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Ethnoarchaeological studies attempt to link human behavior to material remains for the purpose of developing archaeological method and theory. Traditional studies in spatial ethnoarchaeology have focused on mapping features and refuse, but the spatial distribution of the behaviors that produced them, the thing that interests us most, has for good reason gone largely undocumented. Until recently, it was not technically possible to map people in space in a way that is simultaneously accurate, precise, and unobtrusive. In this paper, we discuss the use of time-lapse photography and photogrammetry for the direct, frequent, and high precision mapping of human behavior in ethnographic contexts. Using two experiments, we show that this method can produce human locational data that are accurate and have submeter precision, typically of 25 cm or less. We illustrate the utility of this method by examining how the exterior space of a camp of Dukha reindeer herders in northern Mongolia is divided by household. We argue this method provides much needed data on how humans use space while allowing for the collection of ancillary behavioral and contextual information from imagery. As such, time-lapse photography and photogrammetry could become part of the standard toolkit for ethnoarchaeological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution and accumulation of snow cover are among the most important characteristics influencing Antarctica's climate and biotopes. The changes in Antarctica are also substantially impacting global climate change. Therefore, detailed monitoring of snow evolution is key to understanding such changes. One way to conduct this monitoring is by installing trail cameras in a particular region and then processing the captured information. This option is affordable, but has some drawbacks, such as the fully automatic solution for the extraction of snow height from these images is not feasible. Therefore, it still requires human intervention, manually correcting the inaccurately extracted information. In this paper, we present Antarstick, a tool for visual guidance of the user to potentially wrong values extracted from poor‐quality images and support for their interactive correction. This tool allows for much quicker and semi‐automated processing of snow height from time‐lapse photography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the development and application of a multilayer microfluidic lung chip designed to accurately replicate the human respiratory bronchi, providing an innovative platform for controlled particle deposition in the lung. By employing a quantitative control method of fluid velocity through the deformation of an elastic PDMS membrane, this platform mimics the passive breathing process in humans and allows for precise simulation of the respiration cycle. We utilized time-lapse photography of fluorescent particles in a water/glycerol solution to qualitatively observe fluid morphology in the channel, while a chip-aerosol exposure device combined with microscopy imaging was employed to visualise aerosol deposition. Both experimental and numerical simulation results showed that particle concentration decreased towards the distal generations of the lung, and that changes in breathing pattern significantly affected particle deposition trends. Furthermore, we found that increasing the residence time of particles in the channel facilitated deeper particle deposition, achievable by adjusting parameters such as breath-hold time, exhalation time, respiration cycle length, and tidal volume. The proposed microfluidic lung chip device has significant potential for future research in respiratory health and inhaled drug delivery, providing an efficient, cost-effective, and ethical alternative to traditional in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrated the design and implementation of a unique algorithm used to generate interim coordinates for focus transitions in time-lapse photography. Through a prototype design methodology, the unique algorithm was developed to function within the limitations imposed by a low-cost 8-bit microcontroller for the development of a cost-effective focus and motion control system for deployment in photographic higher education. Through conceptualization and virtualization in MathLab and comparison with values generated in simulated real-world use-case, the proposed algorithm was tested for function and efficacy in generating interim coordinates that included focus coordinate estimation to facilitate smooth non-linear motion with focus transitions during image sequence capture. The 8-bit Arduino Mega 2560 proved capable of completing calculations required by the developed algorithm and generated coordinate data sets identical to sets generated in simulation. The generated coordinated illustrated effective user-defined control over motion and the smoothness of focus transitions. The developed algorithm is thus capable of facilitating the required movement and focus transition coordinate calculation and estimation required while deployed on a low-cost 8-bit microcontroller and is well suited for deployments in time-lapse capture applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary animation is typically viewed in a digital format which is subject to the mechanics of cinema: a frame-by-frame presentation of a sequence of images (at a constant rate) so that the illusion of continuous motion is experienced by the viewer. In this article I argue that by altering the way we view animation, we could influence the viewer's experience and understanding of an animated work. The research is a culmination of my Ph.D. by creative practice, which unpacks modes of viewing practice through the creation of an experimental short film and the presentation of an art exhibition that reveal movement for the viewer in a deliberately playful manner. The short film expands on the experimental animation technique known as strata-stencil that uses a multiple layered approach, revealing the consecutive frames of a movement on every frame. Drawing on techniques of nineteenth-century chronophotography, my work focuses on the representation of movement in classic cartoon-style animation and reveals the construction of animation for the viewer through static and animated sequences. My interest lies in the imperceptible moments that are lost in standard viewing practice, forcing the viewer to question their understanding of a movement and the aesthetics involved in seeing more than one frame at a time. I propose that we look at the individual animation frames not in isolation but simultaneously as sequences, so that the notion of seriality informs the viewer's understanding of animated movement as a distinct aesthetic experience. In doing this, I challenge the viewer to look at animation in a different way and create an innovative viewing experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we propose a preprocessing pipeline for the detection and correction of distorted frames in time-lapse images obtained from phase-contrast microscopy. The proposed pipeline employs the average intensities of frames as a foundational element for the analysis. In order to evaluate the degree of correction required for intensity variance, a normalization technique is applied to the difference between the average intensity of a specific frame and the median average intensity of all frames within the study. Our restoration method increases the histogram similarity between the distorted and non-distorted frames, preserves trans-passing pixels in regions of interest, and mitigates the development of additional distortions. The efficacy of the proposed method was evaluated using 15,395 time-lapse image frames from 27 experiments using our own dataset and 830 time-lapse images from four different experiments obtained from the cell tracking challenge. The results of the validation demonstrate a high degree of numerical and visual accuracy of the proposed pipeline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anther opening has commonly been thought of as unidirectional, but reports of anthers closing in response to rainfall show this is not the case. In some species, anther closure can protect pollen from degrading or washing away, thus possibly enhancing male fitness. Similarly, although floral color is often presumed to be static, numerous floral parts may change color during blooming. These color changes primarily occur in response to pollination or aging, thus potentially increasing pollination efficiency by directing floral visitors to recently opened, unpollinated flowers. Daily observations of 364 Ripariosida hermaphrodita flowers from seven individuals showed that anthers that were purple, open, and shedding pollen became beige colored and tightly closed after rainfall. These findings were further supported by observations of plants exposed to simulated rainfall in a greenhouse and time‐lapse photography of flowers misted with water. To our knowledge, our work represents the first report of anther closure in response to rain in Malvaceae and the first report of floral color change induced by rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A suite of recently developed statistical methods to estimate the abundance and density of unmarked animals from camera traps require accurate estimates of the area sampled by each camera. Although viewshed area is fundamental to achieving accurate abundance estimates, there are no established guidelines for collecting this information in the field. Furthermore, while the complexities of the detection process from motion sensor photography are generally acknowledged, viewable area (the common factor between motion sensor and time lapse photography) on its own has been underemphasized. We establish a common set of terminology to identify the component parts of viewshed area, contrast the photographic capture process and area measurements for time lapse and motion sensor photography, and review methods for estimating viewable area in the field. We use a case study to demonstrate the importance of accurate estimates of viewable area on abundance estimates. Time lapse photography combined with accurate measurements of viewable area allow researchers to assume that capture probability equals 1. Motion sensor photography requires measuring distances to each animal and fitting a distance sampling curve to account for capture probability of <1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Maros-Pangkep karst in southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia, contains some of the world's oldest rock art. However, the Pleistocene images survive only as weathered patches of pigment on exfoliated limestone surfaces. Salt efflorescence underneath the case-hardened limestone substrate causes spall-flaking, and it has been proposed that the loss of artwork has accelerated over recent decades. Here, we utilise historical photographs and superposition constraints to show that the bulk of the damage was present before 1950 CE, and describe the role of anthropogenic sulphur emissions in promoting gypsum-salt efflorescence and rock art decay. The rock art shelters have been exposed to domestic fire-use and intensive rice cultivation with post-harvest burning of straw for hundreds (if not thousands) of years, both of which release chemically reactive sulphur oxides for gypsum formation, with cumulative effects. Analysis of time-lapse photography indicates that the rate of rock art loss may be on the decline, consistent with the history of fire-use in southwest Sulawesi. At present, vandalism and sulphur emissions from diesel-powered traffic and cement-based infrastructure development constitute localised threats. Our findings indicate that there are grounds for being cautiously optimistic that targeted conservation measures will ensure the longevity of some of our oldest artistic treasures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the hydration process of compacted Gaomiaozi (GMZ) bentonite with technological voids, the cracking phenomenon happens simultaneously with self-sealing. In order to investigate the effect of sample thickness, a series of hydration tests were carried out in this paper and the evolutionary process of bentonite was visualized using a custom-designed device. Corresponding digital images were acquired by time-lapse photography and analyzed by image processing techniques. Experimental results showed that the sample thickness exerted an apparent effect on both the self-sealing and the hydration cracking of compacted bentonite. Increasing thickness slowed down the self-sealing process and thus prolonged the time needed to seal the technological voids. Moreover, it was found that thickening the sample inhibited the development of hydration cracks and simplified the crack network notably, indicated by a decreasing trend of crack amount, length and area. In addition, the fractal dimension, characterizing the complexity degree of crack network, decreased with the increase of thickness. By fitting and predicting, a critical value was obtained that if the sample thickness exceeded it, no hydration cracks could be observed on the surface and no penetrating cracks could be formed in the sample. These conclusions are of great importance in the design of bentonite barriers by reducing the incidence of hydration cracks. • Sample thickness had an effect on not only self-sealing but also hydration cracking of compacted bentonite. • Increasing thickness slowed down the self-sealing rate, thus extending the time required for filling technological voids. • Thickening sample reduced the development degree of hydration cracks and simplified the crack networks notably. • A critical value of sample thickness was predicted beyond which no hydration cracks could be observed on the sample surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital animation was originally developed at scientific research laboratories, where it was seen as an ideal tool for scientific research due to its ability to visualize, analyze, and synthesize time-serial data. It was eventually adopted by the entertainment industry when higher image resolutions made it possible to produce photorealistic visual effects, yet it still has numerous applications in such fields as biology, meteorology, geology, engineering, mathematics, and physics. This paper will argue that the difference between analog and digital animation should be understood not in terms of the indexicality of the images but rather in terms of the temporalities of their material substrates – that is, the difference between the time-based medium of film and the time-critical medium of the computer. Such an approach not only offers an important contribution to the field of animation studies but also explains the continued importance of animation for contemporary scientific research.

This portfolio presents a body of work created with a classic model organism - the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. Within a studio setting, the slime mould is staged within novel environments and its growth trajectories captured as it navigates: calculating routes, making decisions, and responding to encounters. Through the representation of emergent growth trajectories and behavioural responses to given interventions the work aims to 'draw out' fundamental processes of life as a relational exercise. Imaging technologies - specifically macro and time-lapse photography - mediate between spatiotemporal subjectivities, amplifying slime mould behaviour to human scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate spatial information of snow cover is useful for understanding the impact of global warming, and it is of high significance for hydrological disaster prediction, water resources management, and climate change research. The Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) based approach has been used extensively around the world for mapping snow, and they displayed high accuracy in open areas. However, capturing snow cover in forests remains problematic due to the obstruction effects of the forest canopy, which causes the snow cover area to be seriously underestimated. In this paper, we present a new algorithm based on machine learning (ML) technology to improve the accuracy of binary snow cover (BSC) mapping in forests, using the remotely sensed surface reflectance and ground truth data. A time-lapse photography network with a two-hour resolution was established in the eastern Qilian Mountains in northwestern China to obtain the ground truth data both in forests and open areas. We trained Random Forests (RF) with the 500-m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance data from bands 1–7 to generate BSC results (RF-BSC). Then we evaluated RF-BSC and the NDSI-derived BSC maps with three different NDSI thresholds (i.e., 0.10, 0.29, and 0.40) against ground-truth data. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm has a high performance in forest BSC mapping in this area, compared to the NDSI-threshold approach. The RF-BSC can retrieve 67% of all real forest snow pixels, while the NDSI-based BSC can only detect 8–14%. We also find that the performance of the algorithm seems to be sensitive to changes in solar illumination conditions and forest coverage. This study suggests that machine learning with the fusion of optical remote sensing and ground-based observations is an effective approach for improving the accuracy of forest snow cover mapping at regional scales. • Forest snow dynamics were obtained by time-lapse photography. • On this basis, high-accuracy forest snow mapping algorithms were developed. • ML with satellite and ground data outperforms NDSI approach in forest snow mapping. • MODIS NDSI using band7/band4 improves forest snow detection than band6/band4. • Influences of cloud, topography and forest coverage on algorithms were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global change is causing ecosystems to change at unprecedented rates and the urgency to quantify ecological change is high. We therefore need all possible sources of ecological data to address key knowledge gaps.Ground‐based photos are a form of remote sensing and an unconventional data source with a high potential to improve our understanding of ecological change. They can provide invaluable information on ecological conditions in the past and present at relevant spatiotemporal scales that is very difficult to obtain with other approaches.Here we review the use of ground‐based photos in a set of relevant ecological research topics, such as biodiversity and community ecology, phenology, global change ecology and landscape ecology. We highlight three main photo‐based methods in ecological research (repeat photography, time‐lapse photography and public archives), alongside which we discuss three case studies to demonstrate novel applications of these methods, to answer fundamental ecological questions.Synthesis. Photos can significantly support ecological research to improve our understanding of biotic responses in a rapidly changing world. Photos cover relatively large temporal and spatial scales, and can provide large amounts of information with limited time investment. To exploit their full potential, we need to invest not only in technological advances to compile, process and analyse images but also in proper data management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing number of neuroscientific studies use films as experimental stimuli, making filmmakers partners in investigations of the brain. The author provides his perspective as a filmmaker who has been conducting neuroscience experiments in collaboration with a team of neuroscientists at the Brain and Mind Laboratory of Aalto University, Finland, over the last five years. This collaboration led to the development of a novel method of investigating the subconscious brain using films as well as insights on how to create more empathy-evoking films. Finally, the author discusses the relationship between social bias and boundaries of collaboration between filmmaking and neuroscience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is a model organism for studying the morphology that emerges at the scale of multi-cell colonies. To look at how morphology develops, we collect a dataset of time-lapse photographs of the growth of different strains of S. cerevisiae. We discuss the general statistical challenges that arise when using time-lapse photographs to extract time-dependent features. In particular, we show how texture-based feature engineering and representative clustering can be successfully applied to categorize the development of yeast colony morphology using our dataset. The Local binary pattern (LBP) from image processing is used to score the surface texture of colonies. This texture score develops along a smooth trajectory during growth. The path taken depends on how the morphology emerges. A hierarchical clustering of the colonies is performed according to their texture development trajectories. The clustering method is designed for practical interpretability; it obtains the best representative colony image for any hierarchical cluster. Measurement(s) Yeast colony morphology Technology Type(s) Time-lapse photographs Factor Type(s) Genotype Sample Characteristic - Organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both the quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis) and the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) are notorious for dominating hard substrates in freshwater ecosystems throughout most of the Northern hemisphere. Despite widespread observations of a dominance shift favouring D. bugensis, where both Ponto-Caspian dreissenids co-occur, mechanisms driving this shift are still largely unknown. This study assessed whether movement behaviour differs between these two mussel species. That way we aimed at assessing whether mobility might be a contributing driver to the observed dominance shift. The mobility of dreissenids was assessed in an experimental set-up consisting of polyethene tanks marked with squares and concentric circles facilitating location tracking of the dreissenids by time-lapse photography. Specimens were collected at the Haringvliet and Hollands Diep in the Rhine-Meuse river delta. The experiments mimicked unfavourable habitat conditions by drying, cleaning, tagging and placing mussels in a new environment. After these disturbances, the movement rate, duration, distance, pattern and speed of 299 individuals were monitored. For both species, most individuals moved in more or less circular patterns, causing their actual movement distance to be twice as high as their displacement distance. The average movement duration within 24 hours after the start of each experiment was 65 min, with an average speed of 28 cm/h and an average distance of 29 cm. Hereby no significant differences were found between D. polymorpha and D. bugensis. However, a higher top speed was observed for D. bugensis than for D. polymorpha. The fastest individuals of these two species moved at 90 cm/h and 60 cm/h, respectively. Moreover, about twice as many D. bugensis individuals moved during the experiments in comparison to D. polymorpha individuals. Hereby it was recorded that any point in time close to 10% more D. bugensis specimens were moving around. The results support our hypothesis that D. bugensis could have a competitive benefit over D. polymorpha by having a higher top speed and a significantly higher number of individuals moving after a disturbance of their population. Detachment and mobility of sessile mussel species are supposed to be avoidance mechanisms during unfavourable environmental conditions. Therefore, mobility might be one of the contributing drivers of the observed dominance shift between both species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to detect predators at a distance through chemical cues is often essential for prey, but spatial variation in predator presence and species may promote variability in the reactions of prey subpopulations. We collected isopods (Caecidotea communis) from three ponds: two with fish (sunfish in one, shiners in the other), and one without. We exposed individuals from these three subpopulations to kairomones and diet cues released by sunfish (Lepomis spp.) or golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas). We used time-lapse photography to calculate the rate of movement and proportion of time isopods spent moving, both soon after cue introduction and twenty-five minutes later. Thus, we tested for reactions to cues, for rapid cue degradation or short-term habituation, and for effects of natal pond. The isopods from all subpopulations did not alter their rate of movement nor their percent of time moving when exposed to dechlorinated tap water or cues from sunfish. The isopods from the pond containing shiners significantly increased their proportion of time moving, and showed a not significant tendency to move more rapidly, when exposed to cues from shiners as opposed to dechlorinated tap water. Our results are the first to demonstrate that isopods may lack a behavioral response to chemicals indicating likely imminent danger from the same species of fish as occur in their natal pond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Movements and action potentials of Mimosa pudica L. plants, commonly known for their sensitivity to touch, were measured using time‐lapse photography and extracellular electrical potential recording methods in 4‐day experiments. In intact plants, spontaneous rapid leaf movements (RLMs) were revealed. The rapid downward movement of the leaf lasted approx. 1 s and the return to the previous position took approx. 17 min. Additionally, spontaneous action potentials (SAPs) with amplitudes of 3–100 mV and half‐time of approx. 15 s were observed for the first time in M. pudica. Spontaneous APs propagated basipetally or acropetally with a velocity of 3–75 cm min−1. 36% of SAPs passing along the shoots were accompanied by RLMs. There was a delay between the appearance of SAP and RLM, indicating that SAPs may trigger the RLMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of fish stranding have not been academically investigated within the context of physical adjustments to rivers for habitat enhancement purposes. River projects may aim to help fish populations but instead may function as attractive nuisances reducing populations because of unaccounted‐for stranding risk. This study applies a novel algorithm to predict spatially explicit, meter‐resolution fish stranding risk at a river rehabilitation site in California to address three scientific questions. Postproject disconnected wetted area predictions were validated against water surface elevation measurements and time lapse photography of flow reductions and stranding events. A comparison of preproject, final design, and postproject topographies revealed that the occurrence and severity of stranding events is highly sensitive to side‐channel topographic structure and postproject morphodynamic change. Even with moderate flows, side‐channel exits tend to close off by bars built across them via bedload transport. Implications for river management practices and river rehabilitation project design are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 22 March 2014, a massive, catastrophic landslide occurred near Oso, Washington, USA, sweeping more than 1 km across the adjacent valley flats and killing 43 people. For the following 5 weeks, hundreds of workers engaged in an exhaustive search, rescue, and recovery effort directly in the landslide runout path. These workers could not avoid the risks posed by additional large-scale slope collapses. In an effort to ensure worker safety, multiple agencies cooperated to swiftly deploy a monitoring and alerting system consisting of sensors, automated data processing and web-based display, along with defined communication protocols and clear calls to action for emergency management and search personnel. Guided by the principle that an accelerating landslide poses a greater threat than a steadily moving or stationary mass, the system was designed to detect ground motion and vibration using complementary monitoring techniques. Near real-time information was provided by continuous GPS, seismometers/geophones, and extensometers. This information was augmented by repeat-assessment techniques such as terrestrial and aerial laser scanning and time-lapse photography. Fortunately, no major additional landsliding occurred. However, we did detect small headscarp failures as well as slow movement of the remaining landslide mass with the monitoring system. This was an exceptional response situation and the lessons learned are applicable to other landslide disaster crises. They underscore the need for cogent landslide expertise and ready-to-deploy monitoring equipment, the value of using redundant monitoring techniques with distinct goals, the benefit of clearly defined communication protocols, and the importance of continued research into forecasting landslide behavior to allow timely warning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]