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An extensive community of organisms inhabits the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea (L., 1758), along the wave-swept rocky shores of Canada's East coast. This community, which includes both facultative and obligate endosymbionts, comprises a diverse array of species from seven animal phyla, including Annelida, Arthropoda, Gnathostomulida, Nematoda, Nemertea, and Platyhelminthes, as well as ciliates and algae. The presence of larger numbers of endosymbionts was found to correlate with specific shell characteristics of the snail host, including a wider aperture and columella, suggesting that these individuals have a larger mantle cavity relative to snails housing a small community of endosymbionts. Snails with large communities of endosymbionts were usually encrusted with coralline algae and often had trematode infections. Although L. littorea has been extensively studied since the last century, the existence of this community of organisms has passed unnoticed. The large diversity of organisms in this community suggests that these snails may provide refugia for a wide range of smaller taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that used single locus microsatellite DNA markers to determine the paternity of Littorina obtusata hatched from three egg masses kept in isolation in aquaria. Microsatellite loci used for paternity assessment in Littorina obtusata; Mating behavior in Littorina obtusata; Duration of copulations observed for Littorina obtusata.