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Street views, satellite imageries and remote sensing data have been integrated into a wide spectrum of topics in the social sciences. Computer vision methods not only help analysts and policymakers make better decisions and produce more effective solutions but they also enable models to achieve more precise predictions and greater interpretability. In this paper, we review the growing literature applying such methods to economic issues and the social sciences, in which social scientists employ deep learning approaches to utilise image data to retrieve additional information. Typically, image data produce better results than traditional approaches and can provide detailed results and helpful insights to improve society and people's well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxes are the most important source of public revenue. Therefore tax policies have great importance for public economy. Despite the modern tax theories and policies of 20th century, no permanant success has yet been achieved in solving the problems related to tax collection. For this reason, problems related to this field remain current on the agenda. Examining the substainability of the tax farming system, has great importance in terms of solving the tax problems of the 20th century. The main aim of this study is to examine the substainability of this tax system. For this aim, analysis is realized by a repeated game theoretical model. The findings of the repeated game theoretical model reveals that this tax system has an unsustainable structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents study results of the region's sustainable development possibility, thus improving the population's life quality using cognitive simulation methods of complex systems. The main theoretical provisions of cognitive modeling developed and tested earlier in various socioeconomic system modeling are briefly outlined. The cognitive modeling application's mathematical apparatus and CMCS software No. 2018661506 system were developed using quantitative data from one of Russia's southern regions (Rostov oblast). The task was to study the region, model, understand, explain, and develop possible situation development scenarios, and foresee this complex system's possible future outcome. The main statistical socioeconomic indicators of the state region were studied and processed. Data analysis necessary for developing and researching a cognitive model is given. The regional economic mechanism cognitive model is a functional graph consisting of quantitative and qualitative concepts. Between them, relationships are given in the form of functions, which is the novelty of research. The results of several scenarios of impulse modeling are presented, making it possible to predict future desirable and undesirable processes in the system. Scenario analysis was carried out, making it possible to propose a number of recommendations for the region's sustainable development. A direction for the region's development of further cognitive research is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on reevaluating Alexander Hamilton's role as an economist, arguing that he deserves greater recognition in this regard. It emphasizes Hamilton's transition towards economic liberalism and his efforts in shaping a stable economic environment during a period of significant transitions in the United States.

While the quality-adjusted life-year construct has advantages of simplicity and consistency, simplicity requires strong assumptions. In particular, standard assumptions result in health-state utility functions that are unrealistically linear and separable in risk and duration. Consequently, sequencing of a series of health improvements has no effect on the total value of the sequence because each increment is assessed independently of previous increments. Utility functions in nearly all other areas of applied economics are assumed to be nonlinear with diminishing marginal utility so it matters where an improvement occurs in a sequence. We construct a conceptual framework that that demonstrates how diminishing marginal utility for health improvements could affect preferences for different sequence patterns. Using this framework, we derive conditions for which the sum of conventional health-state utilities understates, overstates, or approximates the sequence-sensitive value of health improvements. These patterns suggest the direction and magnitude of possible adjustments to conventional value calculations. We provide numerical examples and identify recent studies whose results are consistent with the conceptual model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper chronicles my fisheries compliance and enforcement research during the past 40 years. My colleagues and I at the University of Rhode Island began researching fisheries law enforcement issues around 1980 because of the high degree of noncompliance in fisheries managed by the New England Fisheries Management Council. We collected data and demonstrated that the pure deterrence model does not explain fisheries compliance behavior well. This set us on a course to develop an enriched model of compliance behavion The formal enriched model accounts for tangible and intangible motivations influencing individuals' compliance decisions, resulting in better explanations of the evidence than the pure deterrence model. The model also provides practical and superior policy prescriptions. Although the enriched model is superior to the basic pure deterrence model, much research remains to be done on explaining compliance behavior and crafting more efficient and effective compliance and regulatory programs in fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses sources of stress by risk category for row crop producers. It discusses weather and climate as the biggest stress in agricultural production where weather plays important role in the entire process; it also discusses government policies and other economic influences such as rapid change in price and inflation; and where it mentions that price uncertainty can lead to stress over whether operations will be profitable for a certain year or not.

This study establishes economic growth needed for supply-side mobile money drivers in developing countries to be positively related to mobile money innovations in the perspectives of mobile money accounts, the mobile phone used to send money, and the mobile phone used to receive money. The empirical evidence is based on Tobit regressions. For the negative net relationships that are computed, minimum economic growth thresholds are established above which the net negative relationships become net positive relationships. The following minimum economic growth rates are required for nexuses between supply-side mobile money drivers and mobile money innovations to be positive: (i) 6.109 percent (6.193%) of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth for mobile connectivity performance to be positively associated with the mobile phone used to send (receive) money and (ii) 4.590 percent (4.259%) of GDP growth for mobile connectivity coverage to be positively associated with the mobile phone used to send (receive) money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the key tools in an organization's performance management is the goal tree, which is used for solving both direct and inverse problems. This research deals with goal setting based on a model of the future by presenting the goal and subgoal in the form of concrete quantitative and qualitative characteristics and stepwise formation of factors. A stepwise solution to a factor generation problem is considered on the basis of mathematical symmetry. This paper displays an algorithm for solving hierarchical inverse problems with constraints, which is based on recursively traversing the vertices that constitute the separate characteristics. Iterative methods, modified for the case of nonlinear models and the calculation of constraints, were used to generate solutions to the subproblems. To realize the algorithm, the object-oriented architecture, which simplifies the creation and modification of software, was elaborated. Computational experiments with five types of models were conducted, and the solution to a problem related to fast-food restaurant profit generation was reviewed. The metrics of remoteness from set values and t-statistics were calculated for the purpose of testing the received results, and solutions to the subproblems, with the help of a mathematical package using optimization models and a method of inverse calculations, were also provided. The results of computational experiments speak to the compliance of the received results with set constraints and the solution of separate subproblems with the usage of the mathematical package. The cases with the highest solution accuracy reached are specified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SPOCS is a brand-new teaching concept, which focuses on reflecting the dominant position of students. The application of SPOCS guidance mode in international trade practice teaching will help stimulate students' interest in knowledge, improve classroom-teaching effect, and improve classroom teaching quality. In order to fully mobilize students' subjective initiative and creativity, we should cultivate students into new talents with strong comprehensive quality. Let students study actively and autonomously under the correct guidance of teachers. From the perspective of "1 + x" certificate system, this paper introduces the necessity of developing application-oriented undergraduate education. This paper expounds the requirements of the "1 + x" certificate system for the classroom teaching of applied economics and analyzes the problems existing in the classroom teaching. This paper puts forward the reconstruction of efficient classroom teaching mode, makes great efforts to deepen the cooperation between industry and education in classroom teaching, and realizes the goal of "1 + x" certificate system to cultivate talents. A three-stage tutoring mode of "knowledge transfer before class," "knowledge internalization in class," and "evaluation and reflection after class" is designed. Practice has proved that the combination of microclassroom and flipped classroom is an effective strategy to improve the effect of learning knowledge. It provides some references and suggestions for front-line teachers to implement flipped classroom teaching in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article argue that the COVID-19 pandemic caused many U.S. workers to reassess their work status and the nature of their work, especially as regards working in an office or factory versus telecommuting. It mentions shift to home-based work in May 2020 and found that COVID-based telecommuters were likely to be well-educated, white, and higher income. It also mentions COVID's impact on the U.S. labor market and reported less work and less looking for work by women due to in-person schooling.

The article focuses on relationship between demand for broadband to enable smart agriculture and the availability of broadband for nearby rural communities. It mentions onset of the COVID-19 pandemic forced the planning committee to rethink the strategy for surfacing and addressing key research and Extension questions. It also mentions visibility of the digital divide during the pandemic drove unprecedented investments in rural broadband.

The article presents the discussion on creating an environment of modest economic growth. Topics include supply chain woes exacerbating by slowdowns in Chinese production and the Ukraine war weighing heavily on the oil and gas and grain markets; and decrease in the pandemic assistance payments and a resurgence of the Omicron variant.

Application of Bayesian inference to analyze real economic phenomena is rare in the literature on applied economics. This study contributes in two ways. Firstly, it contributes to methodological advancement in the literature on applied economic modeling by estimating a structural model using the classical econometric framework as well as the Bayesian two-stage econometric framework. The performance of the two approaches is compared due to the small sample size and the best model is selected. Secondly, the study is used to get fresh evidence about the impact of human capital upon economic growth in the form of Bayes mean estimates along with their Highest Posterior Density Intervals (HPDIs) which give certain ranges of estimates within which the parameters are likely to lie. Annual data on the Pakistan economy ranging from 1965 to 2019 is used for the estimation of the model. Classical estimates are obtained using the efficient GMM method. Bayes mean estimates are simulated using a Bayesian two-stage procedure assuming multivariate normal-Wishart informative priors. Results show that the Bayesian econometric framework gives more precise parameters' estimates as compared to the classical econometric framework, and hence, the Bayesian inference may be preferred over classical inference, especially in the case of a small sample size. The Bayes estimates show that a 1% increase in education capital and health capital causes raising economic growth by 0.0091% and 0.1778%, respectively, with a 0.95 probability that the estimates are likely to lie within the intervals 0.0085%–0.0097% and 0.1606%–0.1952%, respectively. Hence, human capital might be considered a vital factor to achieve economic growth in Pakistan. Moreover, health capital shows strong effects as compared to education capital in the process of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This resulted in UNICEF's path-breaking I Adjustment with a Human Face i (1987) and Richard's personal role from the 1980s in enabling UNICEF to lead the UN against the World Bank and IMF's narrowness and the negative impacts of their Structural Adjustment Programmes. In 1982, after ten years as IDS Director, Richard was appointed as UNICEF's Deputy Director (Programmes), where he stayed for fifteen years. Sir Richard Jolly will be remembered as a pioneer development thinker and enabler; both as a distinguished academic and as a practitioner. [Extracted from the article]

The objective of this work consisted of the examination of the relation between the exchange rate variations and the Brazilian export prices of ethanol, relation defined as the pass-through of the exchange rate, having as reference the period from March 2005 to February 2019. For this, we estimated two models: in dollar and in euro. The data were collected in the sites of Center for Advanced Studies in Applied Economics - CEPEA, Instituted for Applied Economics - IPEA and in Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board - AHDB. In this sense, we used the instrumentals of time series, especially the Vector Error Correction Model (VEC). The results found provided indications that the degree of pass-through of the exchange rate for the export prices of ethanol occurred in an incomplete way, with the coefficients for dollar and euro of, respectively, 0.36 and 0.64, representing that depreciations of the exchange rate do not translate themselves in significant gains of competitiveness, since that they do not reduce expressively the export prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health Services Academy is a unique public sector institution which enjoys autonomous status as well as financial independence. HAS Dr. Shahzad said has a long history of promoting public health in Pakistan and it offers a large number of educational and training programmes to students in Pakistan and other countries. [Extracted from the article]

The aim of this article is to present the panorama of the teaching of Accounting Sciences in the third sector (TS) in the Accounting course in view of its prominence and growth, it is expected that higher education can prepare the professional to act with the recent changes gives TS legislation, preparing useful and transparent information for its users. To achieve the objective, the offer of disciplines in higher education institutions (HEIs) in Brazil was verified. The empirical study of an applied nature, has as exploratory methodology analyzing the curriculum available in the pages of 77 public HEIs, being analyzed 62 subjects offered on the TS. The results indicated that the TS course is not offered in all HEIs in Brazil, those that have it available as an elective course (optional). The research highlighted that among the HEIs studied, UNIFESP offers the TS discipline with the highest number of hours. Among the analysis by regions, the results showed that the Northeast region and represented by the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais, are the ones that offer the most TS disciplines. According to the Institute of Applied Economics Research (IPEA, 2020) this region and these states are not the most quantitative of TS institutions. Finally, data analyzed revealed that HEIs in Brazil are not complying with Resolution 4 of 2005 in its entirety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents infographic which provides statistics a national survey conducted by the American Farm Bureau Federation and Morning Consult, which discusses farm stress issues and lists resources available nationwide to assist farmers with their mental health and wellbeing.

Behavioral economics is an approach to understanding behavior though integrating behavioral psychology and microeconomic principles. Advances in behavioral economics have resulted in quick-to-administer tasks to assess discounting (i.e., decrements in the subjective value of a commodity due to delayed or probabilistic receipt) and demand (i.e., effort exerted to defend baseline consumption of a commodity amidst increasing constraints)—these tasks are built upon decades of foundational work from the experimental analysis of behavior and exhibit adequate psychometric properties. We propose that the behavioral economic approach is particularly well suited, then, for experimentally evaluating potential public policy decisions, particularly during urgent times or crises. Using examples from our collaborations (e.g., cannabis legalization, happy hour alcohol pricing, severe weather alerts, COVID-19 vaccine marketing), we demonstrate how behavioral economic approaches have rendered novel insights to guide policy development and garnered widespread attention outside of academia. We conclude with implications on multidisciplinary work and other areas in need of behavioral economic investigations. • Behavioral economics incorporates discounting and demand. • Demand and discounting have historically provided novel information for health issues. • Behavioral economics is uniquely situated to empirically inform policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on fall 2020 survey of 5,000 representative households.

The article offers information on COVID-19 influenced the OJ market so far.