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• Inverse modelling is a valuable tool for the determination of the soil hydraulic conductivity. • Hydraulic conductivities of slowly permeable horizons were determined with APSIM. • Inverse modelling highlighted the importance of the conductivity at field capacity. • Conductivity values were related to morphology characteristic and soil drainage classes. • Water retention parameters predicted by S-map are less important for slowly permeable soils. Soil hydraulic properties play a primary role in water infiltration and movement, and transport of nutrients and contaminants through the soil profile. However, the determination of soil hydraulic properties, especially the hydraulic conductivity at lower depths within the soil profile is very challenging. We investigated the use of inverse modelling based on APSIM (Agricultural Production Simulation Model) to determine likely ranges of the hydraulic conductivity at saturation (K sat) and field capacity (K DUL) for a slowly permeable subsurface horizon. Simulations were run for the poorly drained Otokia silt loam, in the Otago region of New Zealand. APSIM simulations were set up either according to the site specific soil profile description or based on the national soils database (S-map) pedotransfer functions. Simulated temporal soil moisture data were compared to measurements from a field experiment. Within a sensitivity analysis K sat values of the subsurface soil were varied from 2.4 to 192 mm/d, and values for K DUL from 0.05 to 1 mm/d. Finally simulations were run over 45 years using three climatic conditions, with annual rainfall amounts of 582, 628 and 730 mm. The effect of varying the hydraulic conductivity of the subsurface fragipan horizon (C x) on the wetness status of the overlying B 2g horizon was determined by calculating the average annual duration of soil moisture above field capacity. These were then used to estimate ranges of the hydraulic conductivity that contributes to a soil being imperfectly or poorly drained. The results highlight the significant influence that K DUL has on the reliability of modelling the hydraulic behaviour of soils with slowly permeable subsoils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]