups of small investors under joint consignment accounts. In turn, the China houses now had sizeable credit accounts with their London, England, agents, which they covered by the periodic hypothecation of China goods to the United States. For a good many years the London money crisis of 1825-6 was slowly but clearly building up. In the build-up of the crisis conditions, the Bank of England was not above blame. Some China houses had not yet reached this level of rationale in their financial affairs, but the new mood of independence was symptomatic of the important changes through which the system was undergoing.

The present paper summarizes papers given at the 8th International Family Research Seminar in Oslo, Norway, 1963, which describe and explain differential frequencies of those decisions to marry which result in teenage marriage. Sociological analysis of marriage usually points out that age at marriage varies with the type of society and, therefore, reflects the stage of industrialization and urbanization. The lowest ages at marriage are generally found in peasant agricultural countries, such as India and China. During the rapid growth phase of urban industrial nations, age at marriage apparently rises, but later the age at marriage once again turns downward, though not rapidly. One way of viewing trends of teenage marriage is in terms of the percentage of males and females under 20 years of age involved in marriages contracted. During 1961, in 6% of all marriages contracted in Yugoslavia one or both spouses were under the age of 18. However, in such marriages the wife was under 18 years of age in 91 % of the cases, the husband in only 9 %. From 1953-1961 there was a gradual decrease in the percentage married under 18 years from 6.6 % to 6.0 %.

This article focuses on the trend of the birth rate in India between the period 1911 to 1950. The Government of India, in connection with the Census of 1951, has published a report entitled Estimation of Birth and Death Rates in India during 1941-50. In this report the actuaries associated with the census of 1951 have analysed a mass of material and have tried to arrive at firm estimates of the birth and death rates for different regions of India during 1941-50. Economist Kingsley Davis has also tried to compute birth estimates for the major provinces of India during 1926-30. These two publications thus enable you to examine two independently estimated rates of omission in the two decades, i.e. 1926-30 and 1941-50. In the present paper it will be shown that the formula devised for West Bengal is valid for a much larger area, comprising the provinces of Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. The rates of omission estimated by the author's formula for 1921-30 will be compared with the corresponding rates of omission for 1926-30 as estimated by Kingsley Davis, and it will be shown that in all the cases the two agree quite closely.

The paper attempts to study the implications of the hypothesis that personality patterns organize the forces operating in a social milieu. The findings of a Rorschach experiment on a group of 24 students from India are interpreted in terms of the childhood experiences, family discipline, and social pressures. An ambiequal pattern leaning toward introversiveness is indicated. This is found to be the product of early permissiveness, subsequent rigidity of behavior code, and later status role. The authoritarian character of the Indian family structure and the early socialization process are found to be largely responsible for the evolution of rigid control and withdrawal mechanisms. The paper concludes by suggesting that the study of personality-culture phenomena may be profitably conducted by analysing the defense system that a culture tends to evolve in its members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a report on an attempt to investigate the racial attitudes of the average educated Indian. There is a special emphasis on color prejudice and the relation between prejudice of this type and the liberal-conservative attitude. Three tests were used: Vetter's Attitude Scale, Bogardus' Social Distance Test, and a general questionnaire of 20 questions. The subjects consisted of 550 male Hindus, 200 male Muslims, and 60 women not further classified. The positive correlation between color prejudice as revealed by the Social Distance Test and Radicalism- Conservatism as revealed by Vetter's Test is a finding of major importance in the present investigation. In view of the traditional beliefs about the tolerance of the East, the high negative scores in the Social Distance Test come as a surprise. Not only the white races but also the coloured races get negative marks. Taking the subjects as a whole, it is found that three white races are ranked above two colored races (Japanese and Negroes). There is more prejudice among Indian students than among Indian professionals and that this prejudice is not always of colour but of race also.

This paper re-examines the matter of rural-urban fertility differentials in India. It is a commonplace that urban fertility is lower than rural fertility in the West, and it is frequently assumed that this holds for non-Western populations as well. In the case of India, previous studies of rural-urban fertility ratios have appeared to bear out this expectation. However, fertility ratios based on the most recent available age distributions show no significant rural-urban fertility differentials. This conclusion is supported by several recent sample surveys of children ever born and is consistent with the generally accepted fact that contraception is negligible even in the cities of India. It is noted that the virtual disappearance of the Indian rural-urban fertility ratio differential over time has in all likelihood resulted from a narrowing of the rural-urban infant and child mortality differential.

This paper may be regarded as a first short step into a scheme of systematic geography, since it deals with an island off a young coastal plain that is Shriharikota, Madras, India. The island is probably the simplest part of the simplest type of land form. Moreover, its inhabitants, simple jungle folk, are in the most elemental stage of evolution. The island has the monsoon type of climate. The East Coast of India presents to the Bay of Bengal a shoreline backed. except in a few places, with a monotonously low relief. If one braves the tulmultous shallow inshore waters of the bay from the city Calcutta to Cape Comorin his typical view is of a silver strand surmounted by jungle growth.

The article offers information on the symposium entitled "Review of Nuclear Proliferation Problems" organized by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and conducted in Tallberg, Sweden on June 15-18, 1973. The meeting delved into various topics including the spread of nuclear technology, nuclear developments, safeguards, cooperation in peaceful uses of nuclear energy, military consequences of the proliferation of nuclear technology, the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) review conference, and security problems involving non-nuclear weapon countries. Delegates from India, Israel, Japan, USSR, Mexico, and the United States attended the gathering.

This paper examines some hypotheses with respect to the interregional wage variations in Indian manufacturing from 1950 to 1960. The choice of this period was determined by the availability of relevant data. It was found in an earlier study that the regional wage structure tended to be flexible during the period under consideration. In this paper, an attempt has been made to explain the inter-regional wage differentials by analysing the data on trade unionism, per capita income, productivity, capital intensity, nonprimary employment and consumer prices. It is argued that the level of regional wage differentials can be explained by relative differentials in productivity and in trade unionism, but the change in wage differentials depends upon the changing capital intensity in respective regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the stereotypes of 100 college freshmen and 100 service holders of Orissa towards their own nationality namely "Indian" and four other out-groups namely American, British, Russian, and Chinese. All the subjects were the genuine inhabitants of the State of Orissa (India). A list of .60 adjectives was prepared after the necessary pre-test. The scores of the student and the service holder groups were kept separately for comparison. Attributes checked by at least 20 per cent of either group were selected for discussion in this paper. It was interesting to note that the subjects chose the largest number of derogatory traits for the Americans and the British whereas they chose only two bad traits out of 16 selected for the Russians, and not a single such trait for the Chinese for whom there were 15 good attributes. For the we-group they selected 18 good and 5 bad traits. The rank correlation between the two sets of scores (i.e., the scores of students and service holders) in relation to these five reference groups were highly significant. This means that though the samples belonged to two dissimilar populations yet they very closely agreed in choosing the attributes for these groups. The mean scores of the service holders were higher than those of the student group in all cases. The results might suggest that the traits which had been selected by the two groups were perhaps the commonly held attributes for these groups in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The registration of births and deaths in India, even at present, is too inadequate to be of much help in estimating fertility and mortality conditions in the country. From time to time, Indian census actuaries have constructed life tables indirectly by comparing one census age distribution with the preceding one. Because of inaccurate age reporting in Indian censuses, it was essential for those who constructed life tables to smooth the age distributions. The results obtained depended to a large extent on the method chosen for smoothing. This paper is an attempt to estimate some demographic measures for the nine census years between 1881 and 1961 by applying uniform computational methods to the data of all years. The measures, by sex, include an abridged life table, the growth rate, birth rate and death rate and as a by-product of, rather than a prerequisite for, obtaining other measures, the smoothed age distribution. The basic assumption underlying this paper is that, for all practical purposes, the Indian population can be considered as stable or quasi-stable for a period of 100 years in the immediate past.

This paper analyzes the relationships between certain socio-cultural and demographic or family size variables and attitudes toward family planning held by a sample of industrial workers in Ambarnath, a western Indian city. A comparison is made between these findings and those obtained from the nearby village of Badlapur. The major finding is that the variables which predict the presence or absence of favorable attitudes toward family planning in the village male sample are the most important ones in the male industrial sample. In both studies the education was the first ranking variable, followed by number of living sons. Caste, too, was significant in both studies. This evidence seems to indicate that the urban-industrial milieu's effect is almost non-existent in developing this attitude. Favorableness toward birth control seems to be part of a non-traditional value complex chiefly associated with educational attainment, not urban-industrial exposure or effects associated with this environment.

After the abolition of slavery in British colonies in 1834, many thousand labourers left India under indenture for employment on colonial plantations. Their efforts resulted in a striking rise in exports of plantation products. At the end of their indenture, many Indians decided to settle in their new home, especially' in British Guiana, Trinidad, Mauritius and Fiji. The paper discusses the districts in India from which labourers were recruited; the conditions of service under the indenture system, and its advantages and abuses. It discusses the opportunities open to the Indian labourer at the end of his indenture, and the facilities which the government or the planters provided for his settlement on the land. Those who did not settle on the land turned to the professions or trades, often with success. The paper discusses the attitude of the communities of reception" to the Indian during and after indenture, and his adjustment to a multi-racial society. It analyses his change in outlook as a result of emigration, the increase in his ambition and initiative, and his transition from submissiveness to independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the composition of Indian emigration to Fiji is analysed from documentary data. Most emigrants went as indentured labourers from 1879 to 1916. The system of recruitment, the considerable resistances to emigration and pressure stimulating it, places of origin, age, sex, marital status, economic position, religion and caste and expectations of emigrants are considered; 75 % of the emigrants embarked at Calcutta. In the main they were unaccompanied, young men and women, came from the north-eastern United Provinces and were a fair cross section of village castes. The emigrants were driven primarily by economic but also by social pressure and intended to return to India. Emigration from Madras differed in some respects. Other Indian emigration to Fiji, of Puniabis and Gujratis particularly, is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sampling procedure involving repeated application of double sampling for stratification on several successive occasions is considered. The formulae for the estimate of the mean on any current occasion and its variance are obtained. The determination of optimum allocation of available resources and the extension of the procedures for uni-stage sampling, to multi-stage sampling, are briefly indicated. The use of the design, suggested in this paper, is illustrated by its application to a recently conducted survey for estimation of coconut production in the State of Assam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern Singapore has been a focus of contact between the three cultural blocs of China, India, and Indonesia, and between Orient and Occident. Asian migrants came as laborers, artisans, and entrepreneurs; the much smaller European migrant group introduced western economic and administrative institutions. Subsequent modernization and development, necessitating improved coordination and development of all resources, has been hampered by substantial cultural divergences relating to economic and social practice and attitude. Contrasting cultural patterns are commonly identified with ethnic differences and can most readily be analyzed on this basis; the ethnic data utilized in this paper serve to highlight significant cultural differences which are only gradually breaking down despite sustained locational contiguity and the unifying force of political independence within, and subsequently outside the Federation of Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents three methods for mapping levels of economic development and applies each to the case of India. First, to provide a substantive addition to knowledge about the economic geography of India; second, to demonstrate that even within nations generally recognized simply as "underdeveloped" one can meaningfully map differential sub-levels of development; and third, to stimulate critical discussion of the various methods by which maps of economic development can be made. The chief statistical problem is how best to combine the several series of individual indices into a single set of areal ratings.

This paper presents statistical evidence, which seems to be conclusive, that there exists a particular pattern of mortality in Ceylon, India and Pakistan where, contrary to general experience, female mortality is higher than that of the males. The sex ratios of the enumerated population in these three countries are among the highest in the world, and the age pattern of the sex ratios is such that they increase from childhood to adulthood to the old ages. Abnormally high sex ratios and selective migration cannot account for this particular pattern, but there is evidence of a higher degree of under-enumeration of females than males. The main responsible factor, however, seems to be higher female mortality, in the ages of maternity as well as in childhood. This shows the need for a regional or local approach to some demographic problems. In this case, for instance, model life tables based on average international experience are not representative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the distributions of persons by per capita household consumer expenditure on all items estimated from the 13th Round (Sept. 1957-May 1958) of the Indian National Sample Survey (NSS) separately for the rural and urban sectors of the different states of India [19]. For rural India, urban India and all-India, the disparities in consumption are analyzed into between states and within states components. This is easily done by an analysis of variance of logarithms. Greater attention is given to measures related to the Gini-Lorenz concentration curve; but while the 'between states' concentration curve could be defined in an interesting manner, the 'within states' component could not be defined with equal success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the triangle trade, the term used to explain the trade between England, Africa and the West Indies which blossomed during the eighteenth century. Description of the slave trade and the West India trade; How these two trades merged into one; Way that the war that began in 1689 changed trade; Monopoly which the Royal African Company had on the supply of slaves to the West Indies; Decline of the company due to the fall of sugar prices; Relationship between sugar and slaves in regards to trade.

.Focuses on the various aspects of urbanization in India. Growth of towns and cities across the country brought about by the increased number of populations; Problems with socioeconomic conditions in the country; Social implications of industrialization and urbanization.

The article offers information on the discussions on science and technology for developing countries at the Twelfth Conference conducted by the International Pugwash Continuing Committee in Udaipar, India. The committee recognized the role of modern science and technology in the transformation of the conditions of human life and the future of mankind. Developed and developing countries were rapidly establishing a wide economic gap, leading to political instability and threat to world peace.

Comments on an article regarding the demand for money in India. Short-term treasury bills as the closest substitute for money; Treasury bills as assets of the banking system; Implications of the article on P.L. 480.

The article provides information about the cooperative education programs African Education Program and Indian Program. These programs aim to promote science and mathematics teaching in developing countries, and improve educational system which will turn out trained people to create a contemporary industrialized society. They are carried out by groups in the U.S. to provide higher technological training. The curriculums in the African Education Program are handled by the private, nonprofit organization Educational Development Center in Newton, Massachusetts, while the Indian Program is supported by a consortium of the best engineering schools in the U.S.

The article reports on the new national laboratories and research institutes in India. The Indian government has set 29 laboratories and cost from $5.1 million in 1963 to 1964. The council research projects are funded through annual grants from the central government and farmed out to independent central government. The central government's expenditure on agricultural research has increased from $1.2 million in 1946 to 1947 and reaches to $10.1 million in 1963 to 1964. The object of enumerating the council's difficulties is to highlight the challenges and problems that the scientific and industrial India faces today.

Comments on the article 'The Demand for Money in India: Further Evidence,' by K. L. Gupta. Evidence on currency and demand deposits; Criticism on the use of the treasury bill rate; Use of the investment income ratio as a proxy for the rate of return on physical assets.

The residence background of wives who migrate to metropolitan areas plays an important role in determining their fertility. From the data collected during 1966, relating to 7,872 currently married women of Greater Bombay, India, an attempt was made to establish differentials in marital fertility by residence background of the wives. This was categorized into three groups, non-migrants, urban migrants and rural migrants. It was observed that rural migrant wives exhibited significantly higher fertility compared with the other two groups, and this was explained by their lower educational attainment. Between the non-migrant and the urban migrant wives the latter consistently showed lower fertility for all age groups up to 40, while there was a reversal in the age group 40 and above, where non-migrants exhibited lower fertility. The urban migrant wives showed a somewhat higher level of education, most likely on account of selectivity, compared to the non-migrants. According to the author, wife's education explains to a large extent the observed fertility differentials by residence background.

The article examines the impact of target setting on a Family Planning Program in the North Indian State of Uttar Pradesh. The author argues that over-concern with target setting has led to a number of negative results including high percentages of marginal cases brought for vasectomy, and low morale on the part of family planning personnel. Trained in extensive education techniques, they have been forced to place quantity above quality once they begin their work out in the districts. The author provides no easy answer to this tension between targets and extension educators, but the problem, which he has, raised needs consideration in a developing country concerned with implementing an effective program of population control. According to the author, the emphasis of the large incentive fee approach represents a rejection of the extension education approach. Extension educators' morale, which was already low, may have deteriorated further as less use was made of extension education techniques. Apparently, a quantity-oriented approach continues to take precedence over a quality-oriented extension education approach in the family planning program of Uttar Pradesh.

The article investigates the relationship between the levels of educational and economic development in India during the period 1950-1951 to 1970-1971. It examines the existence of a direct and significant relationship between the growth of education at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels and economic development, as measure by the per capita income at current prices. If the study shows positive results, it is again analyzed whether this should be interpreted as education-income relationship or as income-education effect.

The study attempts to measure relative efficiencies (or inefficiencies) of manufacturing industries in India. Production analysis based on Cobb-Douglas production function with explicit allowance for technological change is used for the study. Technological change is measured by alternative variables such as technological change embodied in new capital goods (measured by 'Investment'). 'Education' is measured by the ratio of non-workers to workers. 'Experience' is measured by output per worker cumulated over past seven years. Stepwise regression is used to estimate production functions. Consistent data for Indian industries is available for twenty-eight industries over the ten year period (1949-58). To measure technological change over the ten year period, analysis of covariance is used. Empirical analysis shows that large differences do exist in the efficiency of input use in different industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a reply to a comment on an article regarding demand of money in India. Implications of the article on P.L. 480 deposits in India; Short-term treasury bills as the closest substitute for demand deposits; Public offerings of short-term treasury bills in India.

Activities exert control in urban systems by facilitating the direct and indirect flows of other activities. If a matrix of direct flows is raised to successive powers, the power at which each cell first becomes positive represents the minimum number of direct and indirect steps linking activities. From a matrix of minimum steps an average number of steps can be computed for each activity. To find an activity's degree of control its direct flows are removed from the system and this average number of steps is recomputed for activities remaining. The mean absolute difference between these averages in the original and reduced systems reflects the changed connectivity faced by the flows of remaining activities. The control of activities can be ranked using this mean. Applying this technique to India's system of airline flows identified an urban hierarchy with for levels of connectivity: national, regional, subregional and route endings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the important concepts of ecology in the regional planning process. It states that landscape architects function an important role in the first phase of developing ecological planning technique. On the other hand, the Central Arid Zone Research Institute in Jodhpur, India implements the kind of science-based on ecological survey and planning work which is a significant step in developing ecological planning. Moreover, the Institute aims to understand the regional dynamics of the landscape.

Thirty-one stories, depicting situations of authority, were collected from three Indian States and their contents analyzed according to the following categories: I. Type of Relationship, II. Main Source of Authority, III. Supporting Source, IV. Image of Superior, V. Means of Enforcement, VI. Conflicts in Obedience, VII. Degree of Conflict, and VIII. Subordinate Action, and their results tabulated. The findings indicate that the most dominant authority theme in the story readers pertains to authority in family situations. The main source of the authority which conditions its acceptance is traditional-moral; the rational-legal, person, and competence being conspicuous by their relative insignificance. An interesting finding is that of the image of the superior as portrayed in these story readers, which in 100 percent of the cases is that of an autocrat -either assertive or nurturant, and that these authority figures enforce their authority primarily by providing emotional rewards to, and arousing guilt in the subordinate individual. Finally, in a very large number of cases, the acceptance of authority is so complete that it takes the form of active submission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information related to future time perspectives of college students in the U.S. and India. A number of empirical investigations to assess future time perspectives, other than those employing the traditional level of aspiration experiments, have been reported. Time perspective is an aspect of personality which is developed through learning, education and socialization. American aspirations are influenced by one's own past performance, while Hindu culture has taught that what one attains at any time in life is affected only to a small degree by his personal efforts. As a result, it was thought that the Indian students had paid little attention to the results of past performance which resulted in their high and unrealistic goal discrepancy scores. Future time perspectives are generally considered to go beyond the immediate situation usually employed in level of aspiration experiments. For the economic story, 31 of 46 Americans and seven of 48 Indians indicated that the money had been attained because of efforts of the person named, while the remainder of both cultural groups wrote that it had come from other sources.

A comparative analysis of the concept of happy life was made among 300 Indian farmers from the developed and 290 from undeveloped villages. The pattern of needs and values reflected in such projections were similar in the two groups. Villagers were overwhelmingly concerned with immediate economic values and did not frequently display needs transcending their purely personal or familial spheres. Differences existed with regard to clarity with which the needs were expressed, and to the extent they were realistic or fanciful. The projections of the farmers from the developed group were comparatively more reality-oriented, and characterized by greater precision and clarity than those from the undeveloped group. On the other hand, farmers from the undeveloped villages tended more frequently than farmers from the developed villages to indicate needs beyond their span of attainment, and in terms which were general and vague. The need for proper channelization of urges as an important precondition for rapid socioeconomic development is stressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ratings of the leaders' Initiation of Structure and Consideration were obtained from members of 36 intercultural discussion groups consisting of one American and one Indian graduate student plus an American leader. Ratings of Group Atmosphere, Esteem for Leader, and Effectiveness of Leader were also obtained after each group had completed an intercultural-negotiation task and also after completing a group-creativity task. Results showed that on both tasks the American and the Indian members' Esteem for Leader ratings and Group Atmosphere ratings were positively correlated with their leaders' considerate behaviors, but were not related to their leaders' structuring behaviors. The leaders' effectiveness, as rated by Americans, was positively correlated with both Consideration and Initiation of Structure scores. When rated by the Indian subjects, the leaders' effectiveness was correlated only with their Consideration scores. The leaders' self-ratings of Consideration and Initiation of Structure were positively correlated with their own ratings of the Group Atmosphere and with their ratings of their own Effectiveness. The group- performance scores were unrelated to Consideration ratings; however, group performance was positively related to the Initiation of Structure ratings (but this finding was specific to the culture and the task). The results were discussed in terms of differences in "role expectations" between the two cultural groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major conclusions from the present enquiry may be summarized as follows: 1. African students have more prejudice against Indian settlers in Africa than against Indians from India. 2. Their prejudice against Afrikaners is very high. 3. Political rights like "full citizenship" are more valued by the African students than the right to intermarry. 4. Forming friendship with Indians seems to have some effect in reducing prejudice among African students. 5. There seems to be a marked deterioration in the favourable attitude of African students towards Indians because of the experiences of Africans in the country. 6. In the minds of the African students, there is a strong belief that Indians have a high amount of colour prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study analyzing student attitudes toward religion, the spiritual and the supernatural, in India. The study tests the hypothesis that the Indian student is becoming increasingly materialistic in his outlook and that one of the reasons for this is higher education especially of the scientific type as well as the effect of social, economic and cultural backgrounds on student religion. There seems to be a high associative tendency between The Nature of God and Personal Religion. This is indicative of the realization that prayer, communal worship, a study of sacred books and religious festivals are important adjutants to a faith in God. The findings suggest that follows there seems to be a relation between the liberal-conservative attitude and the religious attitude. Science students seem to be more religious than arts students. Economic status seems to have some effect on the religious attitude of students. Rural and urban backgrounds have effect on the religious attitude of students. In students, religion, prayer, sacred books, communal worship and festivals play a more important part than priests, the future life and the spirit world.

The article presents a cross cultural study of film preferences on an Indian student population. Studies on film preferences of children and adolescents have been undertaken using indirect techniques. In previous studies, it had become difficult to assess what it was in a particular film that made an appeal. Furthermore, no attempt was made to find out whether film preference was a function of the students' age, sex, and educational background. The present authors therefore, propose to take into account the age, sex and educational background of students while investigating this problem through direct techniques. Research in this area seems to be somewhat limited in number. In India, no significant attempt has been made to understand the film preference of students even though recent years have recognized the need for and importance of audiovisual education. No less important are the factors which determine their film preferences. The main objective of the study is to make a comparative analysis of the film preferences of students of various groups.

The article presents a study of Indian students' attitude towards motion pictures. The influence of motion pictures on contemporary culture is obvious. It reflects the attitudes, values, and habits of the society in which it operates, and is also one of the main avenues through which the basic belief systems of the society are changed. Its effect on the personality organization of the people is very great. This is all the more true in a population in which literacy is low, as in India. Sex is an important variable in shaping and directing the attitudes, and there has been a long standing impression that the biological imprint of the sex is responsible for creating difference in attitudes towards an issue in question. The aim of the study presented in this article is two-fold: firstly to construct a scale for measuring attitudes towards the motion picture, secondly to find out the attitude of higher secondary and college students in general, towards the motion picture and to see the difference if any, in the attitude scores of the: male and female students; students of different educational levels; and students belonging to different age groups.

The article assesses the attitudes of college students of Orissa, India, towards some 16 politico-economic issues. In the last decade or so there have been rapid changes in the political and economic fields of India. These changes are bound to have repercussions in the ideologies and attitudes of people. Now India is passing through a transitional period of history which is working as a bridge between the old and the new. So it would be extremely interesting to study systematically the rapidly changing attitudes and ideologies of people who are consciously or unconsciously making history. In order to make a systematic study of the change of attitudes of college students over several years the article author started his first investigation in 1952, and drew certain conclusions from the distribution of responses of about 800 college students to 16 politico-economic issues. The investigator using the same questionnaire on a five-point scale has tried to measure the attitudes of another group of about 450 college students after four years from the same institutions, and compare the results of this sample with those of the 1952 investigation.

Focuses on college debating in India and Pakistan which was part of an international debate exchange program. Objectives of the debate; Rules of the debate; Significance of the debate in the field of speech.

Discusses an aspect of action planning in Calcutta, India. Formulation and implementation of a comprehensive development plan for the Calcutta Metropolitan District; Overview of a basic planning approach; Change in planning approach to the problems associated with development; Implications of action planning for social planning; Background on urban community development objectives.

Examines the demand for money in India in the 1970s. Theoretical models for the demand for money; Estimation of aggregate equations; Analysis of data on currency demand.

Presents empirical findings on the demand for money in India for the period 1948 to 1964. Description of nature of a demand function used in the statistical analysis; Reasons for using a simple demand function.

Analyzes the sources of growth in Indian manufacturing industry from 1950 to 1966 to identify and measure the extent of import substitution in particular sectors and industries. Domestic production of manufacturing industry; Proportions of domestic production in total supply and of exports in domestic production; Growth rates of domestic industrial production.

In this article the author illustrates the usefulness of a sectoral approach to developmental constraints by a detailed analysis of some of the more important constraints on one sector of the Indian economy, transportation. The Indian Railways, a monopoly directly administered by a Ministry of the Government of India, have not suffered from a shortage of foreign exchange, thanks to foreign aid and the preference given to them for the available supply of foreign exchange. According to the author almost none of the widely held beliefs concerning the major constraints on Indian development apply to the Railways. But on the whole the Railways have had few serious constraints on their growth and development and have met most of the demands put upon them during the last 15 years. But this is not to say that the extent of such development is necessarily desirable from the point of view of Indian development as a whole. Because the Indian Railways are a Government enterprise,it is not necessary for them to pay any particular set amount in capital charges to an external private agency.

The Twenty Statement Test (TST) was first reported by Kuhn and McPartland (1954) as a valid instrument for identifying and measuring self-attitudes as they are defined in the self theory of C. H. Cooley, G. H. Mead, H. S. Sullivan, T. Newcomb, and others. Since 1954 the TST has been used in studies of the general adult population, businessmen, students, the professions, and other populations in order to learn how self-conceptions vary and how they are related to changes in age, the reference set, and other social variables. Although this instrument and its associated theory have been assessed in several ways (see Wylie, 1961; Kuhn, 1964; Kemper, 1966), it has not been assessed in terms of its cross-cultural adequacy in eliciting self-conceptions. Yet, this evaluation is quite important both because self theory is not viewed as having subcultural or cultural boundaries and because the users of the TST implicitly suggest its rather general applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]