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Abstract Perionyx excavatus, an indigenous earthworm possesses exceptional regeneration capacity. Their anterior regeneration features wound closure, regeneration induction and morphogenesis of damaged organs. This study involved a complete analysis of their transcriptomic dataset, with an emphasis on identifying the genes expressed during regeneration and predicting their implications in the process of regeneration and morphogenesis. Control (first ten segments) and test (5th day blastema) RNA samples of biological replicates were isolated and sequenced on NovaSeq. 6000 using PE150 read length. An average of 98.64% of high-quality data was retained with assembly showing better continuity with the average transcript length with 823 bp and N50 value of 1,858 bp. This is the first report on the comparative transcriptome of P. excavatus during anterior regeneration and this study will shed light on the complexity of annelid regeneration.

Purpose The aim of this study was to recycle and reuse the enormously available unutilized lignocellulosic solid organic waste resource, cashew leaf litter (CLL) admixed with various animal dungs, cowdung, sheepdung and horsedung by employing predominantly available indigenous epigeic earthwormâPerionyx excavatus (Perrier, 1872) and produce quality vermifertilizer. Methods Four different combinations of each [(100 % dung alone, 3:1 (75 % dung ? 25 % CLL), 2:2 (50 % dung ? 50 % CLL) and 1:3 (25 % dung ? 75 % CLL)] vermibeds were allowed for vermicomposting process under laboratory conditions. After 60 days, the worm worked vermicompost and worm unworked normal compost were harvested and characterized. The earthworm activityâgrowth, reproductive performance (cocoon production and hatchling number) and recovery of vermicompost was also studied. Results The obtained results clearly showed that vermicompost from CLL admixed with cowdung at 2:2 ratio had lower pH, organic carbon, CâN ratio, CâP ratio, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and phenol content, and higher nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium dehydrogenase and humic acid content than the raw substrates and worm unworked normal compost. In addition, pronounced and better earthworm activity was found in the above combination. Conclusion Through vermitechnology way of producing agronomic valid vermicompost using natural waste resources like CLL and animal dungs can be used as bioorganic fertilizer. These vermiresources have vast and diversified potential for maintaining sustainable soil health, fertility, productivity, waste degradation, soil reclamation, land restoration practices and environment health.

Perionyx excavatus, an indigenous earthworm possesses exceptional regeneration capacity. Their anterior regeneration features wound closure, regeneration induction and morphogenesis of damaged organs. This study involved a complete analysis of their transcriptomic dataset, with an emphasis on identifying the genes expressed during regeneration and predicting their implications in the process of regeneration and morphogenesis. Control (first ten segments) and test (5 th day blastema) RNA samples of biological replicates were isolated and sequenced on NovaSeq. 6000 using PE150 read length. An average of 98.64% of high-quality data was retained with assembly showing better continuity with the average transcript length with 823 bp and N50 value of 1,858 bp. This is the first report on the comparative transcriptome of P. excavatus during anterior regeneration and this study will shed light on the complexity of annelid regeneration., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Abstract With the increasing demand for organic food production, the earthworm is used as a soil nutrient facilitator. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of epigeic earthworms Perionyx excavatus and Eisenia. fetida on soil nutrients and the consequent improvement of biomass productivity and yield of Capsicum chinense Jacq and Zea mays L. The experiment was conducted in 5 L and 15 L capacity plastic pots for C. chinense and Z. mays with 150 g and 300 g of half-decomposed cow dung, respectively. It was observed that the weekly harvest rate of ripened chili was 17.59 g, 13.91 g, and 9.24 g in P. excavatus, control, and E. fetida pot showing 26.49% higher in P. excavatus. Also, the total kernel count per corn was significantly different (F (2, 9) = 37.78, p

The data on growth and reproduction of composting earthworms may be beneficial for large scale earthworm production. The growth and reproduction of Perionyx excavatus were assessed in limited supplies of four experimental diets-cow dung alone and its mixture with acacia (Acacia auriculiformis) leaf litter, bamboo (Bambusa polymorpha) leaf litter and terrestrial weed Mikania micrantha under laboratory conditions to select suitable diet from our locally available resource for vermiculture. Growth performance of Perionyx excavatus was significantly (P

Objective: The purpose of the experiment was to examine the effect of different food sources on the growth and reproduction performances of an epigeic earthworm Perionyx excavatus. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out in 18 cylindrical plastic containers for 10 weeks. The study was designed with six treatments, each having three replicates. In control treat¬ment (T1), cow dung was used as the only food source for the earthworm. In another five treat¬ments, water hyacinth (T2), chopped banana plant trunk (T3), vegetable scrap (T4), paddy straw (T5), and sugarcane bagasse (T6) were used as food sources with cow dung as bedding material. Results: The maximum weight gain of earthworm P. excavatus was 3,294.7 ± 4.5 mg for the food staff of vegetable scrap (T4). Earthworm P. excavatus fed with chopped banana plant trunk (T3) showed a very similar weight gain of 3,243.7 ± 3.8 mg. On the contrary, the minimum weight gain was 1,799.7 ± 3.5 mg for the food staff of paddy straw (T5). The maximum cocoon number of 137.33 ± 6.46 mg was observed in T3, whereas a minimum number of 36.67 ± 4.16 mg in T1. The highest number of hatchlings (12.33 ± 0.88 mg) was recorded in treatment T3, whereas the least number of hatchling (5.00 ± 0.58 mg) was observed in T1. Conclusion: It was concluded that, among the six different food sources, chopped banana plant trunk was preferable food source to the earthworm for growth and reproduction. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(2.000): 331-337]

Purpose Organic waste is a serious concern across the globe contributed by human activity that can be managed by efficient process like vermicomposting which can reduce the waste that is dumped in landfills into useful product vermicompost. This research was conducted to study the bio-conversion of organic waste (fruit and vegetable waste) using Perionyx excavatus into quality vermicompost. Method Three organic waste treatments were used for the vermicomposting process: FW [Fruit waste + Cow Dung], VW [Vegetable waste + Cow Dung], FVW [Fruit waste + Vegetable waste + Cow Dung]. A control group was set up without earthworms for each treatment. The compost was harvested after 38 days, weighed and the rate of production per day was calculated. The harvested compost was then subjected to physico-chemical analysis to determine the nutrient status. Results The experimental group had a significant rate of production with higher quantity than the control groups. Vermicompost produced from vegetable waste was 515.45 g (51.55%) which was the highest among all the treatments. The lowest amount of compost was produced by the Fruit + Vegetable waste treatment in the control group (184.16 g). The nutrient status was within the acceptable range for the experimental groups. Conclusion Epigeic earthworm Perionyx excavatus is highly efficient in reducing organic waste (fruit and vegetable waste) into vermicompost enriched with nutrients necessary for plant growth.

Earthworm, Perionyx Excavatus, has been studied and the potential of this epigeic earthworm species for processing organic waste is well known. The substrate and feeding material were considered as effector of the growth, life cycle of earthworms. The current study carried on the evaluation of various cultivating and feeding materials that influenced on growth of earthworms, by calculating biomass, the total number of worms and relative growth rate. As the results, the cow manure fed in cultured and feeding materials showed the suitable in the growth of earthworm, with significant differences from other group which based on worm manure as the substrate and feeding materials. For further study, the adding component, including coir, straw and soil have to be studied to find out the better materials in earthworm cultivation.

Regeneration is a biological process restoring lost or amputated body parts. The capability of regeneration varies among organisms and the regeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) is limited to specific animals, including the earthworm Perionyx excavatus. Thus, it is crucial to establish P. excavatus as a model system to investigate mechanisms of CNS regeneration. Here, we set up a culture system to sustain the life cycle of P. excavatus and characterize the development of P. excavatus, from embryo to juvenile, based on its morphology, myogenesis and neurogenesis. During development, embryos have EdU-positive proliferating cells throughout the whole body, whereas juveniles maintain proliferating cells exclusively in the head and tail regions, not in the trunk region. Interestingly, juveniles amputated at the trunk, which lacks proliferating cells, are able to regenerate the entire head. In this process, a group of cells, which are fully differentiated, reactivates cell proliferation. Our data suggest that P. excavatus is a model system to study CNS regeneration, which is dependent on the dedifferentiation of cells.

The current protocol of cancer management includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, these modalities have significant adverse effects and affect the quality of life. Further intensification of treatment is hindered as maximal toxicity levels are reached impeding improvement. Hence researchers are in the quest for adjunctive naturally available therapies that can alter tumor proliferation without causing significant adverse reactions. The present study aims to explore the cytotoxic potential of earthworm coelomic fluid (ECF) of Eudrilus eugeniae (EE), Eisenia foetida (EF), and Perionyx excavatus (PE) on oral cancer cell line SCC-9. The effect of ECF on cell cycle analysis and mechanism of cell death have also been investigated. All experiments reported in this paper were performed as 3 replicates per experiment. The results indicated that ECF of EE, EF and PE have potent variable cytotoxic effect on SCC-9 cells demonstrated through LDH, clonogenic and comet assay. An effective cell cycle arrest was observed at the G2M phase of cell cycle with apoptotic induction that was observed through an Annexin V – FITC/PI assay. ECF of EE was found to be superior in its cytotoxic action closely followed by ECF of PE. The present findings provide evidence for the first time that ECF of EE, EF and PE have potent cytotoxic effect on oral cancer cells in vitro. They significantly induce G2M cell cycle arrest and promote apoptosis in SCC-9 cell line. Gene expression studies have been planned to ascertain the pathways of cell death. Keywords: Annexin V – FITC/PI, Apoptosis, Cytotoxicity, Cell cycle analysis, Earthworm coelomic fluid, Eudrilus eugeniae, Eisenia foetida, Perionyx excavatus, SCC-9 cell line

cute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome -AHPNSof cultured shrimp was first detected in China in 2009 and caused huge damage to shrimp farming in many countries including Vietnam. This study investigates the ability to inhibit Vibrio parahaemolyticuswhich causes hepatopancreatic necrosis of some Bacillusstrains. V. parahaemolyticusNT7 of this research was isolated from a white leg shrimp sample with hepatopancreatic necrosis in Ninh Thuan province and identified by biochemical methods. By the cross-steak and well-diffusion methods, the selected strain Bacillus polyfermenticusF27 showsthe largest diameter of 18.50 mm resistance to V.parahaemolyticus NT7.B. polyfermenticus F27strain caninhibitV. parahaemolyticus NT7. Besides, B. polyfermenticusF27 inhibits V. parahaemolyticusNT7 with co-cultured experiment and does not cause hemolysis. It is also safe for white leg shrimp seed with a 100% survival rate of the experimental treatments. The result of LD50 examination when infecting V.parahaemolyticus NT7 to white leg shrimp seed is 105CFU/ml. Through the host protectioncapability assessment of B. polyfermenticusF27, we found that itcanprotect white leg shrimp seed from V. parahaemolyticus.The findings show that strains of B. polyfermenticusF27 have the potential to produce probiotics for controland preventionof EMS/AHPNS of shrimps.

Abstract Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is one of the most highly utilized organophosphorus flame retardants, and has been frequently detected in various environmental matrices, including soil. So far, limited information is known regarding the potential toxicity of TPHP to the earthworm-soil ecosystem. We investigated the metabolism of TPHP and the perturbation of the endogenous metabolome in the earthworm, Perionyx excavatus, using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight (LC-QTOF)-based untargeted metabolomics approach after acute exposure to TPHP for one and two days through a filter paper contact test, as well as after chronic exposure for 28 days in a soil microcosm experiment. TPHP showed low bioaccumulation potential in the earthworm-soil ecosystem at concentrations of 10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg. Identified phase I metabolites include diphenyl phosphate, mono-hydroxylated and di-hydroxylated TPHP. Two groups of phase II metabolites, thiol conjugates (including mercaptolactic acid, cysteine, cysteinylglycine, and mercaptoethanol conjugates) and glucoside conjugates (including glucoside, glucoside-phosphate, and C14H19O10P conjugates), were putatively identified. Only acute TPHP exposure caused significant perturbations of the endogenous metabolome in earthworms, featuring fluctuations in amino acids, glucose, inosine and phospholipids. These results reveal novel phase II metabolism and toxicity of TPHP in P. excavatus.

The feasibility of vermicomposting water hyacinth (WH) [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms] mixed with pig manure (PM) in different proportions was tested using tropical composting earthworm Perionyx excavatus. Earthworms grew and reproduced normally until the incorporation of 50% WH in initial substrate. Higher water hyacinth proportions induced earthworms' mortality and significantly affected the numbers of hatchlings and cocoons produced during vermicomposting period. The influence of the application of compost/vermicompost obtained from water hyacinth mixed with pig manure was also studied on seeds germination. Only water hyacinth substrate with 25% WH + 75% PM enhanced seeds germination for Oryza sp. and Nasturtium officinale. At the end of experiments, a significant decrease was observed in organic carbon content for each tested substrates (S1 to S8), in total nitrogen (N) for substrates containing 70% to 100% of water hyacinth (S5 to S3) and compost substrates (S1 and S2). An important decrease was also noted in total potassium for all vermicompost substrates (S3 to S8), in total magnesium for composted substrates (S1 and S2), and in C/N ratio for substrates containing 0% to 50% of water hyacinth (S8 to S6). Whereas total N in vermicompost containing 0% to 50% of water hyacinth (S8 to S6), total phosphorus, total potassium in composted substrates (S1 and S2), total magnesium in vermicompost substrates (S3 to S8) and C:N ratio in substrates containing 70% to 100% of water hyacinth (S5 to S3) expressed a significant increase after eight weeks. The result suggested that water hyacinth could be potentially useful as raw material in vermicomposting and biofertilizing if mixed with 75% of pig manure.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate SOD-liked, GPx-liked and cellular anti-oxidation activities of fractionated mucus proteins from Perionyx excavatus (Pe) and Eudrilus eugeniae (Ee) in the MC3T3 osteoblast precursor cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The crude mucus proteins were extracted from Pe and Ee and fractionated using the anion exchange chromatography method with FPLC. The fractionated proteins were studied to determine their SOD-liked and GPx-liked activities. The most efficient fractions were studied for cellular anti-oxidation activities in the MC3T3 cell line including scavenging, protecting and repairing conditions. RESULTS: The results showed that the highest SOD-liked activities of EeANX1 were found at 4.17 µg/ml and GPx-liked activities of EeANX4 were found at 5.26 µg/mL. EeANX1 had no cytotoxic effect on MC3T3 at 500 µg/mL, and the IC50 of EeANX4 was over 300 µg/mL. When both EeANX1 and EeANX4 were investigated for cellular anti-oxidation activity in MC3T3 cells at 20 µg/mL, the cellular superoxide and total ROS production of were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of 250 μM pyocyanin (ROS inducer) in ROS scavenging, protecting and repairing conditions. The 20 µg/mL of EeANX1 and EeANX4 demonstrated increased SOD and GPx activities in MC3T3. Investigation of the scavenging, protection and repairing conditions of MC3T3 treated with 20 µg/mL each of EaANX1, EaANX4 and 250 μM pyocyanin demonstrated that the proteins had significantly lower SOD activities and higher GPx activities than the 250 μM pyocyanin. CONCLUSIONS: The EeANX1 and EeANX4 fractions demonstrate SOD-liked and GPx-liked activities, as well as cellular anti-oxidation activities. These fractions could be developed as a natural anti-oxidant. This research could provide benefit to the study of cellular anticancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]