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Left-behind children's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors have become an important public health issue that may affect their well-being and mental health. Interparental conflict, a stronger and cannot be hidden family risk factor, is easily perceived by LBC and further affects LBC's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. Moreover, in LBC's families, interparental conflict are more likely to occur due to the poor economic status and the low quality of communication and interaction between parents. However, no research has examined the relationship between perceived interparental conflict and LBC's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. Besides, previous research of the association between parents and children's problem behaviors have been largely restricted to the unidirectional effect of parental traits on children. This study aimed to examine the reciprocal relationships between perceived interparental conflict and LBC's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors following a three-wave longitudinal design. A total of 660 LBC (442 boys and 218 girls) aged 8-11 years (Mage = 9.58, SDage = 0.67 at T1) in China completed a battery of questionnaires at three time points. The results indicated that perceived interparental conflicts positively predicted LBC's internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. In turn, LBC's internalizing problem behaviors exacerbated the perception of interparental conflicts. Furthermore, perceived interparental conflict mediated the longitudinal relation between LBC's internalizing problem behaviors and externalizing problem behaviors. The findings provide evidence for the accumulating disadvantage for LBC that results from the mutual reinforcement of perceived interparental conflict and problem behaviors over time., Author(s): Die Wang [sup.1] , Ruibo Xie [sup.1] , Wan Ding [sup.1] , Xinyu Li [sup.1] , Weijian Li [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.453534.0, 0000 0001 2219 2654, Parent Education [...]

Due to the lack of parental care, the issue of left-behind children (LBC)'s mental health has been highlighted in the academic field. In LBC's families, a large proportion of fathers migrated to other cities for work. Migrated fathers' involvement also has crucial impacts on children's development, but previous studies focused less on it. Thus, using the longitudinal data of two waves, current study examined the relationship between fathers' involvement and the LBC's mental health from the perspective of the Dual-Factor Model of Mental Health and its underlying mechanism. A total of 613 LBC at primary schools in China completed questionnaires twice about fathers' involvement, paternal and maternal attachment, life satisfaction, prosocial behavior, internalizing problems, and externalizing problems. The results showed that the total effects of fathers' involvement on LBC's life satisfaction and prosocial behavior were significant, while those on problem behaviors were insignificant. Also, father-child attachment played a mediating role in the association between fathers' involvement and the positive indicators of LBC's mental health. Meanwhile, mother-child attachment mediated the relationships between fathers' involvement and LBC's problem behaviors. The study not only highlights the positive influence of fathers' involvement on LBC as well as the relations among different subsystems in the family but also implies the different effects of paternal and maternal attachment on LBC's mental health, which brings inspiration for improving the mental health of LBC in China., Author(s): Wei Wu [sup.1] , Ruibo Xie [sup.1] , Wan Ding [sup.2] , Die Wang [sup.1] , Lilun Zhu [sup.4] , Dan Ding [sup.4] , Weijian Li [sup.3] Author Affiliations: [...]

Numerous studies have shown that co-parenting plays an important role in marital and parent-child interactions. However, little is known about the bidirectional associations between positive co-parenting and marital and parent-child factors, as well as the dynamic underlying mechanisms. This study used cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) to explore the bidirectional longitudinal relationship between positive co-parenting, marital satisfaction, and parental involvement among Chinese parents from a positive family multiple systems perspective. A sample of 668 father-mother dyads (father's M age = 36.47, SD age = 5.34; mother's M age = 35.45, SD age = 5.07) completed a series of questionnaires at three time points (approximately spaced 1 year between each time point). The results showed that positive co-parenting positively predicted marital satisfaction and parental involvement and that marital satisfaction positively influenced parents' positive co-parenting, whereas the effect of parental involvement on positive co-parenting was significant among fathers. Additionally, fathers' marital satisfaction can affect their involvement, but this effect is negligible among mothers. Finally, parental marital satisfaction mediated the relationship between positive co-parenting and the next stage of positive co-parenting. This study provided new ideas and interventions to strengthen family cohesion and harmony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human patients often experience an episode of serious seizure activity, such as status epilepticus (SE), prior to the onset of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), suggesting that SE can trigger the development of epilepsy. Yet, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein (Lrp4), a receptor for proteoglycan-agrin, has been indicated to modulate seizure susceptibility. However, whether agrin-Lrp4 pathway also plays a role in the development of SE-induced TLE is not clear. Methods: Lrp4f/f mice were crossed with hGFAP-Cre and Nex-Cre mice to generate brain conditional Lrp4 knockout mice (hGFAP-Lrp4−/−) and pyramidal neuron specific knockout mice (Nex-Lrp4−/−). Lrp4 was specifically knocked down in hippocampal astrocytes by injecting AAV virus carrying hGFAP-Cre into the hippocampus. The effects of agrin-Lrp4 pathway on the development of SE-induced TLE were evaluated on the chronic seizure model generated by injecting kainic acid (KA) into the amygdala. The spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) in mice were video monitored. Results: We found that Lrp4 deletion from the brain but not from the pyramidal neurons elevated the seizure threshold and reduced SRS numbers, with no change in the stage or duration of SRS. More importantly, knockdown of Lrp4 in the hippocampal astrocytes after SE induction decreased SRS numbers. In accord, direct injection of agrin into the lateral ventricle of control mice but not mice with Lrp4 deletion in hippocampal astrocytes also increased the SRS numbers. These results indicate a promoting effect of agrin-Lrp4 signaling in hippocampal astrocytes on the development of SE-induced TLE. Last, we observed that knockdown of Lrp4 in hippocampal astrocytes increased the extracellular adenosine levels in the hippocampus 2 weeks after SE induction. Blockade of adenosine A1 receptor in the hippocampus by DPCPX after SE induction diminished the effects of Lrp4 on the development of SE-induced TLE. Conclusion: These results demonstrate a promoting role of agrin-Lrp4 signaling in hippocampal astrocytes in the development of SE-induced development of epilepsy through elevating adenosine levels. Targeting agrin-Lrp4 signaling may serve as a potential therapeutic intervention strategy to treat TLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) is a negative regulator of T-cell receptor signaling and as such is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. Although the role of the HPK1 kinase domain (KD) has been extensively characterized, the function of its citron homology domain (CHD) remains elusive. Through a combination of structural, biochemical, and mechanistic studies, we characterize the structure-function of CHD in relationship to KD. Crystallography and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry reveal that CHD adopts a seven-bladed β-propellor fold that binds to KD. Mutagenesis associated with binding and functional studies show a direct correlation between domain-domain interaction and negative regulation of kinase activity. We further demonstrate that the CHD provides stability to HPK1 protein in cells as well as contributes to the docking of its substrate SLP76. Altogether, this study highlights the importance of the CHD in the direct and indirect regulation of HPK1 function. In this work, the authors unveil a mechanism where the Citron homology domain regulates HPK1's kinase domain, shedding light on the relationship between HPK1's structure and function. This enhances our understanding of HPK1, an intracellular target for cancer immunotherapy and provides a direction for immuno-oncology drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Sleep problems are a significant risk factor for identifying and preventing suicidal involvement among adolescents. However, there is limited evidence to assess the underlying mechanisms between them. This study investigated the longitudinal relationship between sleep problems and suicidal behavior and examined whether this relationship was moderated by negative emotions, low self‐control, and nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI). Methods: From December 2020 onward, we assessed 1214 Chinese secondary school adolescents (60.7% were boys, aged 13–19 years) three times, 6 months apart. Results: In the direct effects model, sleep problems were found to have a positive impact on adolescent suicidal behavior. In the indirect effects model, we observed that sleep problems were associated with an elevated risk of suicidal behavior through several pathways: one‐mediator path of negative emotions, low self‐control, and NSSI, respectively; two‐mediator path of negative emotions via low self‐control, negative emotions via NSSI, and low self‐control via NSSI, and three‐mediator path from negative emotions to NSSI via low self‐control. Conclusions: This longitudinal study provides evidence that sleep problems in adolescents may increase suicidal behavior by exacerbating negative emotions, weakening self‐control, and promoting NSSI. The findings suggest sleep problems should be addressed in suicide prevention and intervention efforts for adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, massive amounts of sensor data in applications such as fire monitoring need to be transmitted to edge servers for timely processing. However, there is an energy-hole phenomenon in transmitting data only through terrestrial multi-hop networks. In this study, we focus on the data collection task in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted mobile edge computing (MEC) network, where a UAV is deployed as the mobile data collector for the ground sensor nodes (SNs) to ensure high information freshness. Meanwhile, the UAV is equipped with an edge server for data caching. We first establish a rigorous mathematical model in which the age of information (AoI) is used as a measure of information freshness, related to both the data collection time and the UAV's flight time. Then a mixed-integer non-convex optimization problem is formulated to minimize the peak AoI of the collected data. To solve the problem efficiently, we propose an iterative two-step algorithm named the AoI-minimized association and trajectory planning (AoI-MATP) algorithm. In each iteration, the optimal SN–collection point (CP) associations and CP locations for the parameter ε are first obtained by the affinity propagation clustering algorithm. The optimal UAV trajectory is found using an improved elite genetic algorithm. Simulation results show that based on the optimized ε , the AoI-MATP algorithm can achieve a balance between data collection time and flight time, reducing the peak AoI of the collected data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Using actor–partner interdependence modeling, this study examined the dyadic associations of marital satisfaction and harsh discipline and the mediating role of self‐compassion. Background: Harsh discipline is a negative parenting style commonly used by parents, especially Chinese parents. This parenting approach has been reported by some researchers as harmful and universal. It is important to identify the causes and internal mechanisms supporting use of harsh discipline. Method: Participants were 349 Chinese father–mother dyads with school‐age children (Mage of father = 35.4 years, SDage = 5.4 years; Mage of mother = 34.4 years, SDage = 4.9 years). Father and mother self‐reported their marital satisfaction, self‐compassion, and use of harsh discipline at three time points. Results: The results revealed that fathers' and mothers' marital satisfaction negatively predicted the fathers' and mothers' harsh discipline, respectively. However, fathers' and mothers' marital satisfaction did not significantly predict the mothers' and fathers' harsh discipline. Second, we also found that mothers' marital satisfaction positively predicted fathers' and mothers' self‐compassion, while fathers' marital satisfaction did not significantly predict the fathers' and mothers' self‐compassion. Finally, fathers' self‐compassion played a mediating role in the relationship between mothers' marital satisfaction and fathers' harsh discipline. Conclusion: Parents' marital satisfaction promotes the development of self‐compassion and reduces the use of harsh discipline. Implications: Enhancing parents' marital satisfaction may play a role in reducing parents' use of harsh discipline. The researchers highlight the importance of mothers' marital satisfaction in improving mothers' and fathers' self‐compassion, which may be an effective measure to mitigate fathers' harsh discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), as flexible and stretchable materials, have attracted considerable attention in the field of novel flexible electronics due to their excellent mechanical, optical, and electronic properties. Among the various TMD materials, atomically thin MoS2 has become the most widely used material due to its advantageous properties, such as its adjustable bandgap, excellent performance, and ease of preparation. In this work, we demonstrated the practicality of a stacked wafer-scale two-layer MoS2 film obtained by transferring multiple single-layer films grown using chemical vapor deposition. The MoS2 field-effect transistor cell had a top-gated device structure with a (PI) film as the substrate, which exhibited a high on/off ratio (108), large average mobility (∼8.56 cm2 V−1 s−1), and exceptional uniformity. Furthermore, a range of flexible integrated logic devices, including inverters, NOR gates, and NAND gates, were successfully implemented via traditional lithography. These results highlight the immense potential of TMD materials, particularly MoS2, in enabling advanced flexible electronic and optoelectronic devices, which pave the way for transformative applications in future-generation electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we employed the chain mediation model to examine the associations between teacher-student relationships, resilience, learning engagement, and subjective happiness among left-behind children (LBC). A sample of 431 LBC from southwestern China was assessed at three different time points at six-month intervals. The Subjective Happiness Scale, Teacher-Student Relationship Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Learning Engagement Questionnaire were utilised for measurement purposes. The findings revealed that the subjective happiness of LBC was influenced by their teacher-student relationships through the separate pathways of resilience and learning engagement. Moreover, the teacher-student relationship could predict LBC's subjective happiness either via a pathway from resilience to learning engagement or through a pathway from learning engagement to resilience. This study underscores the crucial role of teachers in facilitating positive development among LBC and highlights implications for policymakers to prioritise quality training for teachers in rural primary schools. By enhancing childhood teachers' understanding of key factors influencing children's positive development, appropriate strategies can be implemented effectively to support LBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric aerosols affect the global energy budget by scattering and absorbing sunlight (direct effects) and by changing the microphysical structure, lifetime, and coverage of clouds (indirect effects). Both aerosol direct and indirect effects are affected by the vertical distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere, which is further influenced by a range of processes, such as aerosol dynamics, long-range transport, and entrainment. However, many observations of these processes are based on ground measurements, limiting our ability to understand the vertical distribution of aerosols and simulate their impact on clouds and climate. In this work, we examined the vertical heterogeneity of aerosols over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) using data collected from the Holistic Interactions of Shallow Clouds, Aerosols and Land Ecosystems (HI-SCALE) campaign. The vertical profiles of meteorological and aerosol physiochemical properties up to 2500 m above are examined based on the 38 flights conducted during the HI-SCALE campaign. The aerosol properties over the SGP show strong vertical heterogeneity and seasonal variabilities. The aerosol concentrations at the surface are the highest due to strong emissions at ground level. In general, the mode diameter of aerosols during summer (∼ 100 nm) is larger than that during spring (∼ 30 nm), a result of enhanced condensational growth due to enriched volatile organic compounds in summer. The concentration of aerosols below 30 nm in the boundary layer (BL) (e.g., below 1000 m) during spring is higher than that during summer, a result of the stronger new particle formation (NPF) events due to the reduced condensation sink in spring. In the BL, the size of the aerosols gradually increases with altitude due to condensational growth and cloud processing. However, the chemical composition of the aerosols remained similar, with organics and sulfates representing 59.8 ± 2.2 % and 22.7 ± 2.1 %, respectively, of the total mass in the BL. Through the vertical profiles of aerosol properties, we observed NPF events in the upper BL during 7 out of 38 research flights, where the newly formed particles continue to grow as they are mixed down to the surface. There is also an indication that deep convection brings aerosols from the free troposphere (FT) to the surface, where they grow to contribute to the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Overall, the vertical heterogeneity of aerosols over the SGP is influenced by aerosol dynamics (new particle formation, growth, and cloud processing) and transport processes (mixing in the BL, long-range transport, entrainment, and convective downward transport). Case studies showing the influence of these factors are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Left‐behind childre (LBC) in China are deeply concerned by society because of their high risk of emotional and behavioral problems. Depression and nonsuicidal self‐injury are the most harmful and worrying negative emotional and behavioral problems in LBC. Unfortunately, LBCs are in unfavorable environments for a long time and are prone to negative interpersonal interactions. Child maltreatment and bullying victimization, as the two most typical negative interpersonal interactions in family and school environments, maybe the key risk factors for depression and nonsuicidal self‐injury among LBCs. However, we are less known of the longitudinal effects of child maltreatment and bullying victimization on LBC's depression and nonsuicidal self‐injury and their underlying mechanisms. Aims: This study used a two‐year longitudinal design with three‐time points to investigate the longitudinal effects of child maltreatment and bullying victimization on depression, nonsuicidal self‐injury, and the mediating role of negative thoughts and self‐compassion. Materials & Methods: A sample of 592 LBC (390 were males, Mage at time 1 = 9.56, SDage = 0.65; 202 were females, Mage at time 1 = 9.43, SDage = 0.63) completed a set of questionnaires at three‐time points. This study used SPSS software (version 25.0) and MPLUS software (version 8.3) for all analyses. Results: (1) Child maltreatment not only affects depression and nonsuicidal self‐injury but also affects depression and nonsuicidal self‐injury through negative thoughts. Child maltreatment affects depression through self‐compassion and does not affect nonsuicidal self‐injury. (2) Bullying victimization affects depression and nonsuicidal self‐injury through negative thoughts and bullying victimization further affects depression through self‐compassion but does not affect nonsuicidal self‐injury. Conclusion: This study revealed the effects of negative interpersonal interactions (child maltreatment, bullying victimization) on LBC's adverse emotions and behaviors, and their underlying mechanisms, which helps to provide parents, schools, and psychoeducational workers with a new perspective on intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long term observations of deep convective cloud (DCC) vertical velocity and mass flux were collected during the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment. Precipitation echoes from a surveillance weather radar near Manaus, Brazil are tracked to identify and evaluate the isolated DCC lifecycle evolution during the dry and wet seasons. A Radar Wind Profiler (RWP) provides precipitation and air motion profiles to estimate the vertical velocity, mass flux, and mass transport rates within overpassing DCC cores as a function of the tracked cell lifecycle stage. The average radar reflectivity factor (Z), DCC area (A), and surface rainfall rate (R) increased with DCC lifetime as convective cells were developing, reached a peak as the cells matured, and decreased thereafter as cells dissipated. As the convective cells mature, cumulative DCC properties exhibit stronger updraft behaviors with higher upward mass flux and transport rates above the melting layer (compared to initial and later lifecycle stages). In comparison, developing DCCs have the lowest Z associated with weak updrafts, and negative mass flux and transport rates above the melting layer. Over the DCC lifetime, the height of the maximum downward mass flux decreased whereas the height of maximum net mass flux increased. During the dry season, the tracked DCCs had higher Z, propagation speed, and DCC area, and were more isolated spatially compared to the wet season. Dry season DCCs exhibit higher Z, mass flux, and mass transport rate while developing whereas wet season DCCs exhibit higher Z, mass flux, and mass transport rates at later stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic coatings provide an effective way to improve the corrosion resistance of metals. Traditional organic varnishes, however, either contain highly polluting or toxic components or lack self-healing ability. In this article, we report a feasible method of preparing polyaniline-modified halloysite nanotubes (PANI@HNTs). They were loaded with a corrosion inhibitor, benzotriazole (BTA), and were tested as multifunctional anticorrosion additives for environmentally friendly epoxy waterborne coatings. The PANI@HNTs were formed via the in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of halloysites. The BTA loading was then carried out and reached up to 14.5 wt.%. The BTA retention ability of the PANI@HNTs was significantly improved in comparison to that of pure HNT. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests of the coatings immersed in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution showed that the barrier and corrosion inhibition effects were enhanced by two to four orders of magnitude with the incorporation of BTA-loaded PANI@HNTs. The salt spray tests on artificially scratched coatings revealed that the surfaces protected by varnishes doped with the BTA-loaded PANI@HNTs exhibited the lowest degree of corrosion compared to the control samples, illustrating the self-healing potential of the modified coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed-ligand metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are usually synthesized from two or more organic ligands as initial reactants, and MOFs synthesized from one organic ligand precursor through partial in situ reactions remain very limited. Herein, by introducing an imidazole-tetrazole bifunctional ligand, 5-(4-imidazol-1-yl-phenyl)-2H-tetrazole (HIPT), as a single ligand and performing in situ hydrolysis of the tetrazolium group, a mixed-ligand Co(II)-MOF based on HIPT and 4-imidazol-1-yl-benzoic acid (HIBA), [Co2(μ3-O)(IPT)(IBA)]·x solvent (Co-IPT-IBA), was constructed and applied to capture I2 and methyl iodide vapours. Single crystal structural analyses reveal that Co-IPT-IBA exhibits a 3D porous framework with 1D channels based on the relatively few reported ribbon-like rod SBUs. The nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms indicate that the BET surface area of Co-IPT-IBA is 168.5 m2 g−1 and it possesses both micropores and mesopores. Due to its porosity, nitrogen-rich conjugated aromatic rings, and Co(II) ions, Co-IPT-IBA was applied to capture iodine molecules in vapour and exhibited an adsorption capacity of 2.88 g g−1. By combining the IR, Raman, XPS and grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation results, it was deduced that the tetrazole ring, coordination water molecules, and the redox potential of Co3+/Co2+ facilitate iodine capture. The presence of mesopores was also responsible for the high iodine adsorption capacity. In addition, Co-IPT-IBA showed the ability to capture methyl iodide in vapours with a moderate capacity of 625 mg g−1. The transformation of crystalline Co-IPT-IBA to amorphous MOFs may be due to the methylation reaction. This work represents a relatively rare example of methyl iodide adsorption by MOFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abundant research has shown that self‐compassion robustly contributes to adults' psychological well‐being. Meanwhile, a few studies have shown that self‐compassion is rooted in early experiences with parents. However, it is unclear whether interactions with partners and children affect adults' self‐compassion, and the role of their self‐compassion in interactions with significant others. This study examined bidirectional longitudinal relationships between Chinese parents' marital satisfaction, parenting stress, and self‐compassion following a three‐wave longitudinal design. A sample of 322 Chinese father–mother dyads (father's Mage = 35.84, SDage = 5.76; mother's Mage = 34.32, SDage = 5.46) completed a set of questionnaires at three time points. The results showed that marital satisfaction positively predicted the fathers' and mothers' self‐compassion, while parenting stress did not significantly predict the parents' self‐compassion; In contrast, parents' self‐compassion did not significantly predict marital satisfaction or parenting stress. Additionally, there was a bidirectional relationship between marital satisfaction and parenting stress in fathers and mothers. Finally, mothers' marital satisfaction positively mediated the relationship between parenting stress and self‐compassion/next‐stage parenting stress. This study revealed that adults' self‐compassion can develop from caring and supportive relationships, including marital relationships. Highlighting key mechanisms of marital satisfaction, such as increasing self‐compassion and reducing parenting stress, may contribute to the improvement of adults' mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we extend the concepts of inverse Perron values to general hypergraphs. We show that a general hypergraph G is connected if and only if any inverse Perron values is large than 0. We give some bounds on the bipartition width, isoperimetric number, eccentricities and degrees of a hypergraph G in terms of inverse Perron values. Finally, we obtain that a weakly irreducible, nonnegative, symmetric tensor A is odd-colorable if and only if its Laplacian tensor and the signless Laplacian tensor have the same spectral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shale gas wastewater is a hypersaline industrial effluent in demand of efficient treatment or resource recovery. Membrane distillation (MD) is a heat-driven desalination process of high potential to deal with such streams. However, its application is highly limited by the unsatisfactory hydrophobic membranes that involve a trade-off between vapor permeability and fouling/wetting resistance. Our previous studies highlighted the potential role of an intermediate coating layer of a carbon nanotube (CNT) for the superhydrophobic membrane with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (FAS) grafted to address the trade-off issue against synthetic saline oily wastewater. The work herein investigated its application performance in the continuous concentration and water recovery of real shale gas wastewater, with a commercial PVDF membrane as the reference. The modified membrane recycled 48.2% of the total volume as high-quality water and rejected 99% of feed salinity, achieving a superior concentration rate and flux recovery rate compared to PVDF. The value of the COD, total nitrogen, and ammonia nitrogen in the permeate after the modified membrane was less than 50, 20, and 20 mg/L, meeting the local wastewater discharge standard. It was pointed out that the inorganic fouling for the MD membrane was more of a concern in dealing with a real stream, but the modified membrane exhibited excellent fouling resistance. The cost associated with the treatment was estimated at USD 2.2/m3 for a production capacity of 2000 m3/d. The proposed superhydrophobic membrane has proven to be a feasible alternative from both technical and economic standpoints, offering the potential to improve MD effluent water quality and mitigate membrane fouling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil organic carbon is one of the important indicators for soil nutrient and quality assessment. At the small watershed scale, studying the horizontal and vertical distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and its main influencing factors is of great significance to the scientific management of landuse. Taking the small watershed of Lujing Reservoir in Yingde city, northern Guangdong Province as the research object, collecting soils of four main landuse types including Camellia sinensis gardens (Yinghong12 (Cs12) and Yinghong9 (Cs9)), Eucalyptus robusta forests (Er),Pinus massoniana forests (Pm) and secondary forests (SF) in the watershed. Soil particle size composition, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC),particulate organic carbon (POC), total nitrogen (TN),carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), and soil carbon and nitrogen isotope values (S13C, S15N) were measured, combined with the slope and aspect of the sampling site and the quality and thickness of litter, redundant analysis was conducted to explore the main influencing factors of SOC and POC content. The results show that: 1) The soil pH in the Lujing Reservoir watershed is between 4.2 and 5.8, and soil acidification occurs. The soil texture is silt loamy. The difference in soil pH, EC, TN, T/N, and S13C, S15N between different landuse types is significant (P<0.05); 2) In 0-40 cm depth, the SOC and POC content decrease with the increase of the depth, and the variation ranges are 0.5%-1.3% and 1.2-3.9 g/kg, respectively, showing obvious surface aggregation. However, there is no significant difference in SOC and POC content between the different landuse types selected; 3) The soil, topographic and environmental factors selected in this study can explain 78.1% of the variation of SOC and POC. Among them, C/N, TN, pH, soil depth and bulk density(BD) are the main factors affecting the changes in SOC and POC content in this small watershed. SOC and POC were significantly positively correlated with C/N and TN, while significantly negatively correlated with soil pH, soil depth, and BD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been extensively investigated in the field of optoelectronic devices. However, most reported MoS2 phototransistors are fabricated using the mechanical exfoliation method to obtain micro-scale MoS2 flakes, which is laboratory- feasible but not practical for the future industrial fabrication of large-scale pixel arrays. Recently, wafer-scale MoS2 growth has been rapidly developed, but few results of uniform large-scale photoelectric devices were reported. Here, we designed a 12 × 12 pixels pixel array image sensor fabricated on a 2 cm × 2 cm monolayer MoS2 film grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The photogating effect induced by the formation of trap states ensures a high photoresponsivity of 364 AW−1, which is considerably superior to traditional CMOS sensors (≈0.1 AW−1). Experimental results also show highly uniform photoelectric properties in this array. Finally, the concatenated image obtained by laser lighting stencil and photolithography mask demonstrates the promising potential of 2D MoS2 for future optoelectrical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitro compounds are widely used in modern industries. Among them, 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNH) is extremely harmful. It is of great significance to develop methods for the detection of DNH. In this work, chitosan was used as the substrate material, and fluoroborondipyrrole (BODIPY) was used as the fluorophore. Chitosan was endowed with the fluorescence sensing ability by the introduction of BODIPY units. First, BODIPY derivatives (NO-3 and BO-1) with an alkynyl group (C≡C) were synthesized. Second, small molecules NO-4 and BO-2 with an aldehyde group (–CHO) were obtained. Finally, the –NH2 groups on chitosan underwent a click reaction (–NH2/C≡C) and a Schiff base formation reaction occurred (–NH2/–CHO) to form three polymer probes C1, C2 and C3. C＝C formed in the click reaction can interact with DNH and can be used as recognizing sites for DNH. These chitosan probes have good thermal stability and could selectively recognize DNH, showing notable fluorescence quenching effects, which are visible to the naked eye. DNH is a typical electron-deficient compound, and the polymer fluorescent probe contains electron-rich groups, which makes it easier for the two species to combine and cause fluorescence changes. C1 is flexibly cross-linked, C3 is rigidly cross-linked, and C2 has a non-crosslinked structure, and they show different rheological properties. This work expands the application of chitosan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of heavy metals, such as Hg2+ and Fe3+, is of great significance. In this work, fluorescent small-molecule BODIPY (BY-3) bearing C C group was synthesized firstly. And then, the chitosan-based polymer sensor CY-1 was synthesized through the spontaneous NH 2 /C≡C click reaction. The synthesized CY-1 can effectively bind and recognize Hg2+/Hg+ by the –C=N groups formed in the click reaction. Moreover, the macromolecular sensors CS-1 and CS-2 were synthesized by incorporating another recognition sites to CY-1. These synthesized macromolecular sensors can not only recognize Hg2+/Hg+, but also effectively recognize Fe3+/Fe2+. All of them exhibited significant quenching effect, visible to the naked eye under UV irradiation. The detection limit of CY-1 for Hg2+ was 1.51 × 10−6 mol/L, and the detection limit of CS-2 for Fe3+ was 2.30 × 10−6 mol/L. The BODIPY-chitosan sensors synthesized in this work have the functions of removing heavy metal ions besides the identifying ability. The maximum adsorption capacity of 1 g chitosan to Hg2+ was 108 mg as the best one. This article provides a new method to prepare macromolecular sensors for the detection and removal of heavy metal ions. As a useful natural polymer, chitosan's application scope was enlarged. Small-molecule fluorescent monomer BODIPY(BY-3) with C C group was first synthesized. And then, the chitosan-based polymeric sensor CY-1 was synthesized through the NH 2 /C C click reaction. The synthesized macromolecular sensor could not only recognize Hg2+/Hg+, but also effectively recognize Fe3+/Fe2+. [Display omitted] • Solubility of chitosan derived polymer in H 2 O-HAc remains despite the attachment of a large organic group. • By Click reaction, BODIPY fluophores were linked to chitosan with C N, it can recognize Hg2+ and Hg+ well. • By introducing the recognition site S, it can recognize not only Hg2+/Hg+, but also Fe3+/Fe2+. • The functionalized can adsorb and remove heavy metal ions with high efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of information technology, how to scientifically and properly organizing and guiding learners to learn actively and efficiently has become a research subject for domestic and foreign scholars. However, existing research on online learning behaviours studied little about learning attitudes, learning preferences, student-student interaction, teacher-student interaction and so on. To this end, this paper studies the features of group online learning behaviours based on data mining. In this paper, a K-means-based group online learning behaviour feature selection model and an AdaBoost-based group online learning behaviour classification model were constructed, and the processing methods, execution processes and algorithm functions of the two models were described in detail. Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed models was verified through an experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the effects of Rare-Earth (RE) doping (Y, Gd, Dy, Yb) in HfO2 on the interface chemistry and leakage current conduction mechanism of Ge-MOS devices have been explored. The electrical experimental results have indicated that ${\text{HfREO}}_{\!{x}}$ (RE = Gd and Dy) show excellent performance, including the reduced flat-band voltage, almost disappeared hysteresis, and the decreased leakage current, which can be attributed to the tradeoff of performance between lanthanide-based oxides and HfO2. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements also display that ${\text{HfGdO}}_{\!{x}}$ and ${\text{HfDyO}}_{\!{x}}$ gate dielectrics can effectively inhibit the formation of unstable Ge suboxides and low- ${k}$ germanate interface layer, leading to the reduced defect state at/near the interface and the improved electrical performance. In addition, the doping element-dependent leakage current conduction mechanism of Ge-based MOS devices under low temperature has been investigated systematically. As a result, it can be inferred that RE doping has a significant impact on Hf-based MOS capacitors, and Hf-based gate dielectrics doped with heavy RE elements show excellent application prospects in future microelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave cloud polarized observations have shown the potential to improve precipitation retrievals since they are linked to the orientation and shape of ice habits. Stratiform clouds show larger brightness temperature (TB) polarization differences (PDs), defined as the vertically polarized TB (TBV) minus the horizontally polarized TB (TBH), with ~10 K PD values at 89 GHz due to the presence of horizontally aligned snowflakes, while convective regions show smaller PD signals, as graupel and/or hail in the updraft tend to become randomly oriented. The launch of the global precipitation measurement (GPM) microwave imager (GMI) has extended the availability of microwave polarized observations to higher frequencies (166 GHz) in the tropics and midlatitudes, previously only available up to 89 GHz. This study analyzes one year of GMI observations to explore further the previously reported stable relationship between the PD and the observed TBs at 89 and 166 GHz, respectively. The latitudinal and seasonal variability is analyzed to propose a cloud scattering polarization parameterization of the PD-TB relationship, capable of reconstructing the PD signal from simulated TBs. Given that operational radiative transfer (RT) models do not currently simulate the cloud polarized signals, this is an alternative and simple solution to exploit the large number of cloud polarized observations available. The atmospheric radiative transfer simulator (ARTS) is coupled with the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model, in order to apply the proposed parameterization to the RT simulated TBs and hence infer the corresponding PD values, which show to reproduce the observed GMI PDs well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fortunately, the recent development of high throughput sequencing technologies, including whole genome sequencing and whole exome sequencing, make the detection of gene mutations in tumor tissues more sensitive and comprehensive so that the personalized cancer treatment becomes possible ([12]). Keywords: oral cancer; precision medicine; genome sequencing; whole exome sequencing; targeted therapy EN oral cancer precision medicine genome sequencing whole exome sequencing targeted therapy 1 3 3 04/11/22 20220406 NES 220406 Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common histopathological type of oral cancer, with typical characteristics of low 5-year survival rate and poor prognosis ([1], [2]). Oral cancer, precision medicine, genome sequencing, whole exome sequencing, targeted therapy. [Extracted from the article]

2D semiconductors have emerged as candidates for next‐generation electronics. However, previously reported 2D transistors which typically employ the gate‐first process to fabricate a back‐gate (BG) configuration while neglecting the thorough impact on the dielectric capping layer, are severely constrained in large‐scale manufacturing and compatibility with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In this study, dual‐gate (DG) field‐effect transistors have been realized based on wafer‐scale monolayer MoS2 and the gate‐last processing, which avoids the transfer process and utilizes an optimized top‐gate (TG) dielectric stack, rendering it highly compatible with CMOS technology. Subsequently, the physical mechanism of TG dielectric deposition and the corresponding controllable threshold voltage (VTH) shift is investigated. Then the fabricated TG‐devices with a large on/off ratio up to 1.7 × 109, negligible hysteresis (≈14 mV), and favorable stability. Additionally, encapsulated TG structured photodetectors have been demonstrated which exhibit photo responsivity (R) up to 9.39 × 103 A W−1 and detectivity (D*) ≈2.13 × 1013 Jones. The result paves the way for future CMOS‐compatible integration of 2D semiconductors for complex multifunctional IC applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exorbitant substrates for Schizochytrium culture result in the high cost of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production. In order to develop a feasible approach that is expected to reduce DHA production cost, Schizochytrium sp. S31 cultivation with a mixture of saline wastewater (SWW) and tofu whey wastewater (TWW) was investigated in this study. Using glucose as the carbon source, the maximum biomass and DHA yield in cultures using mixed wastewater containing 5% SWW reached 19.08 and 2.66 g/L, respectively, which were 2.29 and 2.66 times higher than those of cultures using control medium. Moreover, a good wastewater treatment performance was achieved as approximately 60% of the COD, TN, and TP were reduced in the cultures using mixed wastewater with a SWW ratio of 5%. The mixed wastewater presented better performance on DHA production than control medium using all tested carbon sources including glucose, fructose, and pure and crude glycerol. The components of control medium can be completely replaced by the mixed wastewater and crude glycerol. It is expected to effectively decrease the medium cost for DHA production and reduce the environmental risk of food processing wastewater. [Display omitted] • The mixed wastewater greatly enhanced the growth of Schizochytrium sp. S31. • The DHA yield was increased by 2.66 times using mixed wastewater added glucose. • About 60% of COD, TN, and TP were reduced from the mixed wastewater. • The medium components can be completely replaced by wastewater and crude glycerol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes damage to the central nervous system, resulting in cognitive impairment. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) exhibits the potential to alleviate neurodegeneration. However, the therapeutic effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) FGF21 infusion on diabetes-induced cognitive decline (DICD) and its potential mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the impact of FGF21 on DICD was explored, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics plus 13C NMR spectroscopy in combine with intravenous [1-13C]-glucose infusion were used to investigate the underlying metabolic mechanism. Results revealed that i.c.v FGF21 infusion effectively improved learning and memory performance of DICD mice; neuron loss and apoptosis in hippocampus and cortex were significantly blocked, suggesting a potential neuroprotective role of FGF21 in DICD. Metabolomics results revealed that FGF21 modulated DICD metabolic alterations related to glucose and neurotransmitter metabolism, which are characterized by distinct recovered enrichment of [3-13C]-lactate, [3-13C]-aspartate, [4-13C]-glutamine, [3-13C]-glutamine, [4-13C]-glutamate, and [4-13C]- γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from [1-13C]-glucose. Moreover, diabetes-induced neuron injury and metabolic dysfunctions might be mediated by PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway inactivation in the hippocampus and cortex, which were activated by i.c.v injection of FGF21. These findings indicate that i.c.v FGF21 infusion exerts its neuroprotective effect on DICD by remodeling cerebral glucose and neurotransmitter metabolism by activating the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permission@oup.com.)

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), as flexible and stretchable materials, have attracted considerable attention in the field of novel flexible electronics due to their excellent mechanical, optical, and electronic properties. Among the various TMD materials, atomically thin MoS 2 has become the most widely used material due to its advantageous properties, such as its adjustable bandgap, excellent performance, and ease of preparation. In this work, we demonstrated the practicality of a stacked wafer-scale two-layer MoS 2 film obtained by transferring multiple single-layer films grown using chemical vapor deposition. The MoS 2 field-effect transistor cell had a top-gated device structure with a (PI) film as the substrate, which exhibited a high on/off ratio (10 8 ), large average mobility (∼8.56 cm 2 V -1 s -1 ), and exceptional uniformity. Furthermore, a range of flexible integrated logic devices, including inverters, NOR gates, and NAND gates, were successfully implemented via traditional lithography. These results highlight the immense potential of TMD materials, particularly MoS 2 , in enabling advanced flexible electronic and optoelectronic devices, which pave the way for transformative applications in future-generation electronics., (© 2023 IOP Publishing Ltd.)

Mixed-ligand metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are usually synthesized from two or more organic ligands as initial reactants, and MOFs synthesized from one organic ligand precursor through partial in situ reactions remain very limited. Herein, by introducing an imidazole-tetrazole bifunctional ligand, 5-(4-imidazol-1-yl-phenyl)-2 H -tetrazole (HIPT), as a single ligand and performing in situ hydrolysis of the tetrazolium group, a mixed-ligand Co(II)-MOF based on HIPT and 4-imidazol-1-yl-benzoic acid (HIBA), [Co 2 (μ 3 -O)(IPT)(IBA)]· x solvent (Co-IPT-IBA), was constructed and applied to capture I 2 and methyl iodide vapours. Single crystal structural analyses reveal that Co-IPT-IBA exhibits a 3D porous framework with 1D channels based on the relatively few reported ribbon-like rod SBUs. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms indicate that the BET surface area of Co-IPT-IBA is 168.5 m 2 g -1 and it possesses both micropores and mesopores. Due to its porosity, nitrogen-rich conjugated aromatic rings, and Co(II) ions, Co-IPT-IBA was applied to capture iodine molecules in vapour and exhibited an adsorption capacity of 2.88 g g -1 . By combining the IR, Raman, XPS and grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation results, it was deduced that the tetrazole ring, coordination water molecules, and the redox potential of Co 3+ /Co 2+ facilitate iodine capture. The presence of mesopores was also responsible for the high iodine adsorption capacity. In addition, Co-IPT-IBA showed the ability to capture methyl iodide in vapours with a moderate capacity of 625 mg g -1 . The transformation of crystalline Co-IPT-IBA to amorphous MOFs may be due to the methylation reaction. This work represents a relatively rare example of methyl iodide adsorption by MOFs.

Here we investigate the function of the innate immune molecule protein kinase R (PKR) in intestinal inflammation. To model a colitogenic role of PKR, we determine the physiological response to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) of wild-type and two transgenic mice strains mutated to express either a kinase-dead PKR or to ablate expression of the kinase. These experiments recognize kinase-dependent and -independent protection from DSS-induced weight loss and inflammation, against a kinase-dependent increase in the susceptibility to DSS-induced injury. We propose these effects arise through PKR-dependent alteration of gut physiology, evidenced as altered goblet cell function and changes to the gut microbiota at homeostasis that suppresses inflammasome activity by controlling autophagy. These findings establish that PKR functions as both a protein kinase and a signaling molecule in instituting immune homeostasis in the gut., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Yim, Chakrabarti, Kessler, Morimoto, Wang, Sooraj, Ahmed, de la Motte, Silverman, Williams and Sadler.)

T Helper 17 (Th17) cells are adaptive immune cells that play myriad roles in the body. Immune-endocrine interactions are vital in endocrine organs during pathological states. Th17 cells are known to take part in multiple autoimmune diseases over the years. Current evidence has moved from minimal to substantial that Th17 cells are closely related to endocrine organs. Diverse tissue Th17 cells have been discovered within endocrine organs, including gut, adipose tissue, liver and bone, and these cells are modulated by various secretions from endocrine organs. Th17 cells in these endocrine organs are key players in the process of an array of metabolic disorders and inflammatory conditions, including obesity, insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), osteoporosis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We reviewed the pathogenetic or protective functions played by Th17 cells in various endocrine tissues and identified potential regulators for plasticity of it. Furthermore, we discussed the roles of Th17 cells in crosstalk of gut-organs axis., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Zi, Wang, Gao and He.)

During the heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae, a cooled process against temperature rise caused by the metabolism of exogenous organic carbon sources greatly increases cultivation cost. Furthermore, microalgae harvesting is also a cost-consuming process. Cell harvesting efficiency is closely related to the characteristics of the algal cells. It may be possible to change cell characteristics through controlling culture conditions to make harvesting easier. In this study, the mesophilic Chlorella pyrenoidosa was found to be a thermal-tolerant species in the heterotrophic mode. The cells could maintain their maximal specific growth rate at 40°C and reached 1.45 day -1 , which is equivalent to that of cultures at 35°C but significantly higher than those cultured at lower temperatures. Interestingly, the cells cultured at 40°C were much easier to be harvested than those at lower temperatures. The harvesting efficiency of the cells cultured at 40°C reached 96.83% after sedimentation for 240 min, while the cells cultured at lower temperatures were reluctant to settle. Likely, the same circumstance occurred when cells were harvested by centrifugation or flocculation. The promotion of cell harvesting for cells cultured at high temperatures was mainly attributed to increased cell size and decreased cell surface charge. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that cells cultured at high temperatures can promote microalgae harvesting. This study explores a new approach to simplify the cultivation and harvesting of microalgae, which effectively reduces the microalgae production cost., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Dai, Wang, Zhu, Yang, Jiao, Sun and Wang.)

Introduction: Hiccup is a common disease that not only occurred on adults but also on infants, which can severely do harm to patients' physical and psychological health. Metoclopramide has been reported to have effects on intractable hiccup. However, there is a limited evidence that describes the efficacy and safety of metoclopramide in the treatment of intractable hiccup. The aim of this article is to obtain evidence on the effectiveness and safety of metoclopramide in treating patients with intractable hiccup., Methods and Analysis: We will search the following databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, CBM, Wan-fang, VIP database, CNKI and MEDLINE from their inception to 11 November 2021. All the randomised controlled trials associated with metoclopramide in treating intractable hiccup will be included. Articles screened, selected and extracted will be performed by two researchers independently. The risk of bias will be assessed by using the Cochrane Collaboration. We will carry out the meta-analysis by using RevMan V.5.4 software., Prospero Registration Number: CRD42021293000., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)