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In this study, we examined the relationship between determinants of governance and poverty reduction. We also investigated how female participation in the labour market helps alleviate poverty. We collected the balanced panel data of 29 countries over the period 2004–2016 from the World Bank database and Worldwide Governance Indicators database. Results indicated that robust governance is necessary for poverty reduction and that policy implementation timeliness is more likely to mitigate poverty. Moreover, the inclusion of females in the labour market and an efficient governance system contribute to enhanced well-being among the poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comments on the data that has been collected about the inequality prevalent in Northern Ireland. Some interesting hypotheses and suggestions concerning the socioeconomic characteristics of Protestants and Catholics in the Province and the processes of educational, occupational and income attainment for each religious group has been discussed. The British census does not provide data for Northern Ireland broken down by religion but Northern Ireland has conducted its own population census since its creation through the Government of Ireland Act in 1920. Those actively engaged in examining issues of equality of opportunity in the Northern Ireland labor market are eagerly anticipating the opportunity to examine the nature and impact of the social, economic, and political changes which have undoubtedly taken place since 1971. These changes have not only been generated by civil disturbance but also by such factors as the redevelopment and suburbanization which have greatly altered the social geography of Belfast, Northern Ireland, the rapid growth in opportunities to participate in higher education and the processes of deindustrialization which are producing unemployment rates in Northern Ireland unmatched since the 1930s.

Economic inequality in South America decreased steadily since 2002. However, as the beginning of the 2010s marked the end of the commodities boom in the region, economic inequality showed constant or even increasing rates in some of these countries. The decrease in economic inequality has often been related to the impact of the macro economic changes, like the boom of the commodity prices and the institutional reinforcement, and changes in the labor market. Therefore, the proposedhyphotesis is that productive capacity improvement of the less educated has played a key role in reducing inequality. Productive capacity takes into consideration three variables related to hard and soft skills to work, which are educational coverage, internet access and life conditions. Results show that, in addition to demand forces, the improvement of the productive capacity of the less educated is positively and significantly related to the reduction of inequality in South America in 2002–2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of mainstream economists believe that globalization and trade liberalization have had a minor role in increasing U.S. wage inequality. A minority argues that capital mobility and outsourcing indicate a larger effect. This paper first surveys these views, and then argues that how we understand the policy consequences of trade liberalization helps determine the character our analysis of the issue itself. Thus, a shift in policy perspective, to consider the "equity costs" of trade liberalization in terms of eroded U.S. labor market institutions, produces a larger framework for analyzing the consequences of globalization and trade liberalization than is available in traditional comparative advantage efficiency reasoning. From this wider perspective, trade liberalization has likely had a greater impact on U.S. wage inequality than even the minority mainstream position allows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I discuss ways in which gender relations -- that is relations of inequality between women and men -- may change in aging societies where life expectations are high, fertility low, and where old people constitute a high proportion of the population. The central argument is that the aging society will provide opportunities to develop more egalitarian relations between women and men both in the public and private sphere. Such opportunities will only be realized if the link between gender and the care of children is severed. This is most likely to occur if women's position in the labor market is improved. It is argued that the aging society may indeed have a high demand for women's labor which makes such a development likely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I want to address the connections between the three areas of work: first, the theorisation of identity as relational; second, the significance of difference and diversity in thinking about inequality, labour market restructuring and the social construction of multiple masculinities; and finally, the political implications of taking diversity into account in arguing for a participatory democracy based on ideas about inclusion, respect and responsibility. I want to illustrate these connections in the specific context of a case study about young men in contemporary Britain. In the sections that follow, I focus on each of these areas or concepts in turn, but attempt to demonstrate the connections between the substantive debates in each of the sections. In my conclusion I raise some of the policy implications for building wider social inclusion in democracies by connecting notions of difference and diversity to structural inequalities, or what is sometimes referred to by geographers as 'the cultural' and 'the economic' dimensions of difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Too often the minimum wage is conceived of as a small policy measure that will be of benefit to only a small segment of the labor market while imposing costs on another segment of the labor market. Unexplored, however, are the larger philosophic questions that such a small measure may actually raise. One such issue is the relationship between the minimum wage and democratic principles. In this paper I argue that the minimum wage furthers the ends of democratic society in that low-wage workers may achieve greater equality of standing with their piers to the extent that income inequality is at all lessened; their autonomy as individuals is enhanced through higher wages, which in turn enables them to claim the benefits of citizenship and participate more effectively in the democratic process; and it fosters greater economic development in that it raises the overall structure of a region and perhaps the productivity of that region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we examine the reorganization of work in labor markets dominated by the presence of high-technology industries from 1980 to 199O. Using Public Use Microdata Samples, we identify trends in spatial, industrial, occupational, gender, and racial divisions of labor and their effects on earnings inequality. Patterns in these changing work structures are linked to both general and specific theories of labor market development, structures, and processes. We find that centers of high-tech employment exhibit varied patterns of agglomeration, decline, and dispersion over the decade. Moreover, industrial and occupational divisions embedded within these high-tech spaces show variation across labor market areas as well. We identify some general trends, including the increasing dominance of upper-tier workers (professional, technical, and managerial) across most high-tech areas and the effects of Reagan's defense-related policies in the generation of new high-tech areas in certain locales. An analysis of the processes of earnings generation in high-tech labor markets reinforces the importance of divisions or segmentation of labor for understanding earnings inequality and its embeddedness in specific labor market contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite strong trends in most Western countries towards gender equality in educational attainments, men are still considerably more likely to obtain doctoral degrees. Using data comprising nearly all students graduating from Norwegian universities during 1981–1996, separate event history analyses are carried out of recruitment to and completion of doctoral studies. Multilevel models are used to take both differences among individuals and among educational fields into account. With regard to recruitment , a moderate gender difference is partly accounted for by men’s higher grades. Children have no impact for either gender. The remaining gender difference could be due to discrimination, but the fact that this difference is not larger in predominantly male fields is an argument against this. There is no overall gender difference in completion probabilities. Men, however, seem more likely to drop out of their studies in applied fields, probably due to attractive opportunities in the non-academic labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The initial stage of labor market activity for young adults influences their labor market engagement and earnings profiles over their life cycle. I examine earnings inequality among young adults in a dynamic setting. Education, marital status, race are contributors to the observed earnings inequality. Earnings equalization is observed in the long run, and the proportion of earnings inequality attributed to education, marital status, and race is found to be significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociologists of education have until very recently ignored the role of organisational processes in generating the demand for qualified personnel, preferring instead to explain any inflation' of the value of credentials in terms of either class strategies of social reproduction or as the outcome of positional compel awn within the labour market. In recent years, however, neo- Weberian theorists have tried to redress this imbalance by pointing to the importance of contextual features of organisation (such as size and national prominence) as predictors of educational demand, while neo-Marxist historians of the firm have examined the role played by credentials within the control processes of the capitalist enterprise. As a preliminary to more extensive investigation, a path analysis was carried out using the data from the original Aston study which tested one possible causal model of the organisational processes behind the level of specialist qualifications found in a sample of firms and public institutions. This analysis underlines the importance of the organisational division of labour as a mediating influence between contextual features and patterns of bureaucratic control and suggests that the level of specialist qualifications, far from being `spuriously' associated with organisational structures, is deeply embedded in the causal network of complexity and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While women earn less, on average, than men in all advanced industrialized countries, countries vary in the size of the gender earnings gap. We use data from nine advanced industrialized democracies to investigate the extent to which the ratio of women's to men's income is associated with sex segregation, labor's power and inclusiveness, leftist parties' strength, family policies, labor demand, and relative human capital levels. In general, labor's ability to bargain collectively explains more of the gender gap, directly and indirectly, than other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]