Search

The field of Postcolonial Studies is one of the academic fashions that has arisen in an attempt to amend or replace radical theories of social power since the alleged discrediting of Marxism. The Canadian case is more ambiguous. Postcolonialism, already an essentially contested concept, is especially conflicted where Canada is concerned. Canada has certainly had a colonial past, with parts of its territory having been claimed by one European power or another since Giovanni Caboto (alias Jean Cabot, a.k.a. John Cabot) landed in Newfoundland in 1497. Canada, however, is unlike countries such as Peru, Congo, Iraq, India, and Malaysia whose indigenous populations were politically repressed and economically exploited during long periods of alien cultural domination. As Cynthia Sugars (2004) has pointed out, like other "settler-invaded cultures," the application of postcolonial methodology is problematic because of Canada's "location within the industrialized West [and] because of its treatment of its aboriginal peoples and other minorities. [So], questions proliferate: Is Canada postcolonial? Who in Canada is postcolonial? Are some Canadians more postcolonial than others?" Elements of this story have cropped up in the work of the widely respected US sociologist, Seymour Martin Lipset. The genuine and original "Canadian identity," Lipset says, is "the result of a victorious counterrevolution, and in a sense must justify its raison d'etre by emphasizing the virtues of being separate from the United States."

In this article, the author argues the common assumption among teachers that the traditional academic essay is the most appropriate sustained writing activity for students. As a feminist, the author believes that the traditional academic essay considers a positivist, patriarchal epistemology that governs beliefs about knowledge and teaching practices in her school and in many others' across the United States. The author instead recommends that teachers should follow "Why History Matters," a collection of Gerda Lerner's essays. Lerner's writing and arguments promotes a feminist epistemology that recognizes the subjectivity of the historian matters to history writing. The author also discusses how Lerner's writing and rhetoric promote the feminist philosophical perspectives of Lorraine Code. (Contains 7 notes.)

Chronological thinking is an indispensable tool to structure a historical narrative and to give meaning to a sequence of events. It is not a natural skill, so the conscious inclusion of tasks stimulating that skill in teaching is crucial. It is important to appropriately test students' chronological skills by means of well--constructed examination tasks administered at the conclusion of subsequent stages of education. The authors discuss tasks that assess chronological thinking included in contemporary exam papers in Finland, France, the Netherlands, Russia, the USA and the United Kingdom. The tasks included in Polish arts and humanities exam papers at the lower secondary school level in the years 2002-2011 and the first history paper (2012) are then analysed. The final section presents the results of a survey to test the chronological thinking of lower secondary school students carried out by the Educational Research Institute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the strategies of the French fashion business to authenticate its designs and brands under the challenge of mass-produced ready-to-wear clothing by US manufacturers. It focuses on the 1950s as a pivotal moment in fashion history, as the older model of elite fashion ‘trickling down’ to the lower strata of garment production made way for a multiplicity of trendsetters and a democratisation of fashion. Starting from a situation in which New York-based manufacturers produced low-price copies of Parisian designs, the paper analyses the various strategies of French fashion producers to get control over the exploitation of their designs. As attempts to secure international copyright for fashion designs failed, Parisian designers brought out tie-in products and boutique lines and managed to shift the authenticity of their work from the design to the brand. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the anti-Vietnam War activism of a group of American expatriates in France, the Paris American Committee to Stopwar (PACS), from its formation in 1966 to its dissolution in 1968. Using oral history and archival research, the article uses PACS’ history to further recent studies focusing on the Vietnam War as a global event. Through an evaluation of how PACS dealt with Communism, networking, military deserters and the French government, the article demonstrates how being in France benefited and limited anti-war activism while also highlighting changes in French governmental attitudes post-May 1968. In so doing, the article showcases the significance of location in determining how anti-war protest plays out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the evolution of shipping and trade between the United States and France from the end of the American War of Independence to the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1783–1815). It argues that commercial relations followed their own, internal dynamic and had scarce connections to statist commercial policies. These relations were, however, deeply responsive to the international context and to warfare in particular. American shipping to France experienced an extraordinary boom after the outbreak of war between France and Great Britain in 1793. The paper explores the nature of this trade and demonstrates that its full understanding requires a global approach to trade flows in the Atlantic World rather than the bilateral approaches which dominate contemporary as well as most historical analyses. A broader analysis must integrate merchant strategies and networks into the Atlantic history. The last part of the paper analyses the specific case of Bordeaux, the major French port for US shipping during the French Wars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CONNOLLY C. Nursing Inquiry 2004; 11: 138 –147 Pale, poor, and ‘pretubercular’ children: a history of pediatric antituberculosis efforts in France, Germany, and the United States, 1899–1929 An international consensus emerged in the years between 1900 and 1910 regarding the need to refocus antituberculosis efforts away from treating tuberculosis in adults and toward preventing active disease in children. This paper uses social history as a framework to explore pediatric health experiments in France (foster placement of city children with rural farm families), Germany (open-air schools), and the United States (preventorium) for children considered ‘pretubercular’. The scientific, social, and political variables that reshaped prevailing ideas and practice with regard to TB prevention during those years are described. The creation of the first preventorium in the United States is explained and the way in which French and German pediatric prevention strategies were adapted to address a specific population considered at high risk in the United States, indigent immigrants, is detailed. For each of these three nations, nurses were central actors. Their efforts provide a unique vantage point to study the cultural dimensions of risk and prevention embedded in nursing care and the interplay between science, culture, nurses, and the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cost–benefit analysis (CBA), as a common instrument in the decision making process on how to allocate financial resources, has been widely used in various research areas and in almost all of countries over the world. However, the origin and the historical development of CBA has long been subject to neglect. We attempt to fill this gap and clarify the origin and the early development of CBA. Methods: A comparative analysis is used to investigate the origin and the early development of CBA in France and the USA. The comparison is focused on two questions: (1) which criteria should be applied to decide whether or not a project should be carried out, and (2) with which procedure these criteria can be used for real projects. Results: The origin of CBA can be dated back to the work of Saint-Pierre in France in 1708. Dupuit introduces the concept of consumer's surplus that founds the economic basis of CBA. These works are not taken seriously in France and do not draw attention from other countries. Hence, until the 1930s, the principle of CBA is newly proposed in the US and the Green Book marks the mature of CBA. Conclusions: The early development of CBA in France and the US is independent from the aspects of historical background, personnel, approaches and standardization. This study could help researchers of various disciplines be sure about the history of CBA when they perform this analysis in their research areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reprint of the article "Feigned Amesia as a Defense Reaction," by George E. Price and William B. Terhune, which appeared in the Februrary 22, 1919 issue is presented. It discusses the tendency of many examiners to classify feigned as amnesia due to hysteria. It cites as an example the examination of soldiers under arrest at the office of the provost marshal of Paris, in which they feign amnesia as a defense reaction to escape punishment.

This article traces the historical evolution of ongoing theoretical debates in psychology in France from the 1940s until today. Its aim is to show how the conjunction of certain conditions led to a rapid expansion of American-derived mainstream health psychology during the 1980s. The authors describe the French context in the post-World War II period and outline the implementation of ‘clinical psychology in health settings’ in the 1950s, under the influence of Daniel Lagache. The strong critiques of the new psychology profession in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s are examined. Our conclusion reflects upon future implications of ongoing rivalries between different approaches to psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Health psychology” is a newer sub-discipline whose research methodologies, theories, and practices were borrowed from diverse areas of psychology. It appeared later in France than in the United States or United Kingdom. In 1966, I adopted a perspective between anthropology and psycho-sociology of medicine. I never have self-identified as a “Health Psychologist”, continuing to work outside of disciplinary boundary constraints, but studied health questions moving first from psychology (and anthropology), through social psychology to sociology. By the 1980s, I adopted an even broader multi-disciplinary approach to health, as the HIV/AIDS epidemic urgently challenged health researchers/practitioners, in France and worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This essay offers a reflexive return to two research projects to demonstrate the value of Bourdieu's emphasis on the symbolic for the analysis of contemporary urban transformation. Bourdieu's insistence that we track the social genesis and diffusion of spatial categories of thought and action directs us to the empirical study of the struggles between agents and organizations that promote and/or oppose these categories, as well as the political, economic and other interests animating the agents. A retracing of the parallel invention of the ‘at‐risk neighborhood’ (quartier sensible) coined for and targeted by French urban policy since the late 1980s and the emergence of ‘historic’ or ‘diverse’ neighborhoods touted by gentrifying residents, cultural organizations and real estate agents in the United States since the 1960s challenges misleading oppositions between materiality and representations that often underpin and cramp urban research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary radical right-wing populism is generally associated with nativism, usually defined as an intense hostility to anything deemed alien and threatening to national cohesion. This article explores the origins and evolution of nativism in three major nineteenth-century populist movements - antebellum Know Nothingism and post-civil-war agrarian populism in the United States and late nineteenth-century Boulangism in France. All of them advanced nativist propositions to bolster their populist agenda, yet not of the same nature and to the same extent. These differences can largely be explained by the targets of populist mobilization and the constituency at which it was aimed. The cases suggest that nativism plays an important role in populist mobilization, not least because it allows populist movements to transcend differences between social groups and gives them an opportunity to promote themselves as the champions of collective identity - a concern central to the contemporary radical populist right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tocqueville Review -- La Revue Tocqueville is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the rhetoric of democracy and aristrocracy in the U.S. between 1793 and 1795 in addition to the social influence of the French Revolution and civic festivals in the U.S. during that time period. The article discusses parallels between U.S. and French political culture during the mid-1790s, the concept of democracy and aristocracy and class tensions in the U.S., and the use of revolutionary language.

The article talks about the feminist solidarity or sisterhood in France and the U.S. It states that critics include not only anti feminists and conservatives, but also within the feminist movement. Topics include post-World War II history and its relation to the concept of feminism, Black freedom movements, and role of gender in social hierarchies.

This article examines the discovery, promotion, and display of the Lit de Justice d'Argentelles, a striking ensemble of medieval woodcarvings said to constitute a dais and throne canopy for the judicial bench of a nobleman, now at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Once a celebrated piece of secular furniture of the Middle Ages, it was revealed over time to be an assemblage of disparate, if authentic, medieval carved elements obtained from an unknown ecclesiastical context, probably in the early nineteenth century. The critical fortunes of this object not least the story of its remarkable origins in an enchanted manor house allow us to trace rising interest in and motivations behind Romantic interpretations of medieval art by antiquaries, collectors, and museum professionals in France and the United States from the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores in what ways first-generation Cambodian French and Cambodian American returnees create and employ the social capital available in their transnational social networks upon their return to Cambodia. The triangular interdependence between the returnees, their overseas immigrant communities and homeland society is taken as a starting point. The central argument is that Cambodian French and Cambodian American returnees build different relationships to Cambodia due to: (1) the influence of their immigrant communities in the countries of resettlement; and (2) the contexts of their exit from Cambodia. Findings in this multi-sited case study bring forward that ideas of return held by the three parties involved, may force re-migrants into transnationalism in both host and home countries. Findings also demonstrate that social capital may be seen as a resource or a restraint in the lives of returnees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the nineteenth-century history of French studies of the political system of the United States, focusing particularly on the writings of Édouard Laboulaye, a constitutional historian of the United States and professor at the Collège de France. It considers how his observations on American politics were applied to French democracy. Other topics include French political theorist Alexis de Tocqueville, the historiography of American studies in France, and French liberalism.

It has been argued that support for the First World War by the important French syndicalist organisation, the Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) has tended to obscure the fact that other national syndicalist organisations remained faithful to their professed workers’ internationalism: on this basis syndicalists beyond France, more than any other ideological persuasion within the organised trade union movement in immediate pre-war and wartime Europe, can be seen to have constituted an authentic movement of opposition to the war in their refusal to subordinate class interests to those of the state, to endorse policies of ‘defencism’ of the ‘national interest’ and to abandon the rhetoric of class conflict. This article, which attempts to contribute to a much-neglected comparative historiography of the international syndicalist movement, re-evaluates the syndicalist response across a broad geographical field of canvas (embracing France, Italy, Spain, Ireland, Britain and America) to reveal a rather more nuanced, ambiguous and uneven picture. While it highlights the distinctive nature of the syndicalist response compared with other labour movement trends, it also explores the important strategic and tactical limitations involved, including the dilemma of attempting to translate formal syndicalist ideological commitments against the war into practical measures of intervention, and the consequences of the syndicalists’ subordination of the political question of the war to the industrial struggle. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the French army division stationed in Newport, Rhode Island during the American Revolutionary War from 1780 to 1781. It comments on traditional New England attitudes towards France and French Catholicism. The author considers Newport's religious diversity and cultural pluralism. The hospitality of the citizens of Newport and the conduct and discipline of the French soldiers are considered. Economic aspects of provisioning the French army are explored, and health concerns about the French soldiers are also addressed.

The article presents case studies of American higher-education institutions the United States Military Academy (West Point), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Clemson University in order to highlight the influence of French polytechnic approaches to science education on American higher education in the mid-nineteenth century.

There has been an upsurge of scholarship on colonialism since the 1980s. By re-examining the cross-influences of anthropology and history in recent decades, this article attempts to situate contemporary studies within the development of both disciplines, and to identify the main directions of current research. It also demonstrates how the three works discussed here share similar concerns to those of the protagonists of a recent trend identified as the new “Colonial Studies,” which points more broadly to the emergence of a new general approach in the anthropology and the history of colonial situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why was the French Communist Party (PCF) evicted in May 1947, only two years after it was asked to join the Socialists (SFIO) and the Christian Democrats (MRP) in a tripartite government? According to Pierre Grosser, the chief cause of the eviction was the pressure exerted by the United States on MRP and SFIO leaders, who distanced themselves from their Communist counterparts. While rejecting the thesis of an American-led conspiracy, Irwin Wall also underlines the role of MRP and SFIO politicians, whom he believed nourished strong anti-Communist feelings. The assumption is therefore that of a passive role for the PCF, the aspirations of which were limited to the seizure of power through democratic means. In contrast, this article argues that the Communists had a strategic interest in their own expulsion. Given what they perceived as a French alignment with the Western bloc at the Moscow Conference in April 1947, they began to weigh the advantages of a temporary eviction from government. They concluded that this would allow them to regain the support of the discontented working class and force the MRP and the SFIO to finally concede some of their demands. The hope was to stage their retour en force to the government at a later point. Their abstention in a vote on military appropriations for Indochina on 19 March 1947 brought them close to expulsion. However, it was not until their defiance of government wage policy that Paul Ramadier finally evicted them on 5 May 1947. In retrospect, contrary to the PCF’s original plan, its ‘temporary’ return to the opposition was to last more than 30 years. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the phenomenon of Americans living abroad in Paris, France from 1914 to 1940. A particular focus is given to addressing questions regarding citizenship and transnationalism through examining the American expatriates' relationship with the U.S. consulate in Paris. An overview of the services that the U.S. consulate provides to U.S. citizens abroad, including protection and aid in times of war and peace, is provided. An overview of the process involved in U.S. expatriates proving their U.S. citizenship is also provided.

Research into the causes of the 2008 financial crisis has drawn attention to a link between growing income inequality in the United States and high household indebtedness. Most accounts trace the U.S. idea of credit-as-welfare to the period of wage stagnation and welfare retrenchment that began in the early 1970s. Using France as a comparison case, I argue that the link between credit and welfare was not unique to the United States. Indeed, U.S. charitable lending institutions that emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century were modeled in part on older French financial institutions. Three historical factors drove U.S. lenders and policymakers to push for expanded credit access for the working class. First, welfare reformers in the interwar period embraced private credit as an alternative to an expansive welfare state. Second, U.S. organized labor in the wake of World War II embraced credit access as a means to sustain industrial employment and finance strike actions. Third, commercial banks in the 1950s began offering revolving credit accounts as a means to attract new depositors at a time when banking regulation restricted the interest they could offer on deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In November 1861, Dr. J. Marion Sims, an American gynecologist, named and described the syndrome of vaginismus, which linked symptoms of vaginal hypersensitivity to muscular spasm. The only rational treatment for this disorder, said Sims, was surgery. His work was taken up immediately in France, but the story of its interpretation and application is a rather complicated one. Félix Roubaud, a leading specialist on matters of impotence and sterility, revised earlier writings in order to make a clear place for Sims's theories. But in the succeeding decades, Sims was subject to more and more criticism in French medical circles. Some argued that French specialists had already identified all the key elements of vaginismus, and that Sims was no more than a successful publicist. Others—and these were finally the most influential—argued against surgical treatment. More and more French writers on sexual medicine argued that vaginismus was a “moral” disorder that could not properly be treated by physical methods. And within French medical circles the Sims operation for vaginismus came to represent an “American” approach that was too rational, and too straightforwardly physical. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Affect exists among close allies and influences their actions and reactions vis-a-vis each other. These countries' perceptions of, and affective attachment to, the specialness of their relationships explains why, in certain circumstances, big clashes occur among them. In this sense, affect explains why crises among close allies are more signals of strength than weakness: the passionate nature of such crises-as opposed to more routine or recurrent disagreements-is triggered by the high value placed by close allies on their ties and not, as often stated in the literature, by the erosion of these ties. After developing this argument, I illustrate it with the analysis of two crises among close allies: the Suez crisis between Britain and the United States in late 1956, and the Iraq crisis between France and the United States in early 2003. I then contrast these episodes with a crisis between two allies with a much less affectively charged relationship-the United States and Turkey, also in early 2003 over the Iraq War issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses diplomatic relations between the U.S. and France between 1969 and 1974. It analyzes the relationship between former U.S. president Richard M. Nixon and former French president Georges Pompidou, as well as the role played by former U.S. national security adviser Henry Kissinger during that time period. The article examines what the author identifies as a decreasing role in foreign affairs by the British, U.S. concerns about the policies of West Germany toward Soviet bloc nations under the leadership of former leader Willy Brandt, and the stability of the North American Treaty Organization (NATO).

The article discusses the historical role of Texans as U.S. soldiers in World War I. Emphasis is given to the men in Company M of the National Guard from Denton, Texas. The author reflects on aspects of military life such as draft registration, the raising of infantry regiments, training at Camp Bowie, participation in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in France, and the discharge of soldiers following armistice. Other topics include leadership positions in the company, soldiers' places of birth, occupations, and the significance of prior military experience.

The article explores the history of French Theory, focusing especially on its impact to the study and teaching of literature and liberal arts in American colleges and universities. French Theory is the postmodern school of thought developed in France during the 1970s and 1980s by intellectuals such as Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, and Gilles Deleuze. Some of its notable ideas include deconstruction, metanarratives, and indeterminacy. The shift from French Theory to cultural and historical studies of literature is considered. The author also explores the influence of German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel on French Theory.

This article describes and analyses an extraordinary series of financial and commercial transactions made by the Anglo-Dutch consortium of Hope-Barings during the French Revolutionary Wars. Linking Spain, Britain, France, the Netherlands, the United States, and Mexico, these transactions originated in Spain’s urgent need to secure royal funds stockpiled in Mexico and rendered inaccessible by Britain’s wartime blockade of the Atlantic. In return for British acquiescence in the importation of these funds, the Spanish granted free access to the rich Mexican market for British goods and manufactures. And, extraordinarily, the prospect of such an outlet for its exports in Mexico was so attractive to the British that they in turn consented not only to the transfer of Spanish royal funds across the Atlantic, but even to their delivery to their greatest enemy, Revolutionary France; all of this, at the very height of the Napoleonic ‘Continental System’ of anti-British economic warfare. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although mass migration to the United States and to France did not occur until after Tocqueville's visit to America, by rereading Tocqueville's classic De la démocratie en Amérique through the lens of immigration history, we can question some of the common assumptions about Franco-American differences. First, Tocqueville's comparativist gaze needs to be re-examined, especially with regard to the way in which it has been repeatedly invoked during the Tocquevillian renaissance of the last thirty years to differentiate the French and American experiences. Second, if Tocqueville did not discuss immigrants per se, his analysis of voluntary associations points to an important component of civil society which has been present both in France and the United States ever since immigrants began arriving en masse. Theories about the rise and decline of civil society as well as generalizations about Franco-American differences need to be challenged by including immigration associations in a new Tocquevillian analysis of democracy in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses a fashion show for French designer Jean Patou that took place in Paris, France in February 1925, and suggests that the designer's choices of American models and the styling of the models reflected modernist aesthetics and the economic and social aspects of the portrayal of the human body. Models such as Lillian Farley, Carolyn Putnam, and Rosalind Stair were hired as mannequins for the show, and the author discusses American and French fashion trends, the history of ideal beauty for American women, and press coverage of the fashion show by fashion writers such as Colette.

Discusses the foreign relations between United States and France in 1848 and 1870. Social importance of telegraphy; Political barriers posed by the outbreak of the Civil War; Details on telegraphy.

Over a thousand articles of original research plus several archival sources were studied for the period before 1940 in this examination of the history of serological research in physical anthropology. One goal was to study the spread and adoption of new discoveries and techniques by scientists. In addition, to look more closely at possible social or cultural influences, the work of researchers in three countries was examined more closely: Great Britain, France, and the United States. The anthropological uses of the serological discoveries began in most countries as an effort to find a more 'scientific' definition of race based on differing distribution of blood types. By 1940 and after several hundred studies that tested over a million subjects, researchers failed in achieving this goal. The data produced, how ever, were largely the basis for the development of human population ge netics in the late 1930s and 1940s which redefined humans into gene pools instead of races. Two common features of the conduct of this research were the predominance of one school or individual in a given country, and the extension of studies to exotic and overseas locales. The United States was an exception to the centralization of research because interest and resources were so extensive. Research in Great Britain was unusual in the relative lack of interest in the new blood group discoveries until late in the period. French research was both centralized, thanks to the Pasteur Institute, and extended to colonial possessions in Africa and Asia. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of contemporary book reviews and other notices enables us to trace the reception of the stethoscope and Laënnec's book between 1816 and 1826. It is quite clear from these that the stethoscope was welcomed with enthusiasm by most people who saw it as the first major diagnostic tool medicine had ever had. Laënnec's book was recognised as being the most important, interesting, accurate, and complete work on diseases of the chest that had ever been published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]