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for the manuscript for the manuscript JCIS-24–2223 "Biochar from olive tree twigs and spent malt rootlets as electrodes in Zn-air batteries", by Kottis et al. [Display omitted] Biochars, i.e. porous carbons obtained by pyrolysis of biomass, can act as electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction reaction. In the present work, two biochars have been prepared by using materials of completely different biomass origin: olive-tree twigs and spent malt rootlets (brewery wastes). Both biomass species were subjected to pyrolysis under limited oxygen supply and then they were activated by mixing with KOH and pyrolysis again. The obtained biochars were characterized by several techniques in order to determine their structural characteristics and the composition of their active components. Despite their different origin, the two biochars demonstrated similar structural and compositional characteristics thus highlighting the importance of the pyrolysis and activation procedure. Both biochars were used as electrocatalysts in the operation of rechargeable Zn-air batteries, where they also demonstrated similar electrocatalytic capacities with only a small advantage gained by olive-tree-twigs biochar. Compared to bare nanoparticulate carbon (carbon black), both biochars demonstrated a marked advantage towards oxygen evolution reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel microscale zero-valent iron/ N -doped graphene-like biochar composite (mZVI/NGB) was successfully synthesized via a mechanochemical method. • mZVI/NGB exhibited significantly enhanced H 2 O 2 generation. • mZVI/NGB forms a self-sustaining catalytic system, with mZVI serve as electron pool and NGB as catalyst for H 2 O 2 generation. • mZVI/NGB exhibited excellent reusability and can be magnetically collected. In this study, we prepared a micron zero-valent iron/ N -doped graphene-like biochar (mZVI/NGB) composite using a mechanochemical method for tetracycline (TC) degradation through O 2 activation. The mZVI and NGB components formed a strong coupling catalytic system, with mZVI acting as an electron pool and NGB as a catalyst for H 2 O 2 generation. Under circumneutral pH (5.0–6.8), the mZVI/NGB composite exhibited exceptional TC removal efficiency, reaching nearly 100 % under optimal conditions. It also showed good tolerance to co-existing anions, such as Cl-, SO 4 2-, and humic acid. Further studies found that the TC degradation mechanism was mainly ascribed to the non-radical pathway (1O 2 and electron transfer), and the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox cycle on the composite's surface also played a crucial role in maintaining catalytic activity. This research contributes to the development of advanced materials for sustainable and effective water treatment, addressing pharmaceutical pollutant contamination in water sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • SA-Co-NBC-0.2/PMS system shown excellent performance for abating various OMs. • 1O 2 was the major electrophilic species for OMs removal in SA-Co-NBC-0.2/PMS system. • The transformation products evolution and degradation pathways were proposed. • The toxicity of degradation intermediates was analyzed by QSAR prediction. • The ability of SA-Co-NBC-0.2/PMS system to treat wastewater was comprehensively checked. The global shortage of freshwater and inadequate supply of clean water have necessitated the implementation of robust technologies for wastewater purification, and Fenton-like chemistry is a highly-promising approach. However, realizing the rapid Fenton-like chemistry for high-efficiency degradation of organic micropollutants (OMs) remains challenging. Herein, one novel system was constructed by a Co single-atom catalyst activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS), and the optimal system (SA-Co-NBC-0.2/PMS) achieved unprecedented catalytic performance towards a model OM [Iohexol (IOH)], i.e. , almost 100% decay ratio in only 10 min (the observed rate constant: 0.444 min−1) with high electrophilic species 1O 2 (singlet oxygen) generation. Theoretical calculations unveiled that Co-N 4 sites preferred to adsorb the terminal-O of PMS (more negative adsorption energy than other O sites: –32.67 kcal/mol), promoting the oxidation of PMS to generate 1O 2. Iodine (I)23 (0.1097), I24 (0.1154) and I25 (0.0898) on IOH with higher f – electrophilic values were thus identified as the main attack sites. Furthermore, 16S ribosomal RNA high-throughput sequencing and quantitative structure–activity relationship analysis illustrated the environmentally-benign property of the SA-Co-NBC-0.2 and the tapering ecological risk during IOH degradation process. Significantly, this work comprehensively checked the competence of the SA-Co-NBC-0.2/PMS system for organics abatement in practical wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, In this study, MnO 2 self-assembled on a PP separator via KMnO 4 photodecomposition, coupled with biochar to form a composite-modified separator with enhanced conductivity. It captures and converts polysulfides to Li 2 S 2 /Li 2 S, cyclically reducing Li-PS mobility. This composite separator demonstrates impressive electrochemical performance in Li-S batteries. [Display omitted] Addressing the shuttle effect is a critical challenge in realizing practical applications of lithium-sulfur batteries. One promising avenue refers to the surface modification of separators, transitioning them from closed to open structures. In the current investigation, a high ion flux separator was devised by means of MnO 2 self-assembly onto a Porous Polypropylene (PP) separator, subsequently coupling it with biochar. The separator exhibited favorable ion and electronic conductivity. Moreover, it adeptly captured and transformed polysulfides into Li 2 S 2 /Li 2 S, cyclically curbing the mobility of Polysulfide lithium (LiPSs). In addition, this augmentation in the kinetic conversion of LiPSs during the electrochemical process translated into an impressive discharge specific capacity and area capacity of 939 mAh/g and 4 mAh cm−2, respectively. Moreover, this innovative design methodology provides an alternative avenue for future separator designs within lithium-sulfur batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Precursors of salvaged cyanobacteria for Fe-N@C avoided extra additions and saved costs. • Synergistic effect of Fe-N X and graphitic nitrogen efficiently facilitated PMS activation and OFX degradation. • Non-free radicals based on 1O 2 and high-valent iron-oxo species played a major role in OFX degradation. • Fe-N@C-800/PMS system had a strong resistance to influence of inorganic anions. A green, low-cost, high-performance Fe/N co-doped biochar material (Fe-N@C) was synthesized using salvaged cyanobacteria without other extra precursors for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and ofloxacin (OFX) degradation. With the increased pyrolysis temperature, the graphitization degree, the specific surface area and the corresponding groups like OH, COO etc. for Fe-N@C tended to increase, resulting in a greater OFX adsorption. However, the total amount of Fe-N X and graphitic nitrogen groups in the Fe-N@C composites was firstly increased and then decreased, which reached the highest at 800 °C (Fe-N@C-800). All these changes of functional species ascribed to the strong interaction between Fe, N and C led to the highest defect degree of Fe-N@C-800, resulting the highest OFX removal efficiency of 95.0 %. OFX removal experiments indicated the adsorption process promoted the total OFX degradation for different functional groups on Fe-N@C composites separately dominated the process of OFX adsorption and PMS catalysis. Radical quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements proved free radical and non-free radical pathways participated in Fe-N@C/PMS system. The non-free radicals based on 1O 2 and high-valent iron-oxo species played a more important role in OFX degradation, leading to the minimal effect of co-existing anions and the high universality for other antibiotic pollutants. Fe-N X was utilized as the main catalytic sites and graphitic nitrogen contributed more to the electron transfer for PMS activation, whose synergistic effect efficiently facilitated OFX degradation. Finally, the possible degradation route of OFX in the Fe-N@C-800/PMS system was proposed. All these results will provide the new insights into the intrinsic mechanism of Fe/N species in carbon-based materials for PMS activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The development of highly active and stable earth-rich electrocatalysts remains a major challenge to release the reliance on noble metal catalysts in sustainable (electro)chemical processes. In this work, metal sulfides encapsulated with S/N co-doped carbon were synthesized with a one-step pyrolysis strategy, where S was introduced during the self-assembly process of sodium lignosulfonate. Due to the precise coordination of Ni and Co ions with lignosulfonate, an intense-interacted Co 9 S 8 –Ni 3 S 2 heterojunction was formed inside the carbon shell, causing the redistribution of electrons. An overpotential as low as 200 mV was obtained over Co 9 S 8 –Ni 3 S 2 @SNC to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Only a slight increase of 14.4 mV was observed in a 50 h chronoamperometric stability test. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that Co 9 S 8 –Ni 3 S 2 heterojunctions encapsulated with S/N co-doped carbon can optimize the electronic structure, lower the reaction energy barrier, and improve the OER reaction activity. This work provides a novel strategy for constructing highly efficient and sustainable metal sulfide heterojunction catalysts with the assistance of lignosulfonate biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • •Highly dispersed CoO nanoparticles are formed in the inner channels of biochar by microwave-assisted treatment. • •Conductive network of biochar matrix can efficiently improve activation of the infused sulfur. • •Kinetics of polysulfides conversion and Li+ diffusion can be greatly enhanced by the CoO nanoparticles. • •The functionalized sulfur electrode exhibits the improved rate capability and excellent cycling stability. A new strategy is developed to fabricate sulfur electrode by infusing sulfur into a conductive biochar decorated with highly dispersed CoO nanoparticles. The loading of the CoO nanoparticles, as the active sites for reactions, is efficiently increased by using the microwave-assisted diffusion method. It is demonstrated that biochar can serve as an excellent conductive framework to effectively activate sulfur. Simultaneously, the CoO nanoparticles possessing excellent capability to adsorb polysulfides can remarkably alleviate the dissolution of polysulfides, and greatly enhance the conversion kinetics between the polysulfides and Li 2 S 2 /Li 2 S in the charge/discharge processes. The sulfur electrode dual-functionalized with biochar and CoO nanoparticles exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, including high initial discharge specific capacity of 930.5 mAh g−1 and low capacity decay rate of 0.069 % per cycle during 800 cycles at 1C rate. It is particularly interesting that the CoO nanoparticles distinctively enhance the Li+ diffusion during the charge process, endowing the material with excellent high-rate charging performance. This could be beneficial for the development of Li-S batteries with fast charging feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel CoOOH nanosheets/rape straw-derived biochar composites (CoOOH/BC) with built-in electric field are synthesized to activate PMS toward sulfamethoxazole degradation. [Display omitted] • The novel CoOOH/BC composites were fabricated and applied for PMS activation. • DFT calculations revealed the formation of a BIEF directed from BC to CoOOH. • The BIEF mediated catalytic degradation mechanism was proposed. • 1 O 2 and O 2 · - were dominated active species in the degradation of SMX. The strong electron interaction between metal oxide–carbon-based catalyst components plays a vital role in the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation for pollutant degradation. Herein, a novel CoOOH nanosheets anchored on rape straw-derived biochar (BC) surface (labeled as CoOOH/BC) as an efficient PMS activator toward degrading sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was synthesized. Experimental results indicated that integrating CoOOH nanosheets on the BC surface could inhibit CoOOH aggregation to increase the specific surface areas, exert a component synergistic effect to enhance activation degradation activity, and improve the catalyst stability. As a result, a 96 % degradation efficiency of SMX was achieved within 20 min over 20 wt% CoOOH/BC composite catalyst under the optimal conditions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations disclosed that a built-in electric field (BIEF) pointing from BC to CoOOH was constructed at their interface, which could mediate PMS activation for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and induce direct electron transfer from SMX to PMS, resulting in efficient SMX degradation via both radical and non-radical pathways. Moreover, quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements confirmed that single oxide ( 1 O 2) and superoxide radical (O 2 · - ) are the dominant active species in the current system. Additionally, the possible SMX degradation routes were reasonably proposed based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) results. This work provides an in-depth understanding of the role of BIEF in PMS activation, and expands the application of biochar-based materials in the field of environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Novel PCN-222 MOF with large pore size and high water stability is reported. • PCN-222 adsorbed remarkably high amount of PFOS (2257 mg/g) from water. • Adsorption occurred via electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction, and H-bonding. • PFOS removal was affected by adsorbate pKa and adsorbent PZC factors. • Micelles were formed to improve removal rate at high PFOS concentration. Poly- and perfluoro alkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made, notoriously persistent, and highly toxic contaminants in the environment reported worldwide. Many adsorbents including granular activated carbon, graphene, biochar, zeolites, and clay minerals have been tested for PFAS removal from water, but most of these materials suffer from high cost and/or poor removal performance. Here, we synthesized, characterized, and examined the efficiency of PCN-222(Fe), a new porous metal organic framework (MOF) with high water stability, for adsorptive removal of a frequently occurring PFAS, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), from water. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies revealed high PFOS adsorption capacity of PCN-222 (2257 mg/g), with rapid PFOS removal rate (within 30 min). The structure of PCN-222 was unaffected in water in the pH range of 2–10 but disintegrated and lost its PFOS removal ability at pH > 10. The PFOS adsorption on PCN-222 was an endothermic reaction. Electrostatic attraction was a dominant mechanism for PFOS adsorption at < 1694 mg/g PFOS concentration, while hydrophobic interaction accompanied with hydrogen-bonding was responsible at ≥ 1694 mg/g PFOS concentration. The interlayer morphology of PCN-222 did not change due to increasing PFOS loading. The findings of this study demonstrated superior features of PCN-222 over other conventional adsorbents for its potential application in removing PFOS from contaminated water to reduce PFOS transfer from water to living organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Mn and N co-doped biochar (Mn-N-TS) was prepared as an effective catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation. As opposed to Mn-TS and N-TS, Mn-N-TS had more active sites containing N and Mn, as well as a greater specific surface area (923.733 m2 g−1). The Mn-N-TS exhibited excellent PMS activation ability. In the Mn-N-TS/PMS system, the CIP removal efficiency was 91.9% in 120 min. Mn and N co-doping could accelerate electron transfer between CIP and PMS molecules. Simultaneously, defect sites, graphitic N, pyridinic N, C═O groups, and Mn(II)/Mn(III)/Mn(IV) redox cycles acted as active sites to activate PMS and generate free radicals (OH, SO 4 − and 1O 2). Furthermore, the Mn-N-TS/PMS system could effectively degrade CIP in a wide pH range, background substances, and actual water. Finally, a probable mechanism of PMS activation by Mn-N-TS was proposed. In conclusion, this work gave a novel direction for the rational design of Mn and N co-doped biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel adsorbent and oxidant (CoFe-LDH@SBC) was synthesized. • The removal rates of ciprofloxacin, total organic carbon and total nitrogen were improved. • Oxygen-centered radicals were verified as dominant environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs). • A possible working mechanism and ciprofloxacin degradation pathway were proposed. • CoFe-LDH@SBC exhibited good stability and EPFRs had a long lifetime. In this study, biochar derived from municipal sludge (SBC) was modified by CoFe-Layered double hydroxides (CoFe-LDH), and used as adsorbent and oxidant for the removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP) for the first time. Under the optimal conditions, the CIP removal rate is increased by 24% compared with the single SBC, while the removal rates of total organic carbon and total nitrogen in the modified one are increased by 24% and 27%, respectively. Mechanism investigation suggested that the specific surface area and adsorption sites of modified biochar increased, and more CIP was adsorbed to the composite surface and then oxidized by more environmental persistent free radicals contained in the CoFe-LDH@SBC, when the adsorbed CIP molecules was oxidized and degraded, the adsorption sites can be freed and thus new CIP could be adsorbed to the CoFe-LDH@SBC. In addition, the plausible degradation pathways of CIP were proposed according to high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculation. It not only reveals that CoFe-LDH@SBC has the high ability of adsorption and oxidation for CIP removal but also sheds novel insight into the application of biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Nitrogen-doped microtubes porous graphitic carbon (N-MPGC) was facilely prepared. • The as-obtained N-MPGC-2 showed superior catalytic performance for PMS activation. • N-MPGC-2 exhibited outstanding stability and reusability for ten successive cycles. • Singlet oxygen and electron transfer made a major contribution to RhB degradation. • The C O group and graphitic N were the main active sites for PMS activation. The agricultural waste-derived biochar can be used as an effective green catalyst for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation to utilize the biomass resource. Herein, nitrogen-doped microtubes porous graphitic carbon (N-MPGC) derived from loofah sponge was facilely prepared via the impregnation-calcination method. The amount of N doping was positively correlated with the catalytic performance of N-MPGC. The obtained N-MPGC-2 as a metal-free carbon catalyst showed excellent ability for rhodamine B (RhB) degradation via PMS activation with the pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant (k) of 0.293 min-1, which was 22.5-fold as high as that over microtube porous carbon (MPC). Besides, N-MPGC-2 showed still outstanding stability and reusability for RhB degradation after ten successive cycles. Excitingly, the N-MPGC-2 membrane exhibited good catalytic activity after the N-MPGC-2 had been immobilized in the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane. Non-radical pathways including singlet oxygen and electron transfer played a major role in RhB degradation for the N-MPGC-2/PMS/RhB system. The carbonyl (C O) group and graphitic N of N-MPGC-2 were the main active sites for PMS activation. This work opened a new idea for synthesizing N-doped biochar as a low-cost and high-efficiency catalyst and provided theoretical support for the mechanism of biochar-based carbonaceous materials activation of PMS for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Renewable and sustainable high-performance energy storage devices are desirable to fulfill the demands of next-generation power sources. In this study, we report a flower-like nickel hydroxide/spent tea leaf-derived biochar (NiNF@TBC) composite for high-performance supercapacitor application. The tea leaf-derived biochar (TBC) with a specific surface area of 1340 m2 g−1 is used as the Ni(OH) 2 support to fabricate NiNF@TBC composites. The highly porous and hierarchical structure of the as-synthesized NiNF@TBC composite facilitates the electrolyte ion and electron diffusion and transport more readily. As a result, the decrease in diffusion path and the increase in conductivity of NiNF@TBC for energy storage applications. The NiNF@TBC electrode shows excellent electrochemical properties with a specific capacitance of 945 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in a three-electrode cell and high stability of 95% after 10,000 cycles. Moreover, the symmetric supercapacitor fabricated with NiNF@TBC delivers a specific capacitance of 163 F g−1 in 1 M Na 2 SO 4 solution. The Ragone plot of the symmetric device exhibits energy density in the range of 19 – 58 Wh kg−1 with power density in the scale of 826 – 6321 W kg−1. An excellent long-term cyclic stability of 94% is obtained after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles. Such an excellent performance has demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing agricultural wastes as green carbon sources, which can combine with various metal hydroxides to produce hybrid nanomaterials as a highly potential electrode material for green sustainable supercapacitor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous antibiotics are being released into the natural environment through wastewater. As antibiotic usage increases annually, its detrimental impact on the environment is escalating. Addressing environmental sustainability and human health requires significant attention towards antibiotic removal. In recent years, magnetic biochar (MBC) has gained widespread application in water treatment due to its exceptional adsorption and catalytic degradation capabilities. Antibiotics such as sulfamethoxazole (SMX), tetracycline (TC), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and others commonly exhibit an adsorption capacity by MBC ranging from 5 mg/g to 900 mg/g. Moreover, MBC typically removes over 90% of these antibiotics within 60 min. The effectiveness of antibiotic removal is significantly influenced by various preparation and modification methods. Furthermore, the incorporation of magnetism enables the material to be recycled and reused multiple times, thereby reducing consumption costs. This article discusses recent studies on antibiotic removal using MBC. It has been observed that variations in the selection of raw material and preparation procedures significantly affect antibiotic removal, while the mechanisms involved in antibiotic removal remain ambiguous. Additionally, it has been noted that the removal process may lead to secondary pollution and high preparation costs. Therefore, this review comprehensively outlines the utilization of MBC in the removal of antibiotics from wastewater, including aspects such as modification, preparation, removal mechanism, and factors influencing removal, and providing recommendations for antibiotic development. The aim is to offer researchers a clear understanding to advance the field of MBC materials. • Thermochemistry, co-precipitation, and ball-milling can create magnetic biochar. • Characteristics of magnetic biochar from various prep and modification methods are outlined. • Magnetic biochar's properties influence its adsorption capacity for antibiotics. • Most magnetic biochar can degrade over 90% of antibiotics within 60 min. • Magnetic biochar and oxidant dosage, reaction conditions impact antibiotic removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar has been used to enhance methane generation from anaerobic digestion through establishing direct interspecific electron transfer between microorganisms. However, the microbial communication is still inadequate, thereby limiting further methane production improvement contributed by biochar. This study investigated the roles of quorum-sensing molecules, acylated homoserine lactone (AHL), in anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge aided by biochar. Results showed that the co-addition of separated biochar and AHL achieved best methane production performance, with the maximal methane yield of 154.7 mL/g volatile suspended solids, which increased by 51.9%, 47.2%, 17.9%, and 39.4% respectively compared to that of control, AHL-loaded biochar, sole AHL, and sole biochar groups. The reason was that the co-addition of separated biochar and AHL promoted the stages of hydrolysis and acidification, promoting the conversion of organic matters and short-chain fatty acids, and optimizing the accumulation of acetate acid. Moreover, the methanogenesis stage also performed best among experimental groups. Correspondingly, the highest activities of electron transfer and coenzyme F420 were obtained, with increase ratios of 33.2% and 27.2% respectively compared to that of control. Furthermore, biochar did more significant effects on the evolution of microbial communities than AHL, and the direct interspecific electron transfer between fermentative bacteria and methanogens were possibly promoted. [Display omitted] • The strategies of biochar and AHL regulating anaerobic digestion were optimized. • The co-addition of separated biochar and AHL increased methane yield by 51.9%. • AHL-loaded biochar obtained less methane yield than either sole AHL or biochar. • The activities of electron transfer were the highest with addition of biochar and AHL. • Methanogenic communities shifted to mixotrophic methanogens like Methanosarcina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With low cost and stable chemical properties, biochar has great potential in environmental pollution control and improving soil quality. Reusing tailings slag to reconstruct soil ecosystems and applying amendments such as biochar to enhance soil quality are significant for restoring waste mine lands. Phosphorus (P) as the restrictive nutrition element for plant growth is easily affected by freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs). However, effective information about FTCs on P dynamics in biochar-amended reconstructed soil is scanty. To further understand the effect of FTCs on P in reclaimed mine soils, three reconstructed soils composed of equal brown soil and tailings slag with the respective application of no amendment, 5% biochar and 5% powder both derived from Gleditsia japonica shells (GS), were prepared to evaluate P fraction changes after FTCs. The results indicated that GS biochar increased soil pH, total organic matter (TOM), and moisture content (MC). GS biomass had a similar impact on TOM and MC but decreased soil pH. The two agricultural amendments increased active P and microbial biomass P (MBP) by 46.13%–101.63% and 162.8%–185.7%, which might be largely contributed by soil organic matter and moisture. FTC numbers (0, 3, 6, 10, 15) significantly decreased MBP contents and slightly converted non-labile P into labile fractions while FTC temperature (−20∼5 °C and −10∼5 °C) hardly influenced soil P behavior. In addition, GS conditioners simultaneously enhanced available P content and P fixation potential by soil under FTCs. [Display omitted] • Soils amended by Gleditsia japonica shells (GS) biochar or powder have higher active P contents. • Freeze-thaw cycle numbers slightly change non-labile P into labile P components. • Applying GS biochar or powder improves P fixation potential in reconstructed soils. • Dynamics of soil physicochemical characteristics affect P conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfurized nanoscale zero-valent iron supported on biochar (BC-SNZVI) has been successfully synthesized for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) removal, while was only effectively under acidic conditions. To obtain highly efficient removal of 2,4,6-TCP within a broader pH range, weak static magnetic fields (WMF) was applied in BC-SNZVI/2,4,6-TCP aqueous systems. Results showed 30 mT WMF supported the most extensive 2,4,6-TCP removal, and 87.4% of 2,4,6-TCP (initial concentration of 30 mg/L) was removed by 0.5 g/L BC-SNZVI at neutral pH (pH = 6.8) within 180 min, which was increased by 54.4% compared to that without WMF. The observed rate constant (K obs) under 30 mT WMF was 2.1-fold greater than that without WMF. Although three typical anions (NO 3 − (0.5–10.0 mM), H 2 PO 4 − (0.05–0.5 mM), and HCO 3 − (0.5–5.0 mM)) still inhibited 2,4,6-TCP removal, WMF could efficiently alleviate the inhibitory effects. Moreover, 73.1% of 2,4,6-TCP was successfully removed by BC-SNZVI under WMF in natural water. WMF remarkably boosted the dechlorination of 2,4,6-TCP, increasing the 2,4,6-TCP dechlorination efficiency from 45.2% (in the absence of WMF) to 83.8% (in the presence of WMF) by the end of 300 min. And the complete dechlorination product phenol appeared within 10 min. Force analysis confirmed the magnetic field gradient force (F B) moved paramagnetic Fe2+ at the SNZVI surface along the direction perpendicular to the external applied field, promoting the mass-transfer controlled SNZVI corrosion. Corrosion resistance analysis revealed WMF promoted the electron-transfer controlled SNZVI corrosion by decreasing its self-corrosion potential (E corr). With the introduction of sulfur, the magnitude of F B doubled and the E corr decreased comparing with NZVI. Our findings provide a facile and viable strategy for treating chlorinated phenols at neutral pH. [Display omitted] • WMF remarkably facilitated 2,4,6-TCP removal by BC-SNZVI at neutral pH. • Complete dechlorination of 2,4,6-TCP occurred rapidly under 30 mT WMF. • WMF effectively alleviated the inhibitory effects by NO 3 −, H 2 PO 4 −, and HCO 3 −. • F B was the major body force for promoting mass-transfer controlled SNZVI corrosion. • WMF lowered E corr of SNZVI and favored electron-transfer controlled SNZVI corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel polyurethane carrier modified with biochar and tourmaline/zeolite powder at ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 was developed to promote the formation of biofilms and the synergy of overall bacterial activity for Partial Denitrification/Anammox to treat low-nitrogen contaminated surface water. Based on the batch experiment, the modified biocarrier, BTP2 (biochar: tourmaline = 2: 1), exhibited the highest total nitrogen removal efficiency (83.63%) under influent total nitrogen of 15 mg/L and COD/NO 3 − of 3. The dense biofilm was formed in inner side of biocarrier owing to the increased surface roughness and various functional groups suggested by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared analysis. The EPS content increased from 200.15 to 220.26 mg/g VSS in BTP2 system. Besides, the rapid NH 4 + capture and organics release of the modified carrier fueled the growth of anammox and denitrification bacteria, with the activity of 2.13 ± 0.52 mg N/gVSS/h and 6.70 ± 0.52 mg N/gVSS/h (BTP2). High-throughput sequencing unraveled the increased abundances of Candidatus_Competibacter (0.82%), Thauera (0.60%) and Candidatus_Brocadia (0.55%) which was responsible for the synergy of incomplete reduction of NO 3 − to NO 2 − and NH 4 + oxidation. Overall, this study provided a valid and simple-control guide for biofilm formation towards rapid enrichment and great collaboration of Anammox and denitrification bacteria. [Display omitted] • The biochar/tourmaline modified biocarrier coordinate metabolism of PD/A. • BTP2 system showed highest NRE (83.63%) for low nitrogen polluted water treatment. • Rough surface and high substrate microenvironment boosted PD/A biofilm formation. • Modified carrier promoted DNB and AnAOB growth by DOM release and NH 4 + adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a novel one-pot hydrothermal impregnation strategy for surface decoration of waste derived pisum sativum biochar with zero‒dimensional Cu‒MOF Quantum dots (PBC‒HK), with an average particle size of 5.67 nm, for synergistic removal of an emerging sulfur containing drug pantoprazole (PTZ) and Basic Blue 26 (VB) dye within 80 min and 50 min of visible-light exposure, respectively. The designed Integrated Photocatalytic Adsorbent (IPA) presented an enhanced PTZ removal efficiency of 95.23% with a catalyst loading of 0.24 g/L and initial PTZ conc. 30 mg/L at pH 7, within 80 min via synergistic adsorption and photodegradation under visible-light exposure. While, on the other hand, 96.31% VB removal efficiency was obtained in 50 min with a catalyst dosage of 0.20 g/L, initial VB conc. 60 mg/L at pH 7 under similar irradiation conditions. An in-depth analysis of the synergistic adsorption and photocatalysis mechanism resulting in the shortened time for the removal of contaminants in the synergistic integrated model has been performed by outlining the various advantageous attributes of this strategy. The first-order degradation rate constant for PTZ was found to be 0.04846 min−1 and 0.04370 min−1 for PTZ and VB, respectively. Adsorption of contaminant molecules on the biochar (PS‒BC) surface can facilitate photodegradation by accelerating the kinetics, and photodegradation promotes regeneration of adsorption sites, contributing to an overall reduction in operation time for removal of contaminants. Besides enhancing the adsorption of targeted pollutants, the carbon matrix of IPAs serves as a surface for adsorption of intermediates of degradation, thereby minimizing the risk of secondary pollution. The photogenerated holes present in the VB is responsible for the generation of •OH radicals. While, the photogenerated electrons present in the CB are captured by Cu2+ of the MOF metal center, reducing it to Cu+, which is subsequently oxidized to produce additional •OH species in the aqueous medium. This process leads to effective charge separation of the photogenerated charge carriers and minimizes the probability of charge recombination as evident from photoluminescence (PL) analysis. Meanwhile, PL studies, EPR and radical trapping experiments indicate the predominant role of •OH radicals in the removal mechanism of PTZ and VB. The investigation of the degradation reaction intermediates was confirmed by HR‒LCMS, on the basis of which the plausible degradation pathway was elucidated in detail. Moreover, effects of pH, inorganic salts, other organic compounds and humic acid concentration have been investigated in detail. The environmental impact of the proposed method was comprehensively evaluated by ICP-OES analysis and TOC and COD removal studies. Furthermore, the economic feasibility and the cost-effectiveness of the catalyst was assessed to address the potential for large scale commercialization. Notably, this research not only demonstrates a rational design strategy for the utilization of solid waste into treasure via the fabrication of IPAs based on MOF Quantum dots (QDs) and waste-derived biochar, but also provides a practical solution for real wastewater treatment systems for broader industrial applications. [Display omitted] • Integrated Photocatalytic Adsorbent (IPA) for the synergistic removal of Pantoprazole and Acid Blue 26. • 95.23% PTZ and 96.31% VB removal in shorter duration of 80 min and 50 min, respectively. • In-depth analysis of the synergistic adsorption-photocatalysis mechanism. • The stability of the system was validated by ICP-OES, FTIR and XRD analysis. • Cost Analysis of the PBC‒HK catalyst is estimated to be $0.018/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar has been recognized as a promising practice for ameliorating degraded soils, yet the consensus on its effects remains largely unknown due to the variability among biochar, soil and plant. This study therefore presents a meta-analysis synthesizing 92 publications containing 987 paired data to scrutinize biochar effects on salt-affected soil properties and plant productivity. Additionally, a random meta-forest approach was employed to identify the key factors of biochar on salt-affected soil and plant productivity. Results showed that biochar led to significant reductions in electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density (BD) and pH by 7.4%, 4.7% and 1.2% compared to the unamended soil, respectively. Soil organic carbon (by 55.1%) and total nitrogen (by 31.3%) increased significantly with biochar addition. Moreover, biochar overall enhanced plant productivity by 31.5%, and more pronounced increases in forage/medicinal with higher salt tolerance than others. The results also identified that the soil salinity and biochar application rate were the most important co-regulators for EC and PP changes. The structural equation model further showed that soil salinity (P < 0.001), biochar pH (P < 0.001) and biochar specific surface area (P < 0.01) had a significant negative effect on soil EC, but it was positively impacted by biochar pyrolysis temperature (P < 0.05). Furthermore, plant productivity was positively affected by biochar pH (P < 0.001) and biochar feedstock (P < 0.01), while negatively influenced by biochar pyrolysis temperature (P < 0.01). This study highlights that woody biochar with 7.6 < pH < 9.0 and pyrolyzed at 400–600 °C under 30–70 t ha−1 application rate in moderately saline coarse soils is a recommendable pattern to enhance forage/medicinal productivity while reducing soil salinity. In conclusion, biochar offers promising avenues for ameliorating degradable soils, but it is imperative to explore largescale applications and field performance across different biochar, soil, and plant types. • A meta-analysis quantified biochar effects on salt-affected soil and plant productivity. • Biochar improved salt-affected soil but depended on soil, plant and biochar variability. • Salinity is a dominant factor for biochar-improved plant productivity on salt-affected soils. • Biochar-induced increases in productivity was more pronounced in forage/medicinal plants. • Potentially biochar-soil-plant "match" for amending salt-affected soils was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of combined pollution in oligotrophic water has garnered increasing attention in recent years. To enhance the pollutant removal efficiency in oligotrophic water, the system containing Zoogloea sp. FY6 was constructed using polyester fiber wrapped sugarcane biochar and construction waste iron (PWSI), and the denitrification test of simulated water and actual oligotrophic water was carried out for 35 days. The experimental findings from the systems indicated that the removal efficiencies of nitrate (NO 3 –−N), total nitrogen (TN), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total phosphorus (TP) in simulated water were 88.61%, 85.23%, 94.28%, and 98.90%, respectively. The removal efficiencies of actual oligotrophic water were 83.06%, 81.39%, 81.66%, and 97.82%, respectively. Furthermore, the high−throughput sequencing data demonstrated that strain FY6 was successfully loaded onto the biological carrier. According to functional gene predictions derived from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, the introduction of PWSI enhanced intracellular iron cycling and nitrogen metabolism. [Display omitted] • The bio-carrier with sugarcane biochar and waste iron (PWSI) was constructed. • The bioreactor operated for 35 days with actual oligotrophic water. • The bioreactor can efficiently remove of NO 3 −-N, TN, PO 4 3–P, and COD Mn. • PWSI and bio-iron precipitation were contributed to the removal of phosphate. • PWSI promoted nitrogen metabolism and iron redox cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deep removal of organic pollutants is challenging for coagulation technology in drinking water and wastewater treatment plants to satisfy the rising water standards. Iron (III) chloride (FeCl 3) is a popular inorganic coagulant; although it has good performance in removing the turbidity (TB) in water at an alkaline medium, it cannot remove dissolved pollutants and natural organic matter such as humic acid water solution. Additionally, its hygroscopic nature complicates determining the optimal dosage for effective coagulation. Biochar (BC), a popular adsorbent with abundant functional groups, porous structure, and relatively high surface area, can adsorb adsorbates from water matrices. Therefore, combining BC with FeCl 3 presents a potential solution to address the challenges associated with iron chloride. Consequently, this study focused on preparing and characterizing a novel biochar/ferric chloride-based coagulant (BC–FeCl 3) for efficient removal of turbidity (TB) and natural organic matter, specifically humic acid (HA), from synthetic wastewater. The potential solution for the disposal of produced sludge was achieved by its recovering and recycling, then used in adsorption of HA from aqueous solution. The novel coagulant presented high TB and HA removal within 10 min of settling period at pH solution of 7.5. Furthermore, the recovered sludge presented a good performance in the adsorption of HA from aqueous solution. Adsorption isotherm and kinetics studies revealed that the Pseudo-second-order model best described kinetic adsorption, while the Freundlich model dominated the adsorption isotherm. • A novel biochar/ferric chloride composite coagulant-adsorbent was synthesized. • FeCl 3 's hygroscopic issue resolved; optimal coagulation dosage determined effectively. • The coagulation with 10 min of settling time at near-neutral pH solution was achieved. • A remedial approach for mitigating sludge-borne iron contamination is proffered. • The recovered sludge presented a good performance in the adsorption of HA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of NaOH-modified biochar on the release of NH 3 and H 2 S from laying hens' manure was examined for 44 days, using a small-scale simulated aerobic composting system. The findings revealed that the NaOH-modified biochar reduced NH 3 and H 2 S emissions by 40.63% and 77.78%, respectively, compared to the control group. Moreover, the emissions of H 2 S were significantly lower than those of the unmodified biochar group (p < 0.05). The increased specific surface area and microporous structure of the biochar, as well as the higher content of alkaline and oxygenated functional groups, were found to facilitate the adsorption of NH 3 and H 2 S. This enhanced adsorption capability was the primary reason for the significant reduction in NH 3 emissions. Furthermore, during the high-temperature phase of composting, there was a notable alteration in the microbial community. The abundance of Limnochordaceae , Savagea , and IMCC26207 increased significantly which aided in the conversion of H 2 S to stable sulfate. These microorganisms also influenced the abundance of functional genes involved in sulfur metabolism, thereby inhibiting cysteine synthesis, along with the decomposition and conversion of sulfate to sulfite. This led to a significant decrease in H 2 S emissions. This study provides valuable data for the selection of deodorizers in the composting process of egg-laying hens. The results have significant implications for the application of NaOH-modified biochar for odor reduction in aerobic composting processes. [Display omitted] • Biochar modified by NaOH has higher specific surface area and microporous volume, with minor collapse. • The content of oxygen-containing functional groups and basic groups was increased in the modified biochar. • NaOH modified biochar can reduce NH 3 emission by 40.63%. • NaOH modified biochar can reduce H 2 S emission by 77.78%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetracycline (TC) is widely present in the environment, and adsorption technology is a potential remediation method. S/N co-doped tea residue biochar (SNBC) was successfully prepared by hydrothermal carbonization method using tea residue as raw material. S was doped by Na 2 S 2 O 3 ·5H 2 O, and N was doped by N in tea residue. The adsorption efficiency of SNBC could reach 94.16% when the concentration of TC was 100 mg L−1. The adsorption effect of SNBC on TC was 9.38 times more than that of unmodified biochar. Tea biochar had good adsorption effect at pH 4–9. The maximum adsorption capacity of 271 mg g−1 was calculated by the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption mechanism involved many mechanisms such as pore filling, π-π interaction and hydrogen bonding. The adsorbent prepared in this study could be used as an effective adsorbent in the treatment of TC wastewater. • Resource utilization of tea residue for environmental pollution treatment. • Preparation of S/N co-doped biochar using the N element of tea residue itself. • A highly efficient tetracycline adsorbent has been prepared by tea residue waste. • Analysis of the contribution of S and N doping to the adsorbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) contaminated soils, caused by Pb and zinc (Zn) smelting activities, pose an urgent environmental issue. Magnetic biochar (MB) has been regarded as an increasingly appealing candidate for the remediation of multi-metals in contaminated soils or their leachate. Finding economically feasible preparation methods for MB and demonstrating its remediation potential is desperately required for the remediation of such complex smelting sites. In this study, a modified MB was prepared using an optimized co-precipitation method, and its application potential for Pb/As simultaneous removal based on the basic properties of a typical Pb/Zn smelting site was evaluated. The surface modifications of MB facilitated the encapsulation of various ultrafine iron oxide particles, predominantly γ-Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 , whilst notably enhancing the presence of oxygen-containing surface functional groups. The adsorption of Pb(II) and As(III) by MB was well-described using the pseudo-second-order adsorption and Langmuir models. The existence of SO 4 2− and Ca2+ in the soil leachate competed with the adsorption sites for Pb(II) and As(III). Notably, within the pH range of 5–9, the adsorption efficiency of Pb(II) by MB increased with the rising solution pH, whereas alterations in pH minimally affected the removal rate of As(III), maintaining a consistent removal rate exceeding 95%. Furthermore, dissolved organic matter (DOM) abundant in organic functional groups, particularly C O and C C groups, significantly augmented the adsorption affinity for both Pb(II) and As(III). An application rate of 2 g/L could effectively reduce the concentration of Pb(II) and As(III) in soil leachate to <0.05 mg/L. The findings demonstrated the potential of the prepared MB for simultaneous removal of As(III) and Pb(II) in soil leachate, which should be beneficial to multi-metals polluted soil remediation in Pb/Zn smelting sites. [Display omitted] • The modified MB exhibited high adsorption capacities for As(III) and Pb(II). • Both competition and synergistic effects existed in the simultaneous adsorption of As(III) and Pb(II). • The C O and C C groups enhanced the adsorption affinity for As(III) and Pb(II). • The modified MB demonstrated its potential application for the remediation in Pb/Zn smelting sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Straw biochar is a commonly recognized agricultural amendment that can improve soil quality and reduce carbon emissions while sequestering soil carbon. However, the mechanisms underlying biochar's effects on annual soil carbon emissions in seasonally frozen soil areas and intrinsic drivers have not been clarified. Here, a 2-y field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different biochar dosages (0, 15, and 30, t ha−1; B0 (CK), B15, and B30, respectively) on carbon emissions (CO 2 and CH 4) microbial colony count, and soil-environment factors. The study period was the full annual cycle, including the freeze-thaw period (FTP) and the crop growth period (CP). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was developed to reveal the key drivers and potential mechanisms of biochar on carbon emissions. Biochar application reduced soil carbon emissions, with the reduction rate positively related to the biochar application rate (B30 best). During FTP, the reduction rate was 11.5% for CO 2 and 48.2% for CH 4. During CP, the reduction rate was 17.9% for CO 2 and 34.5% for CH 4. Overall, compared with CK, B30 treatment had a significant effect on reducing total soil carbon emissions (P < 0.05), with an average decrease of 16.7% during the two-year test period. The study also showed that for soils with continuous annual cycles (FTP and CP), carbon emissions were best observed from 10:00–13:00. After two years of freeze-thaw cycling, biochar continued to improve soil physical and chemical properties, thereby increasing soil microbial colony count. Compared with B0, the B30 treatment significantly increased the total colony count by 74.3% and 263.8% during FTP and CP (P < 0.05). Structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that, with or without biochar application, the soil physicochemical properties directly or indirectly affected soil CO 2 and CH 4 emission fluxes through microbial colony count. The total effects of biochar application on CO 2 emission fluxes were 0.50 (P < 0.05) and 0.64 (P < 0.01), respectively, but there was no significant effect on CH 4 emission fluxes (P > 0.05). Among them, soil water content (SWC), soil temperature (ST) and soil organic carbon (SOC) were the main environmental determinants of CO 2 emission fluxes during the FTP and CP. The total effects were 0.57, 0.65, and 0.53, respectively. For CH 4 , SWC, soil salinity (SS) and actinomycete colony count were the main environmental factors affecting its emission. The total effects were 0.50, 0.45, 0.44, respectively. For freeze-thaw alternating soils, the application of biochar is a feasible option for addressing climate change through soil carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions mitigation. Soil water-heat-salt-fertilization and microbial communities are important for soil carbon emissions as the reaction matrix and main participants of soil carbon and nitrogen biochemical transformation. • The addition of 30 t ha−1 biochar helped to significantly reduce annual soil carbon emissions (P < 0.05). • 10:00–13:00 is the best time to monitor annual freeze-thaw soil carbon emissions. • Soil water content (SWC), temperature and organic carbon are the main drivers of CO 2 emissions from anniversary soils. • SWC, salinity and actinomycete colony count are the main drivers of CH 4 emissions from anniversary soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution caused by heavy metals is a major environmental problem, threatening water production, food safety, and human health. Cadmium (Cd) pollution is particularly serious because of food-chain biomagnification at toxic concentrations. Modified biochar is promising for heavy metal removal; however, efficient adsorbents for Cd removal are lacking. In the present study, a novel adsorbent, silica gel-modified biochar (SGB), was prepared and applied to treat sewage polluted by Cd. Through the batch adsorption experiments, it is known that SGB possessed outstanding Cd removal ability and recycleability. Furthermore, the adsorption behavior and mechanisms were analyzed by the application of kinetic and isotherm models. The maximum Cd2+ adsorption capacity of SGB was 38.08 mg g−1, and after five recycling processes, the Cd2+ removal rate was still 86.89 %. When the pH of the solution was 7.0, SGB showed the strongest Cd2+ adsorption capacity (29.06 mg g−1). When competitive ions existed, biochar also had high Cd removal efficiency, although the effect of Pb2+ was greater than those of Cu2+ and Zn2+, indicating that SGB was applicable to complex polluted water. Additionally, the main Cd2+ adsorption mechanisms by SGB were electrostatic interactions, π-π interactions, complexation, and co-precipitation. These results showed that SGB can effectively treat Cd-contaminated wastewater as a new adsorbent. [Display omitted] • SGB showed an outstanding Cd removal ability and excellent recyclability. • SGB showed the strongest Cd2+ adsorption capacity when the solution pH was 7.0. • SGB acted via electrostatic, π-π interactions, complexation, and co-precipitation. • SGB is expected to be beneficial for treating Cd-polluted water. • SGB also had high Cd removal efficiency in complex polluted water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel sulfur/zinc co-doped biochar (SZ-BC) stabilizer was successfully developed for the remediation of mercury-contaminated soil. Results from SEM, TEM, FTIR and XRD revealed that biochar (BC) was successfully modified by sulfur and zinc. In the batch adsorption experiments, the sulfur-zinc co-pyrolysis biochar displayed excellent Hg(II) adsorption performance, with the maximum adsorption capacity of SZ-BC (261.074 mg/g) being approximately 16.5 times that of BC (15.855 mg/g). Laboratory-scale static incubation, column leaching, and plant pot experiments were conducted using biochar-based materials. At an additional dosage of 5 % mass ratio, the SZ-BC exhibits the most effective stabilization of mercury in soil, leading to a significant reduction in leaching loss compared to the control group (CK) by 51.30 %. Following 4 weeks of incubation and 2 weeks of leaching with SZ-BC, the residual mercury in the soil increased by 27.84 %. As a result, potential ecological risk index of mercury decreased by 92 % compared to the CK group. In the pot experiment, SZ-BC significantly enhanced the growth of Chinese cabbage, with biomass and root dry weight reaching 3.20 and 2.80 times that of the CK group, respectively. Additionally, the Translocation Factor (TF) and Bioconcentration Factor (BF) were reduced by 44.86 % and 74.43 %, respectively, in the SZ-BC group compared to the CK group. Moreover, SZ-BC can effectively improve enzyme activities and increase microbial communities in mercury-contaminated soils. The mechanisms of adsorption and stabilization were elucidated through electrostatic adsorption, ion exchange, surface complexation, and precipitation. These findings provide a potentially effective material for stabilizing soils contaminated with mercury. [Display omitted] • A novel sulfur/zinc co-doped biochar (SZ-BC) was successfully fabricated. • The maximum adsorption capacity of Hg(II) by the SZ-BC was 261.07 mg/g. • The SZ-BC stabilizer can effectively reduce the ecological risk of mercury in soil. • Complexation, ion exchange, electrostatic adsorption and co-precipitation reaction were the main adsorption mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochar application individually can enhance plant tolerance to saline-alkali stress and promote plant growth efficiency. However, little is known about the potential synergistic effects of their combination on improving plant growth and soil quality under saline-alkali stress. This experiment adopted the potted method to explore the effects of four treatments on switchgrass growth and soil quality: biochar (BC), Rhizophagus irregularis (Ri), biochar + Ri (BR) and a control without biochar or Ri (CK). Compared to the CK treatment, the switchgrass biomass increased by 92.4 %, 148.6 %, and 177.3 % in the BC, Ri, and BR treatment groups, respectively. Similarly, the rhizosphere soil quality index increased by 29.33 %, 22.7 %, and 49.1 % in the respective treatment groups. The BR treatment significantly altered the rhizosphere soil microbial composition and diversity. Notably, compared to the other treatments, the archaeal α-diversity in the BR group showed a significant decrease. BR treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of bacteria, fungi and archaea at the genus level (e.g., Bacillus, Trichome and candidatus_methanopenens). Network analysis showed that the complexity and closeness of interactions between different microbial taxa were stronger in the BC, Ri and BR treatments than in the CK treatment, with BR being the more prominent. In summary, biochar combined with Ri has a better effect on promoting the growth of switchgrass under saline-alkali stress, improving the quality of saline-alkali soil, and increasing soil microbial diversity. This study provides a new approach for the efficient development and utilization of saline-alkali land. [Display omitted] • Biochar combined with AMF increases switchgrass biomass and reshapes soil microbial diversity and function. • Biochar - AMF - Plant interactions can improve soil quality indices of saline-alkali soil. • Combined treatment enhances the complexity and interaction of rhizosphere microbial symbiotic networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, biochar derived from chestnut shells was synthesized through pyrolysis at varying temperatures from 300 °C to 900 °C. The study unveiled that the pyrolysis temperature is pivotal in defining the physical and chemical attributes of biochar, notably its adsorption capabilities and its role in activating peracetic acid (PAA) for the efficient removal of acetaminophen (APAP) from aquatic environments. Notably, the biochar processed at 900 °C, referred to as CN900, demonstrated an exceptional adsorption efficiency of 55.8 mg g−1, significantly outperforming its counterparts produced at lower temperatures (CN300, CN500, and CN700). This enhanced performance of CN900 is attributed to its increased surface area, improved micro-porosity, and a greater abundance of oxygen-containing functional groups, which are a consequence of the elevated pyrolysis temperature. These oxygen-rich functional groups, such as carbonyls, play a crucial role in facilitating the decomposition of the O–O bond in PAA, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through electron transfer mechanisms. This investigation contributes to the development of sustainable and cost-effective materials for water purification, underscoring the potential of chestnut shell-derived biochar as an efficient adsorbent and catalyst for PAA activation, thereby offering a viable solution for environmental cleanup efforts. [Display omitted] • Pyrolysis temperature significantly influences the properties of biochar. • Increasing the pyrolysis temperature enhances the aromaticity of biochar. • Biochar produced at higher temperatures is effective in adsorbing APAP. • Characteristics of biochar significantly influence PAA activation. • CN900 biochar mitigates the toxicity of APAP when activated with PAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large yield of anaerobic digestates and the suboptimal efficacy of nutrient slow-release severely limit its practical application. To address these issues, a new biochar based fertilizer (MAP@BRC) was developed using biogas residue biochar (BRC) to recover nitrogen and phosphorus from biogas slurry. The nutrient release patterns of MAP@BRC and mechanisms for enhancing soil fertility were studied, and it demonstrated excellent performance, with 59% total nitrogen and 50% total phosphorus nutrient release rates within 28 days. This was attributed to the coupling of the mechanism involving the dissolution of struvite skeletons and the release of biochar pores. Pot experiments showed that crop yield and water productivity were doubled in the MAP@BRC group compared with unfertilized planting. The application of MAP@BRC also improved soil nutrient levels, reduced soil acidification, increased microbial populations, and decreased soil heavy metal pollution risk. The key factors that contributed to the improvement in soil fertility by MAP@BRC were an increase in available nitrogen and the optimization of pH levels in the soil. Overall, MAP@BRC is a safe, slow-release fertilizer that exhibits biochar-fertilizer interactions and synergistic effects. This slow-release fertilizer was prepared by treating a phosphorus-rich biogas slurry with a nitrogen-rich biogas slurry, and it simultaneously addresses problems associated with livestock waste treatment and provides a promising strategy to promote zero-waste agriculture. [Display omitted] • MAP@BRC releases 59% TN and 50% TP in 28 days and exhibits excellent slow-release performance. • Slow release occurs through struvite dissolution and nutrient release from biochar pores. • Nitrogen supply and pH optimization are the main factors driving improved soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For metal-based phosphate adsorbents, the dispersity and utilization of surface metal active sites are crucial factors in their adsorption performance and synthesis cost. In this study, a biochar material modified with amorphous Zr–Ce (carbonate) oxides (BZCCO-13) was synthesized for the phosphate uptake, and the adsorption process was enhanced by magnetic field. The beside-magnetic field was shown to have a better influence than under-magnetic field on adsorption, with maximum adsorption capacities (123.67 mg P/g) 1.14-fold greater than that without magnetic field. The beside-magnetic field could also accelerate the adsorption rate, and the time to reach 90% maximum adsorption capacity decreased by 83%. BZCCO-13 has a wide range of application pHs from 5.0 to 10.0, with great selectivity and reusability. The results of XPS and ELNES showed that the "magnetophoresis" of Ce3+ under the magnetic field was the main reason for the enhanced adsorption performance. In addition, increased surface roughness, pore size and oxygen vacancies, enhanced mass transfer by Lorentz force under a magnetic field, all beneficially influenced the adsorption process. The mechanism of phosphate adsorption by BZCCO-13 could be attributed to electrostatic attraction and CO 3 2–dominated ligand exchange. This study not only provided an effective strategy for designing highly effective phosphate adsorbents, but also provides a new light on the application of rare earth metal-based adsorbent in magnetic field. [Display omitted] • A novel biochar material loading amorphous Zr–Ce (carbonate) oxides was developed. • BZLCO-13 achieved rapid P capture with 83% reduced adsorption time under B-MF. • The maximum adsorption capacity increased by 14% (123.67 mg P/g) under B-MF. • The 'magnetophoresis' of Ce3+ under the MF enhanced the adsorption performance. • Electrostatic attraction and ligand exchange dominated the adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of biochar and inoculation with specific microbial strains offer promising approaches for addressing atrazine contamination in agricultural soils. However, determining the optimal method necessitates a comprehensive understanding of their effects under similar conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of biochar and Paenarthrobacter sp. AT5, a bacterial strain known for its ability to degrade atrazine, in reducing atrazine-related risks to soybean crops and influencing bacterial communities. Both biochar and strain AT5 significantly improved atrazine degradation in both planted and unplanted soils, with the most substantial reduction observed in soils treated with strain AT5. Furthermore, bioaugmentation with strain AT5 outperformed biochar in enhancing soybean growth, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant defenses. While biochar promoted higher soil bacterial diversity compared to strain AT5, the latter selectively enriched specific bacterial populations. Additionally, soil inoculated with strain AT5 displayed a notable increase in the abundance of key genes associated with atrazine degradation (trzN , atzB , and atzC), surpassing the effects observed with biochar addition, thus highlighting its effectiveness in mitigating atrazine risks in soil. [Display omitted] • Paenarthrobacter sp. AT5 outperformed biochar in reducing atrazine risks to soybeans. • Strain AT5 was more effective than biochar in enhancing atrazine degradation in soil. • Strain AT5 improved key growth parameters in soybeans exposed to atrazine. • Biochar outperformed strain AT5 in enhancing soil bacterial diversity under atrazine stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar is a carbonaceous solid that is prepared through thermo-chemical decomposition of biomass under an inert atmosphere. The present study compares the performance of biochar prepared from Peanut shell, coconut shell and walnut shell in dual chamber microbial fuel cell. The physicochemical and electrochemical analysis of biochar reveals that prepared biochar is macroporous, amorphous, biocompatible, and electrochemically conductive. Polarization studies show that Peanut shell biochar (PSB) exhibited a maximum power density of 165 mW/m2 followed by Coconut shell biochar (CSB) Activated Charcoal (AC) and Walnut shell biochar (WSB). Enhanced power density of PSB was attributed to its surface area and suitable pore size distribution which proved conducive for biofilm formation. Furthermore, the high electrical capacitance of PSB improved the electron transfer between microbes and anode. [Display omitted] • Biochar is prepared from nut shells viz. peanut shell, coconut shell, and walnut shell by one-step pyrolysis method. • Nutshell biochar anodes are compared in dual-chamber Microbial Fuel Cell. • Peanut shell biochar (PSB) exhibited a maximum power production of 165 mW/m2. • High surface area, specific capacitance, and improved inter-facial electron transfer enhanced the power output of MFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar has emerged as a versatile and efficient multi-functional material, serving as both an adsorbent and catalyst in removing emerging pollutants (EPs) from aquatic matrices. However, pristine biochar's catalytic and adsorption capabilities are hindered by its poor surface functionality and small pore size. Addressing these limitations involves the development of functionalized biochar, a strategic approach aimed at enhancing its physicochemical properties and improving adsorption and catalytic efficiencies. Despite a growing interest in this field, there is a notable gap in existing literature, with no review explicitly concentrating on the efficacy of biochar-based functional materials (BCFMs) for removing EPs in aquatic environments. This comprehensive review aims to fill this void by delving into the engineering considerations essential for designing BCFMs with enhanced physiochemical properties. The focus extends to understanding the treatment efficiency of EPs through mechanisms such as adsorption or catalytic degradation. The review systematically outlines the underlying mechanisms involved in the adsorption and catalytic degradation of EPs by BCFMs. By shedding light on the prospects of BCFMs as a promising multi-functional material, the review underscores the imperative for sustained research efforts. It emphasizes the need for continued exploration into the practical implications of BCFMs, especially under environmentally relevant pollutant concentrations. This holistic approach seeks to contribute to advancing knowledge and applying biochar-based solutions in addressing the challenges posed by emerging pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the center of the Nile Delta in Egypt, the Kitchener drain as the primary drainage discharges about 1.9 billion m3 per year of water, which comprises agricultural drainage (75 %), domestic water (23 %), and industrial water (2 %), to the Mediterranean Sea. Cadmium (Cd) stands out as a significant contaminant in this drain; therefore, this study aimed to assess the integration of biochar (0, 5, and 10 ton ha−1) and three PGPRs (PGPR-1, PGPR-2, and PGPR-3) to alleviate the negative impacts of Cd on sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) in saline-alkali soil. The treatment of biochar (10 ton ha−1) and PGPR-3 enhanced the soil respiration, dehydrogenase, nitrogenase, and phosphatase activities by 137 %, 129 %, 326 %, and 127 %, while it declined soil electrical conductivity and available Cd content by 31.7 % and 61.3 %. Also, it decreased Cd content in root, shoot, and seed by 55.3 %, 50.7 %, and 92.5 %, and biological concentration and translocation factors by 55 % and 5 %. It also declined the proline, lipid peroxidation, H 2 O 2 , and electrolyte leakage contents by 48 %, 94 %, 80 %, and 76 %, whereas increased the catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and polyphenol oxidase activities by 80 %, 79 %, 61 %, and 116 %. Same treatment increased seed and oil yields increased by 76.1 % and 76.2 %. The unique aspect of this research is its investigation into the utilization of biochar in saline-alkali soil conditions, coupled with the combined application of biochar and PGPR to mitigate the adverse effects of Cd contamination on sunflower cultivation in saline-alkali soil. • Application of 10 ton biochar/ ha+PGPRs significantly improved sunflower growth. • The 10 ton biochar/ ha+PGPRs remarkably mitigated soil salinity and reduced Na+ and Cd toxicity. • Treated sunflowers exhibited a more tolerant root system to saline and Cd conditions. • The 10 ton biochar/ ha+PGPRs led to enhanced nutrient use efficiency and increased sunflowers yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment pose challenges related to long-term operational efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions on a global scale. This study investigated the impact of adding peat, humic acid, and biochar into the substrates of constructed wetlands and focused on Cr, and Ni removal, greenhouse gas emissions, and microbial communities in constructed wetlands. Biochar addition treatment achieved the highest removal efficiencies for total Cr (99.96%), Cr (VI) (100%), and total Ni (91.04%). Humic acid and biochar addition both significantly increased the heavy metal content in wetland plant Leersia hexandra and substrates of constructed wetlands. Further analysis of microbial community proportions by high-throughput sequencing revealed that biochar and humic acid treatments enhanced Cr and Ni removal efficiency by increasing the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Geobacter and Ascomycota. Humic acid addition treatment reduced CO 2 emissions by decreasing the abundance of Bacteroidetes and increasing that of Basidiomycota. Peat treatment decreased CH 4 emissions by reducing the abundance of the Bacteroidetes. Biochar treatment increased the abundance of the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria as well as Basidiomycota, resulting in reduced N 2 O emissions. Biochar and humic acid treatments efficiently removed heavy metals from wastewater and mitigated greenhouse gas emissions in constructed wetlands by modifying the microbial communities. [Display omitted] • Carbon source addition increases the Cr/Ni content in Leersia hexandra and substrates in constructed wetlands (CWs). • Alkaline nitrogen shapes microbial communities. • Biochar, humic acid, and peat reduce N 2 O, CO 2 and CH 4 , respectively. • Biochar and humic acid improve Cr/Ni removal and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in CWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fly ash (FA) is mainly composed of silica, alumina, and other metal oxide components, and has a positive stabilizing effect on soil heavy metals. Biochar composites produced from FA and corn stover (CS) can improve its remediation performance. Therefore, a batch of biochar composites (alkali-fused FA-CS biochars, ABs), synthesized via co-pyrolysis of CS and alkali-fused FA (AFFA) at different temperatures of 300, 500, and 700 °C (AB300-1, AB500-1, and AB700-1) and CS to AFFA mass ratios of 10:1, 10:2, and 10:5 (AB500-1, AB500-2, and AB500-5), was used to remediate lead (Pb)-contaminated soil. Compared with pristine biochars (BCs), ABs were enriched with oxygen-containing functional groups (Si–O–Si and Si–O) and aromatic structures. The ABs prepared at lower pyrolytic temperature (≤500 °C) and lower ratio of CS to AFFA (10:1) showed higher yield and stability. The contents of Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)-extractable Pb and DTPA-CaCl 2 -triethanolamine (DTPA)-extractable Pb were generally lower in the soils amended with ABs than BCs. Compared with other ABs such as AB300-1, AB500-2, AB500-5, and AB700-1, the soil amended with AB500-1 had lower contents of TCLP and DTPA-extractable Pb (24% reduction), exhibiting superior performance in stabilizing Pb in the soil. The gradual decrease of DTPA-extractable Pb content in the soil with increasing dosage of AB500-1 amendments suggests that AB500-1 facilitated the conversion of bioavailable Pb to the stable and less toxic residual fractions. Specifically, the highest percentage of residual fraction of Pb in soil amended with AB500-1 was 14%. Correlation analyses showed that the soil DTPA-extractable Pb content decreased with the increase of soil pH and cation-exchange capacity (CEC) value. ABs stabilize Pb in the soils mainly via electrostatic attraction, precipitation, cation-π interaction, cation exchange, and complexation. These findings provide insights for producing functionalized biochar composites from industrial waste like FA and biomass waste for remediating the soils polluted by heavy metals. [Display omitted] • Physicochemical properties of fly ash improved with NaOH modification. • Co-pyrolysis of alkali-fused fly ash and corn stover synthesized biochar composites. • Biochar composites stabilized Pb via precipitation, cation-π interaction, and complexation. • Biochar composite properties, soil pH, and CEC determined Pb stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalation of global water pollution due to emerging pollutants has gained significant attention. To address this issue, catalytic peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation technology has emerged as a promising treatment approach for effectively decontaminating a wide range of pollutants. Recently, modified biochar has become an increasingly attractive as PMS activator. Metal-heteroatom-co-doped biochar (MH-BC) has emerged as a promising catalyst that can provide enhanced performance over heteroatom-doped and metal-doped biochar due to the synergism between metal and heteroatom in promoting PMS activation. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the fabrication pathways (i.e., internal vs external doping and pre-vs post-modification) and key parameters (i.e., source of precursors, synthesis methods, and synthesis conditions) affecting the performance of MH-BC as PMS activator. Subsequently, an overview of all the possible PMS activation pathways by MH-BC is provided. Subsequently, Also, the detection, identification, and quantification of several reactive species (such as, •OH, SO 4 •−, O 2 •−, 1O 2 , and high valent oxo species) generated in the catalytic PMS system by MH-BC are also evaluated. Lastly, the underlying challenges associated with poor stability, the lack of understanding regarding the interaction between metal and heteroatom during PMS activation and quantification of radicals in multi-ROS system are also deliberated. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent, aged hydrocarbons in soil hinder remediation, posing a significant environmental threat. While bioremediation offers an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach, its efficacy for complex contaminants relies on enhancing pollutant bioavailability. This study explores the potential of immobilized bacterial consortia combined with biochar and rhamnolipids to accelerate bioremediation of aged total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH)-contaminated soil. Previous research indicates that biochar and biosurfactants can increase bioremediation rates, while mixed consortia offer sequential degradation and higher hydrocarbon mineralization. The present investigation aimed to assess whether combining these strategies could further enhance degradation in aged, complex soil matrices. The bioaugmentation (BA) with bacterial consortium increased the TPHs degradation in aged soil (over 20% compared to natural attenuation - NA). However, co-application of BA with biochar and rhamnolipid higher did not show a statistically prominent synergistic effect. While biochar application facilitated the maintenance of hydrocarbon degrading bacterial consortium in soil, the present study did not identify a direct influence in TPHs degradation. The biochar application in contaminated soil contributed to TPHs adsorption. Rhamnolipid alone slightly increased the TPHs biodegradation with NA, while the combined bioaugmentation treatment with rhamnolipid and biochar increased the degradation between 27.5 and 29.8%. These findings encourage further exploration of combining bioaugmentation with amendment, like biochar and rhamnolipid, for remediating diverse environmental matrices contaminated with complex and aged hydrocarbons. [Display omitted] • Bioaugmentation (BA) can treat recalcitrant aged TPHs (RAH) in soil. • Individual and co-application of BA with biochar and rhamnolipid were evaluated. • Significantly higher hydrocarbons biodegradation occurred in the first 30 days. • Bioaugmentation increased TPH degradation by 20% compared to natural attenuation. • BA with biochar and rhamnolipid showed 29.8% RAH biodegradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinization is a leading threat to soil degradation and sustainable crop production. The application of organic amendments could improve crop growth in saline soil. Thus, we assessed the impact of sugarcane bagasse (SB) and its biochar (SBB) on soil enzymatic activity and growth response of maize crop at three various percentages (0.5%, 1%, and 2% of soil) under three salinity levels (1.66, 4, and 8 dS m−1). Each treatment was replicated three times in a completely randomized block design with factorial settings. The results showed that SB and SBB can restore the impact of salinization, but the SBB at the 2% addition rate revealed promising results compared to SB. The 2% SBB significantly enhanced shoot length (23.4%, 26.1%, and 41.8%), root length (16.8%, 20.8%, and 39.0%), grain yield (17.6%, 25.1%, and 392.2%), relative water contents (11.2%, 13.1%, and 19.2%), protein (17.2%, 19.6%, and 34.9%), and carotenoid (16.3, 30.3, and 49.9%) under different salinity levels (1.66, 4, and 8 dS m−1, respectively). The 2% SBB substantially drop the Na+ in maize root (28.3%, 29.9%, and 22.4%) and shoot (36.1%, 37.2%, and 38.5%) at 1.66, 4, and 8 dS m−1. Moreover, 2% SBB is the best treatment to boost the urease by 110.1%, 71.7%, and 91.2%, alkaline phosphatase by 28.8%, 38.8%, and 57.6%, and acid phosphatase by 48.4%, 80.1%, and 68.2% than control treatment under 1.66, 4 and 8 dS m−1, respectively. Pearson analysis showed that all the growth and yield parameters were positively associated with the soil enzymatic activities and negatively correlated with electrolyte leakage and sodium. The structural equational model (SEM) showed that the different application percentage of amendments significantly influences the growth and physiological parameters at all salinity levels. SEM explained the 81%, 92%, and 95% changes in maize yield under 1.66, 4, and 8 dS m−1, respectively. So, it is concluded that the 2% SBB could be an efficient approach to enhance the maize yield by ameliorating the noxious effect of degraded saline soil. • Use of sugarcane bagasse biochar is an effective approach to manage degraded soil. • 2% SBB markedly improved growth and yield of maize under salinity stress. • SPB substantially enhanced soil enzymatic activities in soil degraded with salt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin hydrothermal silica–carbon material served as a backbone for MgCl 2 activation to prepare lignin–based silicon/magnesia biochar (ALB/Si–Mg) for Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ removal from water and soil environment. Characterization studies revealed a 1017.71-fold increase in the specific surface area of ALB/Si–Mg compared to the original lignin biochar (ALB), producing abundant oxygen functional groups (O C–O, Si–O, Mg–O), and mineral matter (Mg 2 SiO 4 and MgO). Crucially, batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that the adsorption capacity of ALB/Si–Mg for Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ was 848.17, 665.07, 151.84, and 245.78 mg/g, which were 29.09–140.45 times of the ALB. Soil remediation experiments showed that applying ALB/Si–Mg increased soil effective silicon (109.04%–450.2%) and soil exchangeable magnesium (276.41%–878.66%), enhanced plant photosynthesis, and notably reduced the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil as well as the content of heavy metals in Pakchoi, thereby promoting Pakchoi growth and development. The presence of oxygen-containing functional groups on ALB/Si–Mg, along with Mg 2 SiO 4 and MgO nanoparticles, enhanced the adsorption capacity for heavy metals through the promotion of heavy metal precipitation, ion exchange, and complexation mechanisms. This study establishes the groundwork for the coupling of silica and magnesium elements in biochar and the remediation of composite heavy metal environmental pollution. • Oxygen functional groups (O C–O, Si–O, Mg–O) were produced after modification. • The coupling of silica-magnesium in biochar produced inorganic minerals (Mg 2 SiO 4). • ALB/Si–Mg effectively remediated environmental composite heavy metal pollution. • ALB/Si–Mg improved soil available silicon and exchangeable magnesium. • ALB/Si–Mg promoted growth and reduced heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) in Pakchoi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron-doped biochar has been widely used as an adsorbent to remove contaminants due to the high adsorption performance, but it still suffers from complicated preparation methods, unstable iron loading, unsatisfactory specific surface area, and uneven distribution of active sites. Here, a novel magnetic porous biochar (FeCS800) with nanostructure on surface was synthesized by one-pot pyrolysis method of corn straw with K 2 FeO 4 , and used in orange G (OG) and tetracycline (TC) adsorption. FeCS800 exhibited outstanding adsorption capacities for OG and TC after K 2 FeO 4 activation and the adsorption data were fitted satisfactorily to Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacities of FeCS800 for OG and TC were around 303.03 mg/g and 322.58 mg/g, respectively, at 25 °C and pH 7.0, which were 16.27 and 24.61 times higher than that before modification. Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption of OG/TC by FeCS800 were thermodynamically favorable and highly spontaneous. And the adsorption capacity of OG and TC by FeCS800 remained 77% and 81% after 5 cycles, respectively, indicating that FeCS800 had good stability. The outstanding adsorption properties and remarkable reusability of FeCS800 show its great potential to be an economic and environmental adsorbent in contaminants removal. [Display omitted] • Magnetic porous adsorbent (FeCS800) was prepared with high adsorption performance. • The maximum adsorption capacities for orange G and tetracycline were around 303.03 mg/g and 322.58 mg/g, respectively. • The adsorption processes were homogeneous monolayer chemical process. • FeCS800 could work effectively at a wide pH range and real water matrix. • Pore diffusion and surface complexation were responsible for the adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial wastewater contains a wide range of pollutants that, if released directly into natural ecosystems, have the potential to pose serious risks to the environment.This study aims to investigate sustainable and efficient approaches for treating tannery wastewater, employing a combination of hyphenated Fenton oxidation and adsorption processes. Rigorous analyses were conducted on wastewater samples, evaluating parameters like COD, sulphide, NH 3 –N, PO 4 3−, NO 3 −, and Cr(VI). The performance of this adsorbent material was gauged through column adsorption experiments. A comprehensive characterization of the adsorbent was undertaken using techniques such as SEM, EDX, BET, FTIR, XRD, and LIBS. The study delved into varying operational parameters like bed depth (ranging from 3.5 to 9.5 cm) diameter (2.5 cm) and influent flow rate (ranging from 5 to 15mLmin-1). The experimental outcomes revealed that increasing the bed depth and decreasing the influent flow rate significantly bolstered the adsorption column's effectiveness. Breakthrough curves obtained were fitted with different models, including the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models. The most optimal column performance was achieved with a bed height of 10.5 cm and a flow rate of 5mLmin-1. The combined process achieved removal efficiencies of 94.5% for COD, 97.4% for sulphide, 96.2% for NH 3 –N, 83.1% for NO 3 −, 79.3% for PO 4 3−, and 96.9% for Cr(VI) in tannery effluent. This research presents a notable stride toward the development of sustainable and efficient strategies for tannery wastewater treatment. [Display omitted] • Adsorption in conjunction with Fenton's oxidation has been studied for tannery effluent. • The combined adsorption process yields a greater removal rate compared to individual processes. • The COD, sulphide, ammonia-N, nitrate, phosphate, and Cr(VI) was found to be removed. • The adsorbent was rejuvenated using NaOH and H 2 SO 4 treatment, allowing for its repeated use. • The above two combined process demonstrated the highest synergy in tannery effluent treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employed hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) in conjunction with ZnCl 2 activation and pyrolysis to produce biochar from one traditional Chinese medicine astragali radix (AR) residue. The resultant biochar was evaluated as a sustainable adsorbent for tetracycline (TC) elimination from water. The adsorption performance of TC on two micropore-rich AR biochars, AR@ZnCl 2 (1370 m2 g−1) and HAR@ZnCl 2 (1896 m2 g−1), was comprehensively evaluated using adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics. By virtue of pore diffusion, π-π interaction, electrostatic attraction, and hydrogen bonding, the prepared AR biochar showed exceptional adsorption properties for TC. Notably, the maximum adsorption capacity (930.3 mg g−1) of TC on HAR@ZnCl 2 can be achieved when the adsorbent dosage is 0.5 g L−1 and C 0 is 500 mg L−1 at 323 K. The TC adsorption on HAR@ZnCl 2 took place spontaneously. Furthermore, the impact of competitive ions behavior is insignificant when coexisting ion concentrations fall within the 10–100 mg L−1 range. Additionally, the produced biochar illustrated good economic benefits, with a payback of 701 $ t−1. More importantly, even after ten cycles, HAR@ZnCl 2 still presented great TC removal efficiency (above 77%), suggesting a good application prosperity. In summary, the effectiveness and sustainability of AR biochar, a biowaste-derived product, were demonstrated in its ability to remove antibiotics from water, showing great potential in wastewater treatment application. • Chinese herbal medicine residues could be converted into value-added products. • HAR@ZnCl 2 has a micropore-rich structure. • The maximum adsorption capacity of TC on HAR@ZnCl 2 can reach 930.3 mg g−1 at 323 K. • HAR@ZnCl 2 displays a good adsorption effect on TC across a wide pH range (pH 2–12). • The removal rate of TC on HAR@ZnCl 2 maintains above 77% after 10 regeneration cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar, with its dual roles of soil remediation and carbon sequestration, is gradually demonstrating great potential for sustainability in agricultural and ecological aspects. In this study, a porous biochar derived from walnut shell wastes was prepared via a facile pyrolysis coupling with in-situ alkali etching method. An incubation study was conducted to investigate its performance in stabilizing copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) co-contaminated soils under different utilization types. The biochar effectively decreased the bioavailable Cu (8.5–91.68%) and Pb (5.03–88.54%), while increasing the pH, CEC, and SOM contents in both soils. Additionally, the results of sequential extraction confirmed that biochar promoted the transformation of the labile fraction of Cu and Pb to stable fractions. The mechanisms of Cu and Pb stabilization were found to be greatly dependent on the soil types. For tea plantation yellow soil, the main approach for stabilization was the complexation of heavy metals with abundant organic functional groups and deprotonation structure. Surface electrostatic adsorption and cation exchange contributed to the immobilization of Cu and Pb in vegetable-cultivated purple soil. This research provides valuable information for the stabilization of Cu and Pb co-contaminated soils for different utilization types using environmentally-friendly biochar. • Biochar was prepared via a facile pyrolysis coupling with in-situ alkali etching method. • The biochar amendment effectively decreased the bioavailable Cu and Pb in soil. • Cu and Pb stabilization depended on soil properties especially influenced by land use. • SOM was the main influence factor of Cu and Pb immobilization for tea planted soil. • PH and CEC markedly contributed to the stability of Cu and Pb in vegetable cultivated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper contaminant generated from mining and industrial smelting poses potential risks to human health. Biochar, as a low-energy and cost-effective biomaterial, holds value in Cu remediation. Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) technique is employed in this study to monitor the Cu remediation processes of by biochar in column experiments. Cation exchange at low Cu2+ concentrations and surface complexation at high Cu2+ concentrations are identified as the major mechanisms for copper retention on biochar. The normalized chargeability (m n) from SIP signals linearly decreased (R2 = 0.776) with copper retention under 60 mg/L Cu influent; while m n linearly increases (R2 = 0.907, 0.852) under high 300 and 700 mg/L Cu influents. The characteristic polarizing unit sizes (primarily the pores adsorbing Cu2+) calculated from Schwartz equation match well with experimental results by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). It is revealed that Cu2+ was driven to small pores (∼3 μm) given high concentration gradient (influent Cu2+ concentration of 700 mg/L). Comparing to activated carbon, biochar is identified as an ideal adsorbent for Cu remediation, given its high adsorption capacity, cost-effectiveness, carbon-sink ability, and high sensitivity to SIP responses – the latter facilitates its performance assessment. [Display omitted] • Copper adsorbed by biochar with spectral induced polarization (SIP) monitoring. • Cation exchange and surface complexation are the major mechanisms of copper adsorption. • SIP revealed evolution of copper retention, pore size and pore size distribution. • Satisfactory linear correlation between normalized chargeability and copper retention. • SIP reflected the migration of copper to smaller pores driven by concentration gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A composite material, cow dung-doped sludge biochar (Zn@SBC-CD), was synthesized by one-step pyrolysis using ZnCl 2 as an activating agent and applied to a catalytic ozonation process (COP) for methylene blue (MB) removal. SEM, XRD, FTIR, XPS and BET analyses were performed to characterize the biochar (BC) catalysts. Zn@SBC-CD had high graphitization degree, abundant active sites and uniform distribution of Zn on its surface. Complete removal of MB was achieved within 10 min, with a removal rate much higher than that of ozone alone (32.4%), implying the excellent ozone activation performance of Zn@SBC-CD. The influence of experimental parameters on MB removal efficiency was examined. Under the optimum conditions in terms of ozone dose 0.04 mg/mL, catalyst dose 400 mg/L and pH 6.0, COD was completely removed after 20 min. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis revealed radical and non-radical pathways were involved in MB degradation. The Zn@SBC-CD/O 3 system generated superoxide anion radicals ( • O 2 −), which were the main active species for MB removal, through adsorption, transformation, and transfer, Furthermore, Zn@SBC-CD exhibited good reusability and stability in cycling experiments. This study provides a novel approach for the utilization of cow dung and sludge in synthesis of functional biocatalysts and application in organic wastewater treatment. • First use of cow dung-doped sludge to prepare biochar through pyrolysis. • Cow dung doping improved the catalytic performance of sludge biochar. • Radical and non-radical pathways were involved in MB degradation. • Superoxide anion radicals (. • O 2 −) acted as the main active species. • Zn@SBC-CD showed good reusability and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study reported torrefied coco-peat biochar treated at 200 °C, as a novel adsorbent exhibiting phenomenal norfloxacin (NFX) adsorption efficiency. The CHNS analysis confirmed the carbon abundance in the biochar (36.45%), however, XRF analysis indicated a significant presence of K 2 O (27.73%) and chlorine (7.49%). The XRD and Raman spectral analysis confirmed the amorphous structure of the biochar. Multilayer topology was evident in the SEM micrograph of biochar contributing to its large effective surface area. Additionally, the mesoporous structure of the adsorbent was verified by BET. The adsorption mechanism was predicted to be non-ionic since the zeta potential of both adsorbent and adsorbate was found negative. The process parameters were optimized at 30 °C, pH 6.9, dosage 7 g/L, antibiotic load 494.25 mg/L, and time of 89 min for a maximum of 99.52% adsorption of NFX using Central Composite Design, Analysis of Variance, and Response Surface Methodology. The adsorption process was exothermic, and spontaneous obeying the pseudo-second-order kinetics, while the bulk process was confined to surface adsorption. Isotherm study of NFX adsorption revealed the process to be a favorable, monolayer, and homogeneous adsorption. The NFX molecules were desorbed with an efficiency of 89.19% using 80% ethanol and upon recrystallization, 87.76% of the initial NFX was recovered as crude crystal. Moreover, the NFX removal efficiency was consistent across various water systems, tap water (99.02%), seawater (99.56%), river water (98.92%), pond water (98.26%), and distilled water (99.17%). The techno-economic analysis identified bulk expense as the biochar preparation ($0.82/kg) and the process will be profitable having recovered NFX sold at $6/kg instead of the present retail price ($71/kg). Thus, the study successfully demonstrated a zero-waste, self-sustainable, and revenue-generating water treatment process implementing the circular economy framework. [Display omitted] • Novel torrefied coco peat biochar exhibited 99.19% NFX adsorption efficiency. • The process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics with dominant surface adsorption. • Non-ionic, monolayer, spontaneous, exothermic, and physical adsorption were observed. • 88.47% NFX crude crystal recovered after desorption with 80% ethanol. • The techno-economic analysis confirmed process sustainability and profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of nanotechnology in terms of nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots, when exposed to the plants, helps increase their productivity. It is worth the effort to comprehend the fate of these nanoparticles in plants. Bonechar derived from bones is a rich source of C, P, Ca2+, and Mg2+ nutrients, which can significantly contribute to the growth of the plants. This study focused on the uptake of nano-bonechar (NBC) in the Syngonium podophyllum plant, and its effects on plant growth under hydroponics and soil systems. The compound microscopy and SEM-EDX results confirmed the presence of NBC in the leaves and roots of the plants in hydroponics and soil systems. The FTIR spectra reflected the presence of functional groups of the NBC in the leaves of the Syngonium podophyllum plant. The plant's growth parameters showed an increase in fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length, chlorophyll content, leaf count, total Ca2+, total PO 4 3−, and total organic carbon of plants in both systems. The NBC not just improved plant physiochemical parameters but also built up the soil quality in terms of bioavailable Ca2+, PO 4 3−, water holding capacity, and soil organic matter. It is concluded that the production of carbon-based NBC not only helps manage bone waste but also their efficient uptake in plants significantly improving plant productivity. [Display omitted] • Translocation of nano-bonechar particles was visually observed in the Syngonium podophyllum plant. • Plant productivity was significantly improved with nano-bonechar application in hydroponics and soil systems. • Nano-bonechar also enhanced the plant's nutrient efficiency in both systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]