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Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely discussed as alternative green solvents not only because of their unique chemical properties, but also because of their extremely low vapour pressure and – at least in some cases – relatively high thermal stability. Two complementary methods are analyzed and compared to determine both the rate constant of decomposition and the vapour pressure of four ILs: (1) thermogravimetrical analysis at ambient pressure (TGap) with an overflow of inert gases, and (2) high vacuum (HV) experiments with a magnetic suspension balance (MSB). At ambient pressure, [EMIM][MeSO3] and [EMIM][CF3SO3] decompose without a significant contribution of evaporation, which leads to the rate constant of thermal degradation. For both ILs, the vapour pressure can only be determined at HV by the MSB, because the evaporation rate is then higher than the decomposition rate. For the relatively volatile ILs [EMIM][NTf2] and [BMIM][NTf2] the vapour pressure can be derived both by the MSB at HV as well as by TGap. General strategies to determine the volatility and stability of ILs and criteria for the maximum operation temperature with regard to decomposition and evaporation are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both softwood (southern yellow pine) and hardwood (red oak) can be completely dissolved in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim]OAc) after mild grinding. Complete dissolution was achieved by heating the sample in an oil bath, although wood dissolution can be accelerated by microwave pulses or ultrasound irradiation. It has been shown that [C2mim]OAc is a better solvent for wood than 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl) and that variables such as type of wood, initial wood load, particle size, etc.affect dissolution and dissolution rates; for example, red oak dissolves better and faster than southern yellow pine. Carbohydrate-free lignin and cellulose-rich materials can be obtained by using the proper reconstitution solvents (e.g., acetone/water 1 : 1 v/v) and approximately 26.1% and 34.9% reductions of lignin content in the reconstituted cellulose-rich materials (from pine and oak, respectively) have been achieved in one dissolution/reconstitution cycle. The regenerated cellulose-rich materials and lignin fractions were characterized and compared with the original wood samples and biopolymer standards. For pine, 59% of the holocellulose (i.e., the sum of cellulose and hemicellulose) in the original wood can be recovered in the cellulose-rich reconstituted material; whereas 31% and 38% of the original lignin is recovered, respectively, as carbohydrate-free lignin and as carbohydrate-bonded lignin in the cellulose-rich material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica supported platinum catalysts coated with a thin film of 1-butyl-2,3-dimethyl-imidazolium trifluoromethane sulfonate (BDiMIm) were investigated with respect to the interaction of the ionic liquid with the oxide support and the metal clusters. IR, inelastic neutron scattering and NMR spectroscopy indicate that the vibrations of the imidazolium ring of ionic liquid are less restricted when supported on SiO2, while the viscosity of the supported ionic liquid increased. The presence of Pt particles enhances the electron density of the ionic liquid at the nitrogen atom inducing higher basicity. The coverage of the catalyst surface and the metal particles by the ionic liquid protects the metal against oxidation. The catalysts are active and stable for hydrogenation of ethene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of task-specific ionic liquids (TSILs) based on glycerylimidazolium cations have been prepared by reaction of 1-chloropropanediol, a compound obtainable from glycerol (a widely available and in-expensive waste product), with the appropriate base (1-H-imidazole, 1,2-dimethylimidazole and 1-methyl-1-H-imidazole). The reaction of 3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propane-1,2-diol with chloroalkanes, bromoalkanes and alkyl mesylates gave the corresponding salts which were characterized. The possibility to use these ILs in palladium catalyzed reactions was evaluated, evidencing good catalyst stability and a high recyclability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 is not only the main gas that causes the greenhouse effect but also a resource with abundant reserves, low price, and low toxicity. It is expected to become an important "carbon source" to replace oil and natural gas in the future. The efficient and clean resource utilization of CO2 has shown important scientific and economic value. Making full use of abundant CO2 resources is in line with the development direction of green chemistry and has attracted the attention of scientists. Environmentally friendly ionic liquids show unique advantages in the capture and conversion of CO2 due to their non-volatilization, designable structure, and good solubility, and show broad application prospects. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the research on the use of an ionic liquid as a catalyst to promote the synthesis of various value-added chemicals in CO2, hoping to make full use of CO2 resources while avoiding the defects of the traditional synthesis route, such as the use of highly toxic raw materials, complicated operation, or harsh reaction conditions. The purpose of this paper is to provide reference for the application and development of ionic liquids in CO2 capture and conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave heating was found to have a beneficial effect on the enzymatic esterification of lactic acid (LA) with ethanol in Cyphos 202 ionic liquid (IL) medium. Microwave irradiation caused hydrolysis of lactoyllactic acid (the linear dimer of LA) during the reaction, thus, as a result, more lactic acid was available as substrate and a higher ester yield was achieved in the esterification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) have emerged as a family of polymeric materials which are being increasingly investigated for interdisciplinary applications. Their high electrical conductivity, excellent thermal/mechanical stability, low vapor pressure, and easy processibility render PILs exceptionally attractive as versatile platforms for green chemistry. Recent decades have witnessed fruitful efforts devoted to the development of PIL-based green chemistry platforms, achieving significant discoveries that will unfold their uniqueness in catalysis, separation, sensors, electrolyte, and functional materials. However, few review papers offer comprehensive discussion on PILs' application in the green chemistry field. In this review, we initially introduce the structure and types of PILs, which is followed by a systematical summary of the synthesis of PILs in terms of direct polymerization of monomer, polymerization after monomer modification, and modification of polymers. Furthermore, several aspects of the application of PILs related to green chemistry are highlighted, such as sensors, separation, catalysis, electrolytes for energy storage devices, and as versatile precursors yielding functional materials. Current challenges and corresponding research directions in PILs for green chemistry are clarified, to make PILs truly green platforms for existing technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing methods for obtaining titanium are harmful as toxic organic solvents must be used. In this paper, three magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) and five hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) were designed and combined for safer extraction of titanium from an HCl leachate of ilmenite (HLI). First, the physicochemical properties including density, viscosity, water content, total organic carbon, and appearance and extraction performance including efficiency, selectivity and reusability of the designed solvents were thoroughly analyzed and compared. Second, the most suitable cation to form MILs for the removal of iron and the best HDES for the extraction of titanium were defined based on sustainable chemistry metrics. The purity of the obtained titanium solution could reach 99.87% after the combined use of the selected MIL and HDES. Finally, toxicity studies on the reagents applied were performed and compared with existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 21st century, transparent flexible sensors (TFSs) have been widely employed in abundant fields, such as smart glasses, intelligent watches, robots, electronic skin, especially biomedicine. Presently, various materials have been developed, such as metal‐based, carbon‐based, conductive polymer‐based, and ionic liquid‐based (IL‐based) materials. Compared with the first three materials, IL, as a novel material, with the tendency of green chemistry development, has a high application prospect in TFSs. Based on this, this paper mainly discusses recent advances in TFSs based on ILs, with special emphasis on the role of ILs and the factors influencing transparency as well as electricity. The current challenges and opportunities for each type of sensors based on IL are also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical upcycling of plastic waste has garnered global attention due to its sustainable approach to addressing the growing plastic waste accumulation problem and facilitating the establishment of a circular plastic economy. Methanolysis is a chemical upcycling process for the depolymerization of post-consumer polycarbonates and polyesters into their monomeric feedstock, which generally requires an excess amount of co-solvents and homogeneous inorganic salts. Herein, a solvent-free heterogeneous catalytic chemical upcycling of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (BPA-PC) and poly(lactic Acid) (PLA) is proposed for the production of bisphenol A (BPA) and methyl lactate (ML) with a high yield using SBA-15 functionalized basic ionic liquid catalysts. Among all the synthesized catalysts, SBA-15-Pr-MIM-OH exhibited the highest basicity and demonstrated the best performance for depolymerization of PC and PLA at 120 °C, completing the reaction in 1 h and 4 h, respectively, with a complete conversion and a monomer yield of >98%. The reaction condition was optimized to get the best catalytic performance and product selectivity. Furthermore, the "one-pot" depolymerization strategy was applied for the chemical upcycling of mixed plastic waste (BPA-PC/and PLA) to their monomers. A detailed depolymerization pathway is provided, supported by FT-IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and TGA. The parameters for green chemistry metrics were evaluated to show the efficiency and sustainability of the proposed system, opening doors for the industrial upscaling of plastic depolymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the results of the application of Aliquat 336 ionic liquid (IL-A) and a deep eutectic mixture consisting of diacetamide and Aliquat 336 (DEM-DA) as carriers in polymer adsorptive membranes (PAMs) used to remove copper(II) and zinc(II) ions from aqueous solutions obtained by leaching computer pins with strong acids. The wettability of the formulated PAMs containing poly(vinyl chloride) as a polymer matrix and bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate as a plasticizer was examined. Using DEM-DA-containing polymer membrane recovered approximately 97% of copper(II) and 96% of zinc(II) ions after 1 h of separation processes, whereas application of IL-A-containing PAM allowed the removal of similar amounts of copper(II) and zinc(II) ions after 3 h. The high efficiency of PAMs was confirmed by the analysis of their chemical composition after the separation processes by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The use of PAMs containing a deep eutectic mixture (DEM) as an ion carrier allows for a reduction of the separation time, which can be of significant economic importance, especially in case of processes carried out on a larger scale. Due to its properties, DEM is considered safe for the natural environment, and its use as a carrier in PAMs represents the so-called "Green Chemistry". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A functional and environmentally benign alkoxycarbonylation reagent, diallyl carbonate (DAC), was employed for the sustainable and catalyst-free allyloxycarbonylation of cellulose under homogenous conditions using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCI) as a solvent. As a result of optimization studies of the reaction conditions and molar ratio of DAC, cellulose was successfully converted to cellulose allyl carbonate exhibiting degrees of substitution (DS) of 0.8–1.3. The optimized conditions were also applied to maize starch leading to a DS of 1.2, thus demonstrating the reproducibility and versatility of the established procedure. The obtained cellulose and starch allyl carbonates were thoroughly characterized by ATR-IR, 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy as well as by size exclusion chromatography (GPC). Thermal properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A transparent thin film was produced from cellulose allyl carbonate and mechanical properties were examined by tensile strength measurements, showing 21.6 MPa of tensile strength with 40% elongation at break. Additionally, cellulose allyl carbonate was successfully modified via thiol–ene chemistry employing 1-butane thiol, resulting in a material with improved thermal properties, showing a thermal transition (Tg) at 84 °C. Furthermore, the reported methodology represents a step forward in terms of sustainability for carbohydrate and especially cellulose modification, since non-toxic reagents were used and BMIMCI as well as the excess of DAC could be recycled and reused for further reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant progress has been made in the past decades in the capture, storage, and utilization of greenhouse gases, particularly CO2. In general, the synthesis of most of the available CO2 sorbents is not ecofriendly and can require multistep synthesis in order to prepare and/or activate, which is considered a strict violation of green chemistry principles (GCPs). Therefore, thinking of green frameworks to design chemical products and processes becomes essential to mitigate these challenges. This paper provides an in‐depth review of available green sorbents for CO2 capture with an emphasis on those prepared from biorenewable materials and ionic liquids. A new metric is presented to classify these sorbents based on their degree of compliance to the GCPs, which could be a useful tool in selection of green alternatives. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of this research topic, a wide range of literature is available in multiple areas including but not limited to chemistry and engineering. Hence, this review targets a wide range of scientists including chemists, biotechnologists, material scientists, and meteorologists, as well as green industrial corporations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of l-phenylalanine ionic liquids (ILs), l-tyrosine ILs, tertiary amino analogues and proposed transformation products (PTPs) have been synthesised. Antimicrobial toxicity data, as part of the green chemistry metrics evaluation and to supplement preliminary biodegradation studies, was determined for ILs, tertiary amino analogues and PTPs. Good to very good overall yields (76 to 87%) for the synthesis of 6 ILs from l-phenylalanine were achieved. A C2-symmetric IL was prepared from TMS-imidazole in a one-pot two-step method in excellent yield (91%). Synthesis of the l-tyrosine IL derivatives utilised a simple protection group strategy by using an extra equivalent of the bromoacetyl bromide reagent. Improvements in the synthesis of the α-bromoamide alkylating reagent from l-phenylalanine were achieved, directed by green chemistry metric analysis. A solvent switch from dichloromethane to THF is described, however the yield was 15% lower. Antimicrobial activity testing of l-phenylalanine ILs, l-tyrosine ILs, tertiary amino analogues and PTPs, against 8 bacteria and 12 fungi strains, showed that no compound had a high antimicrobial activity, apart from an l-proline analogue. In this exceptional case, the highest toxicity (IC95 = 125 and 250 μM) was observed towards the two Gram positive strains Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis respectively. High antimicrobial activity was not found for the other bacteria or fungi strains screened. The limitations of the antimicrobial activity study is discussed in relation to SAR studies. Preliminary analysis of biodegradation data (Closed Bottle Test, OECD 301D) is presented. The pyridinium IL derivative is the preferred green IL of the series based on synthesis, toxicity and biodegradation considerations. This work is a joint study with Kümmerer and co-workers and the PTPs were selected as target compounds based on concurrent biodegradation studies by the Kümmerer group. For the comprehensive biodegradation and transformation product analysis see the accompanying paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclic organic compounds containing sulfur atoms constitute a large group, and they play an important role in the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds. They are valuable intermediates for the synthesis of other compounds or biologically active compounds themselves. The synthesis of heterocyclic compounds poses a major challenge for organic chemists, especially in the context of applying the principles of "green chemistry". This work is a review of the methods of synthesis of various S-heterocyclic compounds using green solvents such as water, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and sabinene. The syntheses of five-, six-, and seven-membered heterocyclic compounds containing a sulfur atom or atoms, as well as those with other heteroatoms and fused-ring systems, are described. It is shown that using green solvents determines the attractiveness of conditions for many reactions; for others, such use constitutes a real compromise between efficiency and mild reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow chemistry technology innovatively integrates the traditional independent experimental operation processes, speeds up reaction rates and, especially, can be applied in special reactions that are hazardous or under difficult reaction conditions, being beneficial for the development of green chemistry and laboratory automation. In flow chemistry, the application of traditional pipeline microreactors is usually limited by blockage, corrosion and difficult maintenance. The micro/nanomaterials-based microreactors for flow chemistry are supposed to solve these problems. Herein, we report a novel solid–liquid composite microreactor (BiOBr@ILG-microspheres) with ionic liquid compartments based on ionic liquid gel microspheres (ILG-microspheres) and a typical photocatalyst, BiOBr. The BiOBr@ILG-microspheres show high photodegradation performance, which is attributed to the enrichment of organic substrates by the ILG-microspheres, the efficient charge transfer microenvironment of the internal ionic liquids (ILs), and the flower-like heterostructure of the microspheres that hosts abundant active sites. Furthermore, the BiOBr@ILG-microspheres are embedded in a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel to build a multi-liquid phase membrane, which exhibits promising performance in removing pollutants continuously from flowing water with an ∼100% removal rate of ciprofloxacin for a long time, due to the synergic effect of the enrichment and catalytic degradation of the pollutants by the BiOBr@ILG-microspheres. This work provides a new research strategy for constructing liquid compartment microreactors with a synergistic effect of extraction–catalysis using the novel developed ILG-microspheres, which will attract widespread interest because it is in accordance with the concept of green chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable energy is the key issue for the environment protection, human activity and economic development. Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are dogmatically regarded as green and sustainable electrolytes in lithium-ion, lithium-metal (e.g., lithium-sulphur, lithium-oxygen) and post-lithium-ion (e.g., sodium-ion, magnesium-ion, and aluminum-ion) batteries. High electrochemical stability of ILs/ DESs is one of the prerequisites for green, sustainable and safe energy; while easy electrochemical decomposition of ILs/DESs would be contradictory to the concept of green chemistry by adding the cost, releasing volatile/hazardous by-products and hindering the recyclability. However, (1) are ILs/DESs-based electrolytes really electrochemically stable when they are not used in batteries? (2) are ILs/DESs-based electrolytes really electrochemically stable in real batteries? (3) how to design ILs/DESs-based electrolytes with high electrochemical stability for batteries to achieve sustainability and green development? Up to now, there is no summary on this topic, to the best of our knowledge. Here, we review the effect of chemical structure and non-structural factors on the electrochemical stability of ILs/DESs in simulated conditions. More importantly, electrochemical stability of ILs/DESs in real lithium-ion, lithium-metal and post-lithium-ion batteries is concluded and compared. Finally, the strategies to improve the electrochemical stability of ILs/DESs in lithium-ion, lithium-metal and post-lithium-ion batteries are proposed. This review would provide a guide to design ILs/DESs with high electrochemical stability for lithium-ion, lithium-metal and postlithium-ion batteries to achieve sustainable and green energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an attempt to perform polycarbonate chemical recycling in a more sustainable way, we took into consideration the combined use of ultrasound irradiation and task specific ionic liquids. Towards this aim, the methanolysis of polycarbonate, into dimethylcarbonate and bisphenol A, was carried out in the presence of cholinium-based ionic liquids featuring anions derived from amino acids and other eco-friendly species. The target process was optimized in terms of both energy and material amounts as well as in terms of the nature of the catalysts used. The proposed protocol allowed high conversion and yields of bisphenol A to be obtained, under milder conditions compared to the ones so far reported in the literature, perfectly fulfilling green chemistry principles. The best performing catalyst can be reused without significant loss in performance and the methodology can be successfully applied to post-consumer polycarbonate samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multi-step reaction of CO2 over basic catalysts significantly improves the diversity of products, vividly embodying the ability of green chemistry to turn waste into treasure. However, under a Lewis acidic CO2 atmosphere, the activity maintenance of the multi-step reaction puts forward higher requirements for the reversible regeneration ability of the basic catalysts. Novel Lewis–Brønsted binary basic poly(ionic liquid)s (LB-PILs) were successfully developed through a radical copolymerization followed by ion-exchange strategy, and were applied to the two-step synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) by coupling CO2 cycloaddition and CH3OH transesterification without any cocatalyst. Relying on the activation of CO2 by Lewis basic tertiary N and the thermal recovery of nucleophilic HCO3− to stronger Brønsted basic OH− with the help of temperature control in CH3OH transesterification, the LB-PILs presented high activity, stable repeatability and linear carbonate universality. In situ IR analysis and Knoevenagel condensation, combined with theoretical calculations, provided reliable support for the ingenious incorporation of reversible regeneration of basic catalysts in a Lewis acidic CO2 atmosphere and multi-step coupling reaction process of CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By applying concept and principles of green chemistry into different technological processes, green technologies are developed. The environmental and economic benefits of “green” approach is achieved through several directions, such as the use of renewable raw materials, creation of economic efficiency, the use of alternative reaction conditions, as well as the application of non-conventional solvents. From the point view of green chemistry, alternative solvents, in order to be a “green“ substitution to hazardous organic solvents, should be: non-volatile, non-flammable, stabile, synthesized by an environmentally friendly procedure, nontoxic and biodegradable. The toxic impact of all newly synthesized chemicals, such as alternative solvents, could be determined by methods and techniques of ecotoxicology. Ecotoxicology, an interdisciplinary scientific field, can serve as a way of monitoring the greenness of the processes. In vivo and in vitro experiments are used to study the effects of chemicals on different levels of organizations, from molecules to communities and ecosystem. The usage of in vitro methods is encouraged by a scientific community and regulatory agencies as an alternative to in vivo studies in order to reduce the number of laboratory animals used in the toxicological studies. Therefore, in this paper we gave a brief overview on the usage of animal cell cultures within the field of green chemistry and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural auxins are a group of plant hormones that affect plant growth and development. The most common auxin is indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA), which is mainly synthesized from tryptophan. Since converting synthetic auxins into an ionic liquid increases their herbicidal activity, an attempt was made to synthesize new amino acid ionic liquids (AAILs) with l‐tryptophanate anions. As a result of the synthesis, two homologous series, tetraalkylammonium l‐tryptophanates and dialkyldimethylammonium l‐tryptophanates, were obtained with yields exceeding 95 %. For the obtained AAILs, basic physicochemical properties (solubility in solvents of different polarity, thermal stability, phase changes, and surface activity) were determined, and whether the obtained salts act as growth stimulants for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was evaluated. The transformation of l‐tryptophan into AAILs improved the physicochemical properties and increased the auxin activity. In addition, the higher content of nutrients (micro‐ and macroelements) made lettuce a healthier food product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Important roles of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents in green chemistry. • Overview on the efficiency of nanofluids in green chemistry. • Cutting-edge methodologies for sustainable synthesis of organic materials. • Mechanism of action in ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. Form past till now, green chemistry has been considered as a promising technique for the organic synthesis of materials toward environmental sustainability and economic development. The prominent duties of green chemistry are the enhancement of production efficacy and decrement of waste generation during the operation. In order to implement this process in industries, important green strategies like avoiding waste production, application of catalytic amount of catalyst, reduction of energy consumption and eventually, employment of renewable /bio-degradable substances must be paid attention. The industrial-based application of ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents and nanofluids have recently been of great interest as eco-friendly, bio-degradable and green materials, which significantly improve the efficiency of green synthesis of organic materials. This paper aims to comprehensively review the breakthrough and cutting-edge methodologies for sustainable and green synthesis of organic materials. Then after, the advantages, performance and the mechanism of action for each technique are explained and the environmental challenges toward their efficient industrial application are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homogeneous esterification of cellulose isolated from Stipatenacissima plant located in the eastern region of Morocco, using anhydride and acid chloride compounds has been performed in ionic liquids (ILs) prepared in our laboratory as reaction mediums. ILs were chosen as solvents due to their green character and ability to disperse native cellulose compared to other solvents. [C4mim]OAc showed the highest solubility percentage of cellulose (15 wt%). Other principles of green chemistry were applied herein such as the uses of biomass, catalysts, and green solvents. The formed cellulosic esters were analyzed for structural, surface, and thermal properties by various analytical techniques: FTIR-ATR, NMR, XRD, TGA, and DSC. The esterificating agents were varied in this study to obtain different cellulose derivatives. Notably, high degrees of substitution (DS) were achieved for cellulose propionate (2.91) and cellulose butyrate (2.76). However, cellulose phthalate and cellulose laureate were obtained with low DS values, which affect their solubility in different solvents depending on their DS values. The effect of esterification on cellulose properties, on one hand, decreases the crystallinity index (CIr) and crystallite size, however, on the other hand, increased the surface area and pore volume. The contact angle measurements revealed an enhancement in the hydrophobicity of the cellulose esters. Particularly, cellulose propionate with high DS exhibited a significantly elevated contact angle, reaching 142.5°. This emphasizes that the hydrophobic nature of the modified cellulose can be improved by raising the DS, rather than solely relying on the length of the carbonyl chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present research, the design and synthesis of polyfunctionalized pyrrole derivatives using one-pot, multi-component reactions including aromatic aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate, thiadiazole derivatives, and nitromethane in the presence of 3-sulfonic acid 1-imidazolopyridinium hydrogen sulfate ([Simp]HSO4]) ionic liquid and under solvent-free conditions were discussed. Since pyrrole derivatives have various medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity, and they are very important from biological and medicinal points of view, therefore, it is very important to provide efficient and green methods for preparing these compounds.On the other hand, considering the environmental pollution and the development of the green chemistry approach, and the recommendation to reduce the use of toxic solvents in chemical reactions, extensive research to find new synthetic methods based on the use of environmentally friendly solvents and catalysts that lead to the reduction of waste materials and products. This method used the ionic liquid 3-sulfonic acid 1-imidazolopyridinium hydrogen sulfate ([Simp]HSO4]) as a recoverable catalyst in the green synthesis of pyrrole derivatives.This method has some advantages such as high yield, no use of organic solvents, mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, and easy separation without using chromatography. The structure of all products was characterized using physical data as well as ¹HNMR, 13CNMR and IR spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art and major trends in the application of protic ionic liquids (PILs) to sustainable chemistry. Following a brief description of the distinguishing properties of PILs, there are four application areas reviewed: acid catalysis, biomass transformations, energy storage and conversion, and electrocatalysis. The aim of this contribution is to showcase applications in which the properties of PILs are the key enabling factor for a particular sustainable chemistry challenge. In addition, the challenges and future directions in sustainable applications of PILs are discussed, highlighting challenges as well as areas for future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Due to environmental concerns, there is a need to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of conventional organic solvents, as these are environmentally harmful. This paper reports on a novel one-pot synthesis of tetrabromoethylcyclohexane ( TBECH) in aqueous medium, using amino-functionalized ionic liquids, which catalyze the reaction and make it more environmentally friendly. RESULTS Compared with the traditional synthesis, tetrabromoethylcyclohexane is obtained with equivalent yield (90%), at room temperature, in a short reaction time (∼2 h compared with the previous 17 h) and with a strong reduction of the use of organic solvents; finally two isomers are obtained instead of four. Furthermore, a novel procedure to prepare the ionic liquids has been designed and two new ones have also been synthesised. The calculated environmental factors ( EFs), which measure the environmental sustainability, showed a strong reduction of the use of organic solvents for all syntheses of ionic liquids and TBECHs. CONCLUSIONS The excellent properties of amino-functionalized ionic liquids as solvents and catalysts for chemo- and diastereo-selective bromination of C  C bonds in water were confirmed with the synthesis of tetrabromoethylcyclohexane. Given the wide use of brominated compounds in the chemical industry, this procedure could be of wide interest. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using environmentally friendly solvents for liquid–liquid extraction offers a promising avenue for promoting sustainability in various industries. Green solvents, including ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, supercritical fluids, and bio-based solvents, offer several advantages compared to the traditional solvents of the present time. These solvents possess low toxicity, biodegradability, and reduced environmental impact, making them highly desirable for liquid–liquid extraction processes. Through careful adjustments in composition and physicochemical properties, these solvents can be customized to achieve efficient and selective extraction of desired compounds. Additionally, recent advances in green solvents often contribute to improved energy efficiency, reduced waste production, and the potential for developing novel products with unique characteristics. By embracing green solvents for liquid–liquid extraction, industries can actively contribute to sustainable development, minimize environmental harm, and support the transition towards an eco-friendlier future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a class of transition metal-modified MCM-41 mesoporous silica supported ionic liquids nanocatalysts were constructed and efficiently used as catalysts for the effective carboxylation of terminal alkynes through CO2 utilization. The main factors affecting the catalytic performance of carboxylation and its possible reaction mechanism were sufficiently discussed. The results showed that when the dosage was 0.2 g, the temperature was 40°C and the CO2 pressure was 0.3 MPa, the supported catalyst MCM-41@IL-Sm showed the optimal catalytic efficiency. The novel catalyst proved to be highly efficient for the sustainable synthesis of alkynyl carboxylic acids attributing good to excellent yields of 82%–95% within 7–12 h. Moreover, MCM-41@IL-Sm could be recycled and reused six times without noticeable decrease in catalytic activity from two-phase system under external heterogeneous field. The application of supported ionic liquids in the field of carbon dioxide carboxylation has injected a new power source for the efficient and effective production of value-added chemicals from waste CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable ionic liquids are promising compounds in green chemistry applications. While using them as solvent or reaction media is an important step towards more environmentally friendly chemistry, their synthesis is usually expensive and not green at all. Herein, a benign route to synthesize task ‐ specific ionic liquids is presented, offering several possible functionalities in the cation and anion (artwork by D. Kraban). More information can be found in the Full Paper by C. Liedel et al. on page 11810. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are formed by mixing quaternary ammonium salts (e.g., choline chloride) and hydrogen-bond donors (e.g., glycerol or urea), which leads to biodegradable and readily available ionic solvents at room temperature. Analogous to other ionic liquids, DESs represent a promising reaction media if hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates need to be combined. This paper assesses DESs as reaction media for chymotrypsin-catalyzed peptide synthesis. After careful determination of the reaction conditions (e.g., water content, enzyme loading), α-chymotrypsin displayed high activity for peptide synthesis in choline chloride/glycerol mixtures to afford productivities of ca. 20 g L-1 h-1 and with complete selectivity for the peptide, which is in contrast to the detrimental hydrolysis pathway observed in aqueous media. The nonimmobilized suspended enzyme could be reused several times by simple filtration with excellent to moderate activities. Overall, the results reported suggest that choline chloride based DESs may become promising neoteric solvents for peptide synthesis through biocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reported a green and efficient extraction strategy to lithium isotope separation. A 4-methyl-10-hydroxybenzoquinoline (ROH), hydrophobic ionic liquid-1,3-di(isooctyl)imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([D( i-C)IM][PF]), and hydrophilic ionic liquid-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (ILCl) were used as the chelating agent, extraction medium and ionic associated agent. Lithium ion (Li) first reacted with ROH in strong alkali solution to produce a lithium complex anion. It then associated with IL to form the Li(RO)IL complex, which was rapidly extracted into the organic phase. Factors for effect on the lithium isotope separation were examined. To obtain high extraction efficiency, a saturated ROH in the [D( i-C)IM][PF] (0.3 mol l), mixed aqueous solution containing 0.3 mol l lithium chloride, 1.6 mol l sodium hydroxide and 0.8 mol l ILCl and 3:1 were selected as the organic phase, aqueous phase and phase ratio (o/a). Under optimized conditions, the single-stage extraction efficiency was found to be 52 %. The saturated lithium concentration in the organic phase was up to 0.15 mol l. The free energy change (ΔG), enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) of the extraction process were −0.097 J mol, −14.70 J mol K and −48.17 J mol K, indicating a exothermic process. The partition coefficients of lithium will enhance with decrease of the temperature. Thus, a 25 °C of operating temperature was employed for total lithium isotope separation process. Lithium in Li(RO)IL was stripped by the sodium chloride of 5 mol l with a phase ratio (o/a) of 4. The lithium isotope exchange reaction in the interface between organic phase and aqueous phase reached the equilibrium within 1 min. The single-stage isotope separation factor of Li-Li was up to 1.023 ± 0.002, indicating that Li was concentrated in organic phase and Li was concentrated in aqueous phase. All chemical reagents used can be well recycled. The extraction strategy offers green nature, low product cost, high efficiency and good application prospect to lithium isotope separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts on green chemistry topics which include lignocellulosic biomass deconstruction with ionic liquids, chitin nanofibers electrospinning directly from an ionic liquid extract of shrimp shells, and soybean oil (SO) acrylation for SO-based macromonomers preparation.

The cost of separation and purification of amino acids accounts for more than 80% of their total production expenditure. Thus, investigation into new separation technology is of great importance. In this paper, a new hydrophobic amide-based functionalized ionic liquid ([EimCH2CONHBu]NTf2) was designed and synthesized for the extraction of amino acids. From the preliminary experiments we found that the ionic liquid has a special selectivity for tryptophan (Trp) when pH = 0.5, and that its partition coefficient (PIL/W) can reach up to 10.02. Subsequently, important factors that affect the extraction process by [EimCH2CONHBu]NTf2 were studied systematically. It was found that the extraction equilibrium could be achieved in 30 min. It was found that pH influences the PIL/W greatly; the smaller the pH value, the higher the PIL/W. When pH ＞ pK2, the PIL/W is close to zero. With the increase of the volume ratio of the ionic liquid, extraction efficiency increases, while the PIL/W decreases. As for the effect of the initial concentration (C0) of tryptophan, PIL/W decreases with an increase of C0 when [EimCH2CONHBu]NTf2 is used as the extractant. From the investigation of the effect of temperature if was found that the extraction process of amino acid by functionalized ionic liquids is exothermic. Experiments on the recycling and reuse of [EimCH2CONHBu]NTf2 were also performed, and it was found that the extraction efficiency of [EimCH2CONHBu]NTf2 does not change after four cycles. Finally, the mechanisms were probed and the results show that the hydrogen bond formed between the acetyl group of the ionic liquid and the NH2 group of tryptophan accounts for the higher extraction efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is widely used for beverage bottles, electrical and electronic instruments, household wares, and so on. As a consequence of dramatically increasing consumption, recycling of post-consumer PET products has become an important environmental opportunity for sustainable usage in society. In this paper, we investigated the use of chlorine-free metallic acetate ionic liquids (ILs) as catalysts for the degradation of PET because of their lower toxicity, corrosivity, and cost. 1,3-Diethylimidazolium triaceticzincate ([deim][Zn(OAc)3]) behaved as the best in this group. The synthesized ILs and the major product, characterized by a variety of techniques and factors affecting glycolysis, were examined. Under optimum conditions, conversion of PET reached 98.05 %, and the selectivity of the bis(hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) monomer was 70.94 %. A probable mechanism for the glycolysis of PET catalyzed by [deim][Zn(OAc)3] was given. In our opinion, catalysis accounted for the synergic effect of the cation and anion of the IL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts on green chemistry including the conversion of inulin and fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfura, the synthesis of 6-aminouracils, and the ionic liquids from the renewable biomaterials.

We report for the first time a comprehensive study on the synthesis (supported by green chemistry metrics), aggregation properties, bacterial/fungal toxicities and preliminary data on biodegradation of a series of 24 l-phenylalanine derived surface-active ionic liquids (SAILs). The various cationic headgroups included pyridinium, imidazolium, and cholinium groups and enabled a comprehensive analysis of the effect of the alkyl ester chain (from C2 to C16) on the synthesis, toxicity, biodegradability, and surfactant properties of the novel SAILs. The evaluation of the SAILs revealed that a wide variety of properties were strictly dependent on the side chain length, including their bacterial and fungal toxicities (from low toxicity to high toxicity), and aggregation properties. Addition of the l-phenylalanine moiety which connects the lipophilic side chain to the cationic head group results in the phenyl group essentially contributing to the self-assembling properties. The interplay of dispersion interactions of the phenyl ring and the side chain hydrophobicity allows us to rank the novel SAILs (thus identifying the remarkable ones) as compared to other surfactants. The CMC values for the SAILs reported in this study are significantly (up to 10 times) lower than those reported for conventional surfactants with the same length of the side chain. Adsorption and micellization are among the factors affecting the toxicity of the studied SAILs. Preliminary biodegradation studies have shown that no clear trend was observed when comparing the closed bottle test results of the SAIL C2 and C10 derivatives. Medium chain length (C6 to C8) pyridinium SAILs have been recommended as the most prospective green alternatives for conventional cationic surfactants. These findings can contribute to designing new efficient amphiphiles with optimized antimicrobial activities and to employ them as potential environmentally benign mineralisable surfactants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts related to green chemistry including "Industrial biotechnology—the future of green chemistry?," by Stefanie Wenda and colleagues, "Ruthenium diacetate-catalysed oxidative alkenylation of C—H bonds in air: synthesis of alkenyl N-arylpyrazoles," by Percia B. Arockiam and colleagues, and "Azepanium ionic liquids," by Tayeb Belhocine and colleagues.

Abstract: This paper provides an overview of various search strategies, methods and tools for searching catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds. These are also commonly referred to as “homogeneous catalysts”, in contradistinction to true heterogeneous metal or metal oxide catalysts, typically on an inorganic support. The characteristic material and search aspects are illustrated by way of exemplary patent applications for catalysts/systems that find use in industrially important reactions such as hydroformylation, hydrocyanation, (asymmetric) hydrogenation, olefin metathesis, cross-coupling or come from emerging fields (e.g. C–H activation, “green chemistry”). EPO internal, commercial, as well as some freeware tools are explained, including an evaluation of strengths and weaknesses. Emphasis is placed on how these catalysts are searched at the European Patent Office, i.e. patentability searches of patent applications. Nevertheless, the information and evaluations provided herein should enable the reader to set up a strategy for any specific search problem in this field, including high precision (quick) and high recall clearance or validity searches. Additionally, much insight is provided on search methods at the EPO, databases etc, which can be of wider interest than catalyst searches alone. The paper is divided into two parts. This part (part 2) deals with non-patent literature searching and the overall conclusions, whereas part 1 in the previous issue of this journal dealt with terminology and the basics of patent searching. See also the Introduction in part 1 for the distribution of content between the individual parts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

As the interest for environmental increases and environmental laws become more stringent, the need to replace existing processes with new more sustainable technologies becomes a primary objective. The use of ionic liquids to replace organic solvents in metal catalyzed reactions has recently gained much attention and great progress has been accomplished in this area in the last years. This paper reviews the recent developments in the application of ionic liquids and related systems (supported ionic liquids, ionic polymers, and so on) in the Heck reaction. Merits and achievements of ionic liquids were analyzed and discussed considering the possibility of increasing the effectiveness of industrial processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper provides an overview of various search strategies, methods and tools for searching catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds. These are also commonly referred to as “homogeneous catalysts”, in contradistinction to true heterogeneous metal or metal oxide catalysts, typically on an inorganic support. The characteristic material and search aspects are illustrated by way of exemplary patent applications for catalysts/systems that find use in industrially important reactions such as hydroformylation, hydrocyanation, (asymmetric) hydrogenation, olefin metathesis, cross-coupling or come from emerging fields (e.g. C–H activation, “green chemistry”). EPO internal, commercial, as well as some freeware tools are explained, including an evaluation of strengths and weaknesses. Emphasis is placed on how these catalysts are searched at the European Patent Office, i.e. patentability searches of patent applications. Nevertheless, the information and evaluations provided herein should enable the reader to set up a strategy for any specific search problem in this field, including high precision (“quick”) and high recall clearance or validity searches. Additionally, much insight is provided on search methods at the EPO, databases etc, which can be of wider interest than catalyst searches alone. The paper is divided into two parts. This part (part 1) deals with terminology and the basics of patent searching, whereas part 2 in the next issue of this journal will deal with non-patent literature searching and the overall conclusions. See also the introduction for the distribution of content between the individual parts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

There will be common challenges to scaling‐up any ionic liquids separations technologies which require very large volumes of ionic liquid. Some of these challenges are illustrated in this personal account which chronicles the extraction of chitin from shrimp shell from discovery to current commercialization efforts. The road being taken from discovery in an academic laboratory, through attempts to navigate the scaling‐up to commercial scale using the vehicle of a faculty startup company is rewarding, but fraught with roadblocks, detours, and unexpected challenges. The differences in 'technically feasible' and 'commercially viable' are not always evident from the beginning of the journey, however, one wonders what achievements we miss as a Society because it was assumed to not be commercially viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Multiapproach were established to verify inherent safety and compatibility while DEAD is soluble in three ILs. • The reaction mechanism of DEAD with solvents effect was elucidated by Thermal Safety Software (TSS) and Semenov theory. • T NR and SADT were used to set up a crucial safety assessment indicator for DEAD during storage and transportation. • [BMIM][PF 6 ], [BMIM][BF 4 ] and [BMIM][NTf 2 ] are smart stabilizers for the industrial process application of DEAD. As a homogeneous system consists of diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) soluble in three ionic liquids (ILs), such as [BMIM][NTf 2 ], [BMIM][BF 4 ], [BMIM][PF 6 ], the catalytic efficiency can be substantially improved. However, their compatibility and stability have not yet been understood. The present study combines Thermal Safety Software (TSS) with Semenov theory in an in-depth analysis of experiment data to elucidate the reaction mechanism of DEAD with solvents effect. The characteristic thermokinetic parameters of DEAD dissolved in these three ILs, which TSS simulated, were high and consistent with the experimental values. Evidence was presented which showed that the thermal decomposition reaction mechanisms were determined as N-order model when DEAD soluble in the three ILs, and the order of the compatibility was: [BMIM][NTf 2 ] > [BMIM][BF 4 ] > [BMIM][PF 6 ]. In this paper, the simulated value of self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) was 48 °C for DEAD soluble in [BMIM][PF 6 ] with a certain proportion, compared with the SADT value 43 °C calculated by Semenov theory. The research presented here confirms that 43 °C is the upper limit standard for the storage and transportation of DEAD, which paves a new avenue to facilitate the industrial process application of DEAD. The study concludes that three ILs are the smart stabilizers for DEAD, ameliorating its catalytic efficiency and thermal stability and laying a foundation for the rational design of catalysts toward green chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the materials used in biomass processing techniques, ionic liquids (ILs) are found to be more efficient and environmentally friendly, especially in terms of lignin and cellulose dissolution. However, designing IL molecules and applying them to green chemical processes at low temperatures also remains a grand challenge. Here, we design and fabricate two IL molecules containing an extended benzene ring conjugated system. Surprisingly, the IL molecules can efficiently catalyze H2O2 to produce ˙OH radicals at room temperature and very low concentrations, and also improve the dissolution of lignin in cottonseed hulls and the swelling of cotton fiber. There are strong interactions between the IL molecules with an extended π-conjugated system and cellulose/lignin macromolecules verified via density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The activation energy of the hydrogen peroxide reaction is appreciably reduced by generating free radicals with the catalysis of the IL molecules. The IL/H2O2 system was used in cotton cold pad-batch bleaching. Cotton fabric can be scoured and bleached at room temperature via one step, saving a lot of energy and chemicals. The green chemical processes catalyzed by the IL molecules afford enormous advantages in energy saving and efficiency improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the synthesis of task-specific imidazolium ionic compounds and ionic liquids with key functionalities of organic molecules from electro-, polymer-, and coordination chemistry. Such products are highly functional and potentially suitable for technology applications even though they are formed without elaborate reactions and from cheap and potentially green reagents. We further demonstrate the versatility of the used synthetic approach by introducing different functional and green counterions to the formed ionic liquids directly during the synthesis or after metathesis reactions. The influence of different cation structures and different anions on the thermal and electrochemical properties of the resulting ionic liquids is discussed. Our goal is to make progress towards economically competitive and sustainable task-specific ionic liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Synergism of the ionic liquids and lipase could enhance biorefinery efficiency. • Solid-state fermentation can be used for biomass pretreatment and lipase production. • Ionic liquids could be used for isolation of lignocellulosic building blocks. • Ionic liquids are shown to be a valuable medium for biotransformations. • Sustainability of the integrated bioprocess evaluated by green chemistry metrics. Lignocellulosic biorefinery processes used to produce bioenergy and value-added products are technologically complex, expensive, energy-demanding, and often not environmentally friendly. Expansion of new value-added products produced in the existing biorefinery is hampered by a lack of efficient and, at the same time, sustainable technologies. Therefore, there is a strong need to develop novel technologies and/or create synergies between existing technologies to convert lignocellulosic biomass into value-added products in a sustainable manner. In this paper, solutions for cascade processes to convert lignocellulosic biomass into value-added products using ionic liquids and lipases are investigated. First, the chemical composition of lignocellulosic biomass and basic principles of solid-state fermentation are summarized. Then, an overview of lipase production by solid-state cultivation of microorganisms on lignocellulosic biomass is given. Additionally, the use of ionic liquids for lignocellulosic biomass valorization is discussed, followed by an overview of lipase-catalyzed biotransformation in ionic liquids in batch reactors and microreactors. At the end, a sustainability assessment of the synthesis of three selected ionic liquids and six lipase-catalyzed biotransformation in ionic liquids was performed using green chemistry metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are designable solvents having widespread applications. They have gained tremendous attention in the last few decades due to their inherent physicochemical properties, making them distinctive solvents from technological point of view. There are a large number of research articles published on physicochemical properties and applications of ILs and DESs, however, limited research work is available on the phytotoxic effect of ILs and DESs. They are considered as environmentally friendly greener solvents, however, during experimental work, it has been found that they are not always as green as desired. It has been reported that ILs and DESs have phytotoxic properties and effect both aquatic and terrestrial plants. Here the phototoxic problems of ILs and DESs are reviewed. Similar to the traditional solvents, the aforementioned solvents are not safe, and it is important to determine their phytotoxicity prior to highlighting their potential applications. This review will help researchers to design new eco‐friendly ILs and DESs, which can fulfil the twelve principles of green chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic liquids (ILs), as one of the most concerned functional materials in recent decades, have opened up active perspectives for electrocatalysis. In catalyst preparation, ILs act as characteristic active components besides media and templates. Compared with catalysts obtained using ordinary reagents, IL-derived catalysts have a special structure and catalytic performance due to the influence of IL's special physicochemical properties and structures. This review mainly describes the use of ILs as modifiers and reaction reagents to prepare electrocatalysts for water splitting. The designability of ILs provides opportunities for the ingenious composition of cations or anions. ILs containing heteroatoms (N, O, S, P, etc.) and transition metal anion (FeCl4−, NiCl3−, etc.) can be used to directly prepare metal phosphides, sulfides, carbides and nitrides, and so forth. The special physicochemical properties and supramolecular structures of ILs can provide growth conditions for catalysts that are different from the normal media environment, inducing special structure and high performance. ILs as heteroatom sources are safe, green and easy to operate compared with traditional heteroatom sources. The strategy for using ILs as reagents is expected to realize 100% atomic transformation of reactants, in line with the concept of green chemistry. This review reflects the discovered work with the best findings from the literature. It will offer readers a deeper understanding on the development of IL-derived electrocatalysts and inspire them to ingeniously design high-performance electrocatalysts for water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose-based materials have attracted great attention due to the demand for eco-friendly materials and renewable energy alternatives. An increase in the use of these materials is expected in the coming years due to progressive decline in the supply of petrochemicals. Based on the limitations of cellulose in terms of dissolution/processing, and focused on green chemistry, new cellulose production techniques are emerging, such as dissolution and functionalization in ionic liquids which are known as green solvents. This review summarizes the recent ionic liquids used in processing cellulose, including pretreatment, hydrolysis, functionalization, and conversion into bio-based platform chemicals. The recent literatures investigating the progress that ILs have made in their transition from academia to commercial application of cellulosic biomass are also reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]