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Soil salinity is a major nutritional challenge with poor agriculture production characterized by high sodium (Na+) ions in the soil. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and biochar have received attention as a sustainable strategy to reduce biotic and abiotic stress. However, there is a lack of information regarding the incorporation of ZnO NPs with biochar to ameliorate the salinity stress (0, 50,100 mM). Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the potentials of ZnO NPs application (priming and foliar) alone and with a combination of biochar on the growth and nutrient availability of spinach plants under salinity stress. Results demonstrated that salinity stress at a higher rate (100 mM) showed maximum growth retardation by inducing oxidative stress, resulted in reduced photosynthetic rate and nutrient availability. ZnO NPs (priming and foliar) alone enhanced growth, chlorophyll contents and gas exchange parameters by improving the antioxidant enzymes activity of spinach under salinity stress. While, a significant and more pronounced effect was observed at combined treatments of ZnO NPs with biochar amendment. More importantly, ZnO NPs foliar application with biochar significantly reduced the Na+ contents in root 57.69%, and leaves 61.27% of spinach as compared to the respective control. Furthermore, higher nutrient contents were also found at the combined treatment of ZnO NPs foliar application with biochar. Overall, ZnO NPs combined application with biochar proved to be an efficient and sustainable strategy to alleviate salinity stress and improve crop nutritional quality under salinity stress. We inferred that ZnO NPs foliar application with a combination of biochar is more effectual in improving crop nutritional status and salinity mitigation than priming treatments with a combination of biochar.

Vermicomposting utilizes the synergistic effect of earthworms with microorganisms to accelerate the stabilization of organic matter in biowastes. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism behind the maturity of vermicompost and the growth of earthworms exposed to biochar of varying particle sizes remains unclear. This study presents an investigation of the effect of biochar particle size on earthworm (Eisenia fetida) survival, microbial diversity, and the quality of vermicompost products. To address these issues, pelletized dewatered sludge samples from a municipal sewage treatment plant were amended with pine-based biochar with particle sizes of 1–2 mm, 25–75 μm, 200 nm, and 60 nm as the substrate for vermicomposting. This study revealed that the addition of millimeter-scale biochar and micron-scale biochar significantly promoted the degradation of organic matter since the organic matter in the treatment with 1–2 mm biochar at the end of the vermicomposting experiment decreased by 12.6%, which was equivalent to a 1.9-fold increase compared with that of the control. Excessive nanopowdering of nanobiochar significantly affected the survival of earthworms and led to 24.4–33.3% cumulative mortality, while millimeter-scale (mm) biochar and micron-scale (μm) biochar achieved zero mortality. The findings of this study could be used for evaluating the potential impact of nanoscale biochar to earthworms and guiding biochar-augmented vermicomposting. Highlights: The addition of 1–2 mm biochar resulted in a 1.9-fold greater reduction in organic matter compared to the control group. The introduction of 25–75 μm biochar led to a significant 94% increase in earthworm cocoons. The cumulative mortality rates of 200 nm and 60 nm biochar amendment reached peaks of 33.3% and 24.4% at first week, respectively. Earthworms excrete mucus that effectively removes attached nanobiochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop residues and their derived biochar are frequently used for their potential to improve grain yield, soil fertility and carbon (C) sequestration. However, the effects of root are often overlooked, and the effects of chemical fertilizer (NPK) combined with root or its biochar on microbial community structure need further study. This study used 13C-labeled maize root, its biochar and soil with different fertilization for 8 years as materials and substrates. A 112-day incubation experiment was conducted to explore the effects of microbial community on the C processing. During incubation, the root-C (54.9%) mineralized significantly more than biochar-C (12.8%), while NPK addition significantly increased the root-C mineralization. Adding biochar alone did not significantly change the microbial community. Compared to the biochar treatment (BC), the root treatment (R) notably increased the contents of total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), 13C-PLFA and the proportion of fungi and Gram-negative bacteria, but reduced the proportion of actinomycetes. The root mineralization was significantly correlated with the relative content of 13C-Gram-positive bacteria and 13C-fungi, while biochar mineralization was significantly correlated with the relative content of 13C-Gram-positive bacteria and 13C-actinomycetes. Notably, NPK addition significantly increased the contribution of biochar-C to PLFA-C pool, while decreasing the contribution of root-C. In summary, due to microbial adaptation to the lack of bioavailable C in biochar-amended soil, biochar can act as a buffer against the significant disturbance caused by NPK to microbial communities and native soil organic carbon (SOC), which contributes to the steady enhancement in soil C storage. Highlights: The addition of biochar alone for 8 consecutive years did not change the composition of the microbial community structure, but the total PLFA content increased significantly compared to the control. NPK addition reduced the proportion of microbial assimilation of root-C, while increasing the proportion of microbial assimilation of biochar-C. The effect of NPK on microbial biomass is short-lived, but the effect on microbial community structure is long-lasting. Biochar has a stronger buffering effect on the drastic changes in microbial communities and native SOC caused by NPK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Soil organic carbon (SOC) content can vary significantly across a given plot. Therefore, a representative sampling is a prerequisite to obtain meaningful results from analysis and of utter importance when SOC quantification is used to quantify (temporary) carbon dioxide removal (CDR). However, certain management practices aiming to increase SOC further increase the level of heterogeneity and may challenge representative sampling schemes. This includes concentrated root-zone application of biochar, which immediately increases SOC with the input of biochar-C and may promote the local enrichment of non-biochar SOC over time. Methods: Here, we used numerical modelling to quantify the number of single sampling points (soil cores) needed to achieve a representative sample of biochar-C and total SOC on a plot after application of biochar in rows, e.g., for growing vegetables, or in the circumference of trees in agroforestry systems. Results: After row application of 5 t ha-1 biochar in soil with rather low SOC content (26 t ha-1), 140 soil cores (per 0.25 ha plot) where necessary to achieve representative sampling of C-stocks (±5% error) in 90% of the repeated sampling simulation cases. Compared to realistic and cost-effective soil sampling scenarios in agronomic practice, we conclude that concentrated root zone application of biochar makes representative sampling for quantification of SOC in soils with low baseline C-stocks virtually impossible. Discussion: This finding calls into question the soil-sampling and SOC-analysisbased ("result-based") monitoring of SOC as a (temporary) CDR when biochar might have been applied. Considering the rapid scaling of biochar production and use in agriculture, this is a considerable challenge for SOC certification. Instead, action-based incentives, rewarding farmers for carrying out specific practices, could be applied to promote carbon farming practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This experimental study used peanut shell biochar and fermented cow manure as the main raw materials forming a substrate for tomato plants. Results: Substrates were created from peanut shell biochar, fermented cow manure, slag, and vermiculite mixed in volume ratios of 6:0:1:2, 5:1:1:2, 4:2:1:2, and 3:3:1:2, respectively. Comparisons were made to a control substrate composed of peat, slag, and vermiculite in a volume ratio of 6:1:2, respectively. As the proportion of biochar in the substrate increased, the bulk density showed a downward trend while the total porosity, aeration porosity, and water holding capacity showed upward trends. As the proportion of cow manure increased, the total N, available K, Ca, and Mg in the substrate increased. Tomatoes demonstrated similar or better growth than the control at experimental substrate composition ratios of 6:0:1:2 and 5:1:1:2. This was reflected in seedling strength index, seedling growth, chlorophyll content, root growth, plant carbohydrates, purine metabolism, caffeine metabolism, galactose metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism. The results of this study indicate the experimental substrate composition ratios of 6:0:1:2 and 5:1:1:2 were the most beneficial in terms of supporting the growth of tomato plants. Conclusions: The study confirms biochar in composite substrate promotes plant growth by improving the root environment and plant metabolism. This investigation provides new information to moderate the use of peat and support efforts to achieve carbon neutrality through the creative utilization of agricultural waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the potential of integrating natural biochar (BC) derived from eggshell waste into flexible polyurethane (FPU) foam to enhance its mechanical and acoustic performance. The study explores the impact of incorporating BC at various weight ratios (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 wt. %) on the properties of the FPU foam. Additionally, the effects of modifying the BC with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) at different ratios (10, 20, and 30 wt. %) and the influence of diverse particle sizes of BC on the thermal, mechanical, and acoustic characteristics of the FPU composite are investigated. The functional groups, morphology, and elemental composition of the developed FPU composites are analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. Characteristics such as density, gel fraction, and porosity were also assessed. The results reveal that the density of FPU foam increased by 4.32% and 7.83% while the porosity decreased to 50.22% and 47.05% with the addition of 0.1 wt. % of unmodified BC and modified BC with 20 wt. % APTMS, respectively, compared to unfilled FPU. Additionally, the gel fraction of the FPU matrix increases by 1.91% and 3.55% with the inclusion of 0.1 wt. % unmodified BC and modified BC with 20 wt. % APTMS, respectively. Furthermore, TGA analysis revealed that all FPU composites demonstrate improved thermal stability compared to unfilled FPU, reaching a peak value of 312.17°C for the FPU sample incorporating BC modified with 20 wt. % APTMS. Compression strength increased with 0.1 wt. % untreated BC but decreased at higher concentrations. Modifying BC with 20% APTMS resulted in an 8.23% increase in compressive strength compared to unfilled FPU. Acoustic analysis showed that the addition of BC improved absorption, and modified BC enhanced absorption characteristics of FPU, reaching Class D with a 20 mm thickness. BC modified with APTMS further improved acoustic properties compared to the unfilled FPU sample (Class E), with 20% modification showing the best results. These composites present promising materials for sound absorption applications and address environmental issues related to eggshell waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valorization of peanut shells has recently gained prominence in the context of thermally converting agricultural waste into biochar, a carbon-rich byproduct with significant potential as a soil amendment. The present study delves into understanding the influence of slow (450°C and 500°C) and fast (550°C and 600°C) pyrolysis temperatures with a resident time of 60 and 30 minutes, respectively, on the physico-chemical properties of peanut shell biochar produced in a low-cost kiln. Results of the Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis revealed that increased pyrolysis temperature increased porosity and surface roughness with crystalline deposits. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that increased temperatures contributed to enhanced thermal stability but reduced biochar yield. Pyrolysis temperatures of 450, 500, 550, and 600°C exhibited 32.19, 29.13, 21.8, and 19.43 percent conversion efficiency with organic carbon content of 11.57, 6.48, 8.64, and 7.76 percent, respectively. The intensities of functional groups (C-H and C-O) declined, whereas the intensity of C=C and stable carbon content increased with the rise in temperatures. The concentrations of heavy metals in all biochar samples were below permissible limits outlined by international biochar initiatives. The study concluded that slow pyrolysis at 450°C for 60 minutes resident time is an ideal pyrolytic condition for producing peanut shell biochar in terms of qualitative and quantitative characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile industry is discharging high concentrations of anionic and cationic azo dyes into the nearby environment, which can cause adverse effects on public health, and the aquatic environment. Therefore, this study aimed to develop giant reed biochar and apply for the removal of Basic blue 41 (BB41) and Eriochrome black T (EBT) azo dyes from water. Characterization techniques such as BET surface area analyzer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) were applied for biochar description. The biochar exhibits a high fixed carbon content (80.4%), a low ash content (3.8%), a large surface area (429.0 m2/g), and good thermal stability. High removal efficiencies of BB41 98.6% and EBT 82.5% were recorded at the specific experimental condition. The experimental data were fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model at R2 0.99 for both dyes whereas the adsorption kinetics revealed the pseudo-second-order kinetics at R2 ∼ 1 and 0.99 for BB41 and EBT, respectively. Furthermore, four regenerations of biochar with adsorption performances of BB41 and EBT dyes were found to be 94.7% and 79.1%, respectively. Finally, this adsorbent can be considered an economically viable material for the removal of synthetic dyes from wastewater systems. In conclusion, the study findings showed that the adsorbent material is promising to apply for water and wastewater treatment but still, the study of adsorption interaction and modifications of the surface functionalities are essential to accommodate multipollutant removal from real water systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to systemically evaluate how different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 550, and 700 °C) and particle sizes (1–2 mm and 63–75 µm) were influenced biochar evolution, made from urban pruning waste, during pyrolysis process and to establish their relationships with biochar potential for removal of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn) from real municipal solid waste landfill leachate. The effects of pH (2–7), contact time (30–300 min) and adsorbent dosage (0.1–5 g L−1) on heavy metals removal were also examined. The results showed that physicochemical properties of biochar were greatly influenced by pyrolysis temperature. Particle size, however, showed little influence on biochar characteristics (p > 0.05). The yield, volatile matter, hydrogen and oxygen contents, and surface functional groups decreased consistently with increasing pyrolysis temperature. An increase in the pH, electrical conductivity, ash, fixed carbon, and specific surface area values was also found. In biochar samples formed at high temperatures (i.e., 550 and 700 °C), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-FTIR studies confirmed the increase in aromaticity. Field emission scanning electron microscopy-FESEM images showed differences in the microporous structure and lower size pores at higher temperatures. Biochar pyrolyzed at 700 °C with a particle size of 63–75 µm (i.e., Lv700-63) showed the highest removal efficiency performance. Pb and Cd ions were completely removed (100%) by 0.2 g L−1 Lv700-63 at 7.0 pH and contact times of 120 and 90 min, respectively. The maximum percentage removal of Mn was 86.20% at optimum conditions of 0.2 g L−1 Lv700-63 dosage, 7.0 pH, and 180 min contact time. The findings suggests that the surface complexation, π-electron coordination, and cation exchange were the dominant mechanisms for the Pb, Cd, and Mn removal onto Lv700-63. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water contaminated with arsenic presents serious health risks, necessitating effective and sustainable removal methods. This article proposes a method for removing arsenic from water by impregnating biochar with iron oxide (Fe2O3) from brown seaweed (Sargassumpolycystum). After the seaweed biomass was pyrolyzed at 400 °C, iron oxide was added to the biochar to increase its adsorptive sites and surface functional groups, which allowed the binding of arsenic ions. Batch studies were conducted to maximize the effects of variables, including pH, contact time, arsenic concentration, and adsorbent dosage, on arsenic adsorption. The maximum arsenic adsorption efficiency of 96.7% was achieved under optimal conditions: pH 6, the adsorbent dosage of 100 mg, the initial arsenic concentration of 0.25 mg/L, and a contact time of 90 min. Langmuir and Freundlich's isotherms favored the adsorption process, while the kinetics adhered to a pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption as the controlling step. Column studies revealed complete saturation after 200 min, and the adsorption behavior fits both the Adams–Bohart and Thomas models, demonstrating the potential for large-scale application. The primary mechanism underlying the interaction between iron-modified biochar and arsenic ions is surface complexation, enhanced by increased surface area and porosity. This study highlights the significant contribution of iron-modified biochar derived from macroalgae as an effective and sustainable solution for arsenic removal from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The aims of this study are to investigate the specific improvement effects of different additions of straw and biochar on the sloping arable land of purple soil, so as to provide theoretical references for the reasonable prevention and control of soil erosion in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. [Methods] The effects of rice straw (4, 7, 10 t/hm²) and biochar (13,39,65 t/hm²) on sediment yield and nitrogen loss in purple soil slope were studied by artificial rainfall simulation method, with bare slope as the control. [Results] (1) Under the condition of high intensity rainfall, the mixture of biochar with purple soil accelerated the process of runoff production on slope, and the application of mixed straw could prolong the initial time of runoff production and reduce the rate of runoff production. (2) The cumulative sediment yield of purple soil increased by 0.64%~66.29% compared with the control group after adding biochar, but decreased by 42.58%~70.27% after adding mixed straw. The inhibitory effect of mixed straw on sediment yield on slope was much stronger than that on runoff yield on slope. (3) The nitrogen loss process in surface runoff was dominated by NO-3-N, and the overall loss moduli of TN, NO3-N and NH+4-N were the largest under biochar treatment, and the smallest under mixed straw treatment. [Conclusion] The application of crushed straw can promote seepage and inhibit flow, effectively control soil, water and nutrient loss in purple slope farmland, while the short-term application of biochar may have negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, algae have emerged as a promising feedstock for biofuel production, due to their eco-friendly, sustainable, and renewable nature. Various methods, including chemical, biochemical, and thermochemical processes, are used to convert algal biomass into biofuels. Pyrolysis, a widely recognized thermochemical technique, involves high temperature and pressure to generate biochar and bio-oil from diverse algal sources. Various pyrolytic processes transform algal biomass into biochar and bio-oil, including low pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis, catalytic pyrolysis, microwave-assisted pyrolysis, and hydropyrolysis. These methods are utilized to convert a range of microalgae and cyanobacteria into biochar and bio-oil. In this publication, we will discuss catalytic pyrolysis using mesoporous materials, such as SBA-15. Mesoporous catalysts have earned significant attention for catalytic reactions, due to their high surface area, facilitating the better distribution of impregnated metal. Pyrolysis conducted in the presence of a mesoporous catalyst is viewed more as efficient, compared to reactions occurring within the smaller microporous cavities of traditional zeolites. SBA-15 supports with incorporated Zr and/or Ce were synthesized using the direct hydrothermal synthesis method. The catalyst was characterized using structural and morphological technical analysis and utilized for the pyrolysis reaction of the algal biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar has proven effective in the remediation of excess nitrogen from soil and water. Excess nitrogen from agricultural fields ends up in aquatic systems and leads to reduced water quality and the proliferation of invasive species. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of chemically surface-modified biochar produced from invasive Pistia stratiotes L. for the adsorption of inorganic nitrogen (NH4+ and NO3−). Biochar structure was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results from adsorption experiments indicate that NH4+ removal was optimal (0.8–1.3 mg N g−1) at near-neutral pH levels (6.0–7.5), while NO3− removal was optimal (0.4–0.8 mg N g−1) under acidic pH conditions (4.8–6.5) using the modified biochar. These findings highlight the significance of solution pH, biochar morphology, and surface chemistry in influencing the adsorption of NH4+ and NO3−. However, further studies are necessary to assess the potential oxidative transformation of NH4+ to NO3− by biochar, which might have contributed to the reduction in NH4+ in the aqueous phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar possesses unique characteristics, including a substantial surface area, a high carbon content, sufficient capacity for cation exchange, and a robust structure. However, biochar contains hazardous pollutants like volatile organic compounds that harm soil properties and functionality. Although several studies on biochar production from various feedstocks have been undertaken in recent years, several issues about feedstock preparation, economic feasibility, influencing factors, and the proper utilization of biochar production processes need to be addressed. This paper thus addresses these issues by providing potential solutions identified through a comprehensive review. Slow pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass and Acacia nilotica yields biochar from 20 to 52 wt% at various temperatures and residence times. Biochar yield varies from 29 to 48.3 wt% when waste tires and corn stalks are rapidly pyrolyzed at higher temperatures and for shorter periods. Torrefaction of algal biomass at moderate temperatures with different residence times can result in a substantial yield of 50–60 wt%. However, the variability and heterogeneity of waste feedstocks pose potential challenges affecting biochar's quality and properties. Given its widespread use in carbon sequestration, soil remediation, wastewater purification, and organic waste composting, the mechanisms of biochar production in environmental usage need to be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying biochar to tomato cultivation presents a beneficial strategy that can enhance both yield and fruit quality, crucial for sustainable agricultural practices. However, a review of the existing literature on the effects of biochar indicates a significant variability in outcomes, suggesting the need for a more nuanced understanding of biochar application in relation to soil and biochar conditions. This study conducts a meta-analysis on the literature published before March 2024 to investigate the impacts of biochar properties, agricultural practices, and soil properties on the yield and fruit quality of tomato. The results indicated that biochar application significantly increased tomato yield by 29.55%, total soluble solids (TSS) by 4.28%, and vitamin C (VC) by 6.77% compared to control treatments without biochar, especially at higher application rates. However, the benefits may wane over time due to biochar aging in the soil, requiring periodic replenishment. The type of biochar and pyrolysis temperature, particularly wood and straw biochar pyrolyzed at 401–500 °C, were found to be most effective for boosting yield and quality. Additionally, initial soil properties, including soil organic matter, pH, and nutrient levels, interact with biochar to influence outcomes, with biochar being particularly beneficial for soils with a high bulk density and low soil organic matter (SOM) or nutrient deficiencies. This study underscores the potential of biochar as a multifaceted strategy in tomato cultivation, enhancing not only yield but also the nutritional value of the fruit, while simultaneously improving soil health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restoring native plant species on degraded landscapes is challenging. Symbiotic partners in the plant rhizosphere can aid in nutrient acquisition, pathogen protection, stress tolerance, and many other processes. However, these microbes are often absent in altered landscapes and need to be re-integrated to improve restoration efforts. We evaluated, within a laboratory setting, the ability of commercial and indigenous rhizobia strains to form nodules on lupine species used for rangeland seedings in the Great Basin region of the Western United States and ascertained if these strains could be applied through a seed coating. We also evaluated if a compost amendment applied via seed coating could further enhance the performance of the rhizobia strains. Our analysis showed that successful nodulation could occur using commercial and wildland-collected indigenous strains through either a liquid culture applied to seedlings or as a dry seed coating. However, the number of root nodules and the presence of a pink color (indicating nitrogen fixation) were typically higher in the commercial product than in the indigenous strains. Compost did not improve nodulation or the performance of the nodules; however, this treatment alone improved shoot growth. Overall, these results suggest that commercial rhizobium may be more effective in improving plant growth, and future research with native rhizobia may want to consider identifying strains compatible with seed-coating delivery. Longer-term studies are now merited for assessing how the rhizobia strains evaluated in this study influence plant growth, particularly in a field setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The reliance on fossil inputs of agricultural practices has led to maximizing yields and profitability, even at the expense of environmental sustainability. Implementing circular waste management solutions could help align the economic and environmental goals of farmers while reducing their reliance on fossil inputs. The co-application of anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis has been recognized as a potential solution to assist in the transition towards sustainable agriculture. Objectives: This research assesses different waste management strategies of the major sidestreams generated in agroecosystems in Finland from a climate impact and financial perspective, particularly focusing on the integration of anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis as an emerging solution. Methods: Six waste management options representing manure application, composting, incineration, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, and a co-application process of anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis, are simultaneously assessed with cash flow analysis and life cycle assessment. Results: The results indicate that co-applying anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis strengthens the performance of a farm through reduced impact on climate, diversified revenue streams, and increased security of supply, even though the direct, short-term financial benefits remain marginal. The capability of coapplication of anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis to reduce the climate impacts within the studied system supports the consensus that sustainable and selfsufficient agroecosystems could be supported by this solution in the future. Conclusion: The adoption of more sustainable agricultural practices requires further expansion of technologies and additional value creation mechanisms, such as stronger employment of carbon markets, to even the economic competition and favor low-carbon operations for practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of banana peel (BP)–derived biochar were altered by introducing MnO2 using precipitation method. The resulting MnO2–BP composite was modified by in situ polymerization of aniline monomer in the composite matrix, and obtained the MnO2–BP@PAni electrode. After performing the physicochemical studies using XRD, XPS, FT-IR, TGA, UV–Vis, and BET analyses, the electrode materials were subjected to cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The MnO2–BP@PAni electrode exhibited specific capacitance as high as 512.8 F g−1, improved capacitance retention of 86.89% after 10,000 cycles at a current density of 1.0 A g−1, and a lower resistance of 1.28 Ω resulting from the dense growth of PAni backbone on the surface of the MnO2–BP owing to electrostatic interaction. Moreover, the electrode shows a specific energy of 23.4 Wh·kg−1 at a specific power of 306.9 W·kg−1. These results demonstrate that MnO2–BP@PAni has admirable electrochemical properties and can be regarded as a promising electrode for SCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar (BC), a carbon-rich material produced by pyrolysis, has recently demonstrated promising results for the sustainable management of agroecosystems. It can enhance plant growth and improve soil health. The application of BC can significantly shrink soil's bulk density while improving the porosity, water-holding capacity and aggregation, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and pH. Additionally, BC addition was a promising method to manage environmental stresses (heavy metals (HMs), drought, salinity, and flooding). On the other hand, several adverse effects of BC application were also observed, such as decreased water-holding capacity, increased soil erosion, and salinization, altered pH, imbalanced nutrients, influenced soil biota, and the addition of HMs. Overall, it can be concluded that although BC has been introduced as an potent approach for improving soil characteristics, further studies should be conducted, particularly on prolonged and large scale, to comprehensively assess the adverse effects of BC. Considering these pros and cons of BC applications, especially in soil systems and for sustainable agriculture, the present review aimed to explore insights into the contribution of BC to improving soil physicochemical properties, mitigating environmental stresses, and promoting plant growth and development. Moreover, drawbacks associated with this approach towards enhancing soil health have also been elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Manure application is a recommended method to improve soil quality and mitigate global warming via soil carbon (C) sequestration. However, such application can significantly increase ammonia (NH3) volatilization loss and cause secondary environmental problems, such as acidification, eutrophication, and particulate matter formation. To investigate the potential of reducing NH3 emissions in flooded rice paddies, three types of stabilized swine manure amendments (fresh, composted, and biochar) were applied at a rate of 12 Mg ha-1 (dry weight) under standard fertilization (N-P2O5-K2O = 90-45-57 kg ha-1), and NH3 emission was characterized using the static chamber method. Regardless of manure management practices, NH3 fluxes increased significantly immediately after application of an inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer (urea). The manure was applied completely as the basal fertilizer before rice transplanting, but the NH3 emission rates increased more dramatically following urea application in the manure treatments. Fresh and composted manure applications significantly increased seasonal NH3 volatilization losses compared to the control but the biochar did not. Compost manure significantly increased rice grain productivity owing to the higher N content, while fresh and biochar manures did not increase rice productivity because of fewer panicles per hill and fewer grains per panicle. Consequently, biochar application resulted in lower NH3 flux intensity and seasonal NH3 flux per grain yield, whereas fresh and compost manures substantially increased this intensity. Therefore, biochar manure may be a more reasonable organic amendment than fresh and composted manures for reducing NH3 emission impacts on rice paddies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dehalogenating bacteria are still deficient when targeted to deal with chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) contamination: e.g., slow metabolic rates, limited substrate range, formation of toxic intermediates. To enhance its dechlorination capacity, biochar and its composites with appropriate surface activity and biocompatibility are selected for coupled dechlorination. Because of its special surface physical and chemical properties, it promotes biofilm formation by dehalogenating bacteria on its surface and improves the living environment for dehalogenating bacteria. Next, biochar and its composites provide active sites for the removal of CHCs through adsorption, activation and catalysis. These sites can be specific metal centers, functional groups or structural defects. Under microbial mediation, these sites can undergo activation and catalytic cycles, thereby increasing dechlorination efficiency. However, there is a lack of systematic understanding of the mechanisms of dechlorination in biogenic and abiogenic systems based on biochar. Therefore, this article comprehensively summarizes the recent research progress of biochar and its composites as a "Taiwan balm" for the degradation of CHCs in terms of adsorption, catalysis, improvement of microbial community structure and promotion of degradation and metabolism of CHCs. The removal efficiency, influencing factors and reaction mechanism of the degraded CHCs were also discussed. The following conclusions were drawn, in the pure biochar system, the CHCs are fixed to its surface by adsorption through chemical bonds on its surface; the biochar composite material relies on persistent free radicals and electron shuttle mechanisms to react with CHCs, disrupting their molecular structure and reducing them; biochar-coupled microorganisms reduce CHCs primarily by forming an "electron shuttle bridge" between biological and non-biological organisms. Finally, the experimental directions to be carried out in the future are suggested to explore the optimal solution to improve the treatment efficiency of CHCs in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to characterize the physicochemical properties of acidified biochar derived from rice straw. The characterization provides useful information on the potential use of rice straw biochar to attain optimal outcomes for environmental or agricultural applications. In this study, rice straw biochar was acidified using 0.1 N HCl three times, followed by washing with deionized water twice, air-dried for seven days, and oven-dried at 80 ℃ for 8 hours. The characterization showed that the physicochemical properties generally reduced after acid modification. The FESEMEDS revealed no apparent changes in surface morphology, while elements C, Si, O, N, P, K, Mg, S, Na, Cl, and Al were all determined in acidified biochar. The BET showed that acid modification and pulverization caused a decrease in surface area, pore volume, and pore radius. In ATR-FTIR, additional peaks of carbonyl (C = O Stretch) and alkane (C-H Bend) were identified. Furthermore, XRD showed that acidified biochar confirmed the amorphous structure of the material. In the initial assessment, the addition improved the physicochemical properties of saline-sodic soil by decreasing the pH, ESP, and SAR while increasing WSA, CEC and Mg. Given the results, the reduction and improvement in the properties of acidified biochar demonstrate its potential as soil ameliorant for saline-sodic soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Referring to the oil and industrial development, contamination of water streams and soil by heavy metals becomes severe issue. Biochar has consider as cheap and ecofriendly adsorbent for heavy metal ions removal. As well as, the development and modification of biochar has been a center point of many researches. In this study it has been suggested to develop novel biochar from Peganum harmala seed precursor and evaluate the heavy metal ions adsorption performance. Chemical activation process was adopted to prepare biochar with different concentrations (20%, 30%, and 40%) of phosphoric acid followed by pyrolysis in a laboratory horizontally tube furnace underneath an N2 blanket at 600 ℃ for 3 hours. The physical and chemical properties of biochar have been assessed using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, pore structure, and Fouriertransform analysis. The prepared biochar was investigated to absorb three different heavy metal ions Fe(III), Ni(II) and Pb(II) from an aqueous solution under varied conditions. Heavy metal concentration (20-100 ppm), adsorbent dosage (0.25-0.75) g/L, contact duration (0-560 min), and solution pH (2-9) were examined. The results show that the largest BET surface area (691.58 m²/g) was achieved with activation conversation of 40% H3PO4 and 600 ℃ for 3 hours, compared to other samples. The maximum adsorption capacities were 113.4096, 112.3355, 180.3478 mg/g for Fe(III), Ni(II) and Pb(II) respectively. Finally, Freundlich isotherm model shows better describe the adsorption equilibrium data, while adsorption kinetic data shows the pseudo-first-order model fits more with Fe(III) ions which shows that chemisorption was controlled in the adsorption process, additionally the pseudo-first-order model fits more with Pb(II) and Ni(II) ions this mean the physisorption has been controlled in the adsorption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examined the influence of pyrolysis temperature on a large-size feedstock of coconut shell waste for producing biochar and liquid smoke using slow pyrolysis. The temperature used was varied between 250 °C to 450 °C at a constant heating rate of 10 °C/min and at a holding time of about 120 minutes. Gravimetry, spectro, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods are used to identify the liquid smoke for density, phenol, and acetic acid content respectively. The results indicated that increased pyrolysis temperatures caused a reduced biochar yield. However, the liquid smoke yield was found to increase with the temperature. The obtained liquid smoke has a density of 1.054 g/mL and has a content of phenol of about 4717.91 mg GAE/100 mg, and acetic acid of 11.36%. Results inferred that the liquid smoke can be generated from a large size of coconut shell through pyrolysis at medium temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy application potential from the abundant biomass residues is inadequately exploited. Over-dependence on forest trees, its negative environmental impacts, and ever-rising energy costs require alternative production technologies including briquetting. The physico-mechanical and combustion properties of binderless and bindered Alstonia boonei sawdust and Theobroma cacao (cocoa) pod briquettes, carbonized in a steel kiln (at 410±5°C, and a heating rate of 4°C/min from the ambient temperature of 25°C), piston-pressed at 9.0 MPa, were studied. The binders were starch, wax, and clay. Starch-bindered T. cacao pod briquettes recorded the maximum bulk density (640 kg/cm3), while basic density was greatest for sawdust/clay briquette (433 kg/cm3). Sawdust/wax briquette produced much Water Resistance Capacity (76.76%) with safer carbon monoxide (CO) emissions (0.67 ppm). A. boonei sawdust/starch briquettes recorded the greatest calorific value (24.023 MJ/kg), least specific fuel consumption (0.0483 kg/l), and slowest burning rate (0.0005 kg/min). All but T. cacao pod/starch and Sawdust/starch emitted CO below the safe air quality Standard of ≤ 6ppm (24h mean). Binderless sawdust, sawdust/starch and T. cacao pod/starch briquettes recorded 47.86, 20.95 and 11.40 μg/m3 particulate matter (PM2.5) respectively, which are below WHO Air Quality Standard safe for domestic uses. Binderless T. cacao pod produced more harmful CO and PM2.5 than its non-bindered A. boonei sawdust counterpart. Clay-bindered briquettes were the most durable. Briquetting, 'a waste-to-energy technology', enhances bio-residue management for domestic and industrial spaces in the global energy mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for grapevine planting materials, due to growing global viticulture, is promoting research studies to improve vineyard sustainability. In greenhouse nurseries, peat is the most common growing medium component used although is an expensive and non-renewable material. Indeed, the reduction of peat exploitation is receiving great attention, and currently, several materials are being investigated as peat substitutes for composing the cultivation substrates. Biochar, a carbon-rich, recalcitrant charred organic co-product of the pyrolysis or gasification process, has emerged as a potentially promising replacement for soilless substrates in nursery plant material propagation. Although several studies carried out at greenhouse nurseries have shown that biochar, can improve plant growth, only a few studies have focused on the production of grapevine plant material. To fulfil this knowledge gap and push forward the sustainability of the nursery sector, we evaluated above and below-ground morpho-physiological traits of one-year-old potted grapevine cuttings growing with 30% volume of four different biochar types (i.e., from pyrolysis and gasification) mixed with commercial peat. The present study shows that biochar can be used in growing media mixes without adverse effects on roots, improves soil water retention and leaf water potential, and improves the effects on soil microbiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation presented a novel finding regarding mitigating stress induced by chlorpyrifos in Eisenia fetida by incorporating biochar derived from rice straw and fly ash as soil amendments. It was observed that phenolic compounds exhibit solubility in methanol, and the methanolic fraction exhibited notable inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation and displayed antioxidant properties. The defence mechanism of E. fetida, comprising catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and various other enzymes, remained effective in neutralizing stressors without disruption when the earthworm was subjected to diverse chemical agents or stressful conditions. These enzymes served as indicative markers of toxicity induced by pesticide exposure, even at sublethal concentrations. The scavenging of free radicals by these enzymes ultimately safeguarded the organism. Fly ash and biochar emerged as two organic alternatives capable of alleviating stress by providing a protective mechanism. In this context, the study examined the impact of biochar and fly ash amendments on earthworm biomarkers. The mortality rate at the median lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos was reduced to less than 50% through 3% and 5% modifications. In contrast to the non-amendment group exposed to sublethal doses, the amendment group exhibited higher levels of oxidative stress and lower protein content. This observation indicated the presence of stress induced by the accumulation of free radicals, which increased in number with higher doses of chlorpyrifos. Moreover, the study highlighted the interconnected nature of total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic capacity values, with a decrease in these parameters signifying a shift in earthworm biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agronomic use of compost and biochar as soil amendments may exhibit contrasting results in terms of soil fertility and plant nutrition. The effects of the biennial application of biochar, compost and a blend of compost:biochar (90:10; % dw:dw) on the agronomical performance of an organically managed and well established 25-year-old olive orchard was assessed 5 years after the initial application. The agronomical evaluation was based on the assessment of the soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, and the assessment of the soil fertility by both crop production and nutritional status of the orchard, and the bioassay with olive plantlets. Biochar mainly benefited the physical properties (bulk density, total porosity, aeration, water retention capacity) of soil, especially in the top 0–5 cm. Compost and its blend with biochar improved microbial activity, soil nutritional status (increasing the content of soluble organic C, N, and P) and favoured the formation of aggregates in soil. The bioassay conducted with young plantlets confirmed the enhanced soil fertility status in the three amended treatments, particularly in the case of biochar and its blend with compost. However, this effect was not significantly observed in the adult plants after 5 years of application, reflecting the slow response of adult olive trees to changes in fertilization. Based on these results, alongside the desirable long-residence time of biochar in soil and the ready availability of compost, the blend of biochar with compost assayed in this study is defined as a valid strategy for preparing high quality soil organic amendments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poultry manure (PM) has demonstrated its potential to enhance crop nutritional quality. Nevertheless, there remains a dearth of knowledge regarding its synergistic effects when combined with wood biochar (B) on the nutrient concentrations in sweet potato leaves (Ipomoea batatas L.) and the mineral content stored in sweet potato storage roots. Hence, a two-year field trial was undertaken during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons in southwestern Nigeria, spanning two locations (Owo—site A and Obasooto—site B), to jointly apply poultry manure and wood biochar as soil amendments aimed at enhancing the nutritional quality of sweet potato crop. Each year, the experiment involved different combinations of poultry manure at rates of 0, 5.0, and 10.0 t ha−1 and biochar at rates of 0, 10.0, 20.0, and 30.0 t ha−1, organized in a 3 × 4 factorial layout. The results of the present study demonstrated that the individual application of poultry manure (PM), biochar (B), or their combination had a significant positive impact on the nutrient composition of sweet potato leaves and minerals stored in the sweet potato storage roots, with notable synergistic effects between poultry manure and biochar (PM × B) in enhancing these parameters. This highlights the potential of biochar to enhance the efficiency of poultry manure utilization and improve nutrient utilization from poultry manure. The highest application rate of poultry manure at 10.0 t ha−1 and biochar at 30.0 t ha−1 (PM10 + B30), resulted in the highest leaf nutrient concentrations and mineral composition compared to other treatments at both sites. Averaged over two years, the highest application rate of poultry manure at 10.0 t ha−1 and biochar at 30.0 t ha−1 (PM10 + B30) significantly increased sweet potato leaf nutrient concentrations: nitrogen by 88.2%, phosphorus by 416.7%, potassium by 123.8%, calcium by 927.3%, and magnesium by 333.3%, compared to those in the control (PM0 + B0). The same treatment increased the concentration of sweet potato root storage minerals: phosphorus by 152.5%, potassium by 77.4%, calcium by 205.5%, magnesium by 294.6%, iron by 268.4%, zinc by 228.6%, and sodium by 433.3%, compared to the control. The highest application rate of poultry manure at 10.0 t ha−1 and biochar at 30.0 t ha−1 yielded the highest economic profitability in terms of gross margin (44,034 US$ ha−1), net return (30,038 US$ ha−1) and return rate or value-to-cost ratio (VCR) (263). The results suggested that the application of poultry manure at 10 t ha−1 and biochar at 30 t ha−1 is economically profitable in the study areas and under similar agroecological zones and soil conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanized biochar field application remains challenging due to biochar's poor flowability and bulk density. Granulation of biochar with fertilizer provides a product ready for application with well-established machinery. However, it's unknown whether granulated biochar-based fertilizers (gBBF) are as effective as co-application of non-granulated biochar with fertilizer. Here, we compared a gBBF with a mineral compound fertilizer (control), and with a non-granulated biochar that was co-applied at a rate of 1.1 t ha−1 with the fertilizer in a white cabbage greenhouse pot trial. Half the pots received heavy rain simulation treatments to investigate nutrient leaching. Crop yields were not significantly increased by biochar without leaching compared to the control. With leaching, cabbage yield increased with gBBF and biochar-co-application by 14% (p > 0.05) and 34% (p < 0.05), respectively. Nitrogen leaching was reduced by 26–35% with both biochar amendments. Biochar significantly reduced potassium, magnesium, and sulfur leaching. Most nitrogen associated with gBBF was released during the trial and the granulated biochar regained its microporosity. Enriching fertilizers with biochar by granulation or co-application can improve crop yields and decrease nutrient leaching. While the gBBF yielded less biomass compared to biochar co-application, improved mechanized field application after granulation could facilitate the implementation of biochar application in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxytetracycline (OTC) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) contamination have caused serious risks to human health, and modified biochar is considered as a potential adsorbent for their removal. The typical agricultural waste of cotton husk was used as the feedstock, then was combined with γ-Fe2O3 and ball milling to innovatively synthesize nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) supporting magnetic cotton hush-derived biochar (Fe2O3@BMBC) by reductive calcination. Fe2O3@BMBC performed excellent adsorption performance with a maximum adsorption capacity for OTC (266.7 mg·g−1) and CIP (83.36 mg·g−1), and its adsorption capacity was 1.6 and 2.3 times that of cotton husk biochar (BC). Characterization analysis showed that Fe2O3@BMBC contained abundant oxygenated functional groups (e.g., -OH, C = O and Fe–O) and its surface was covered by diverse iron oxides. The high magnetization sensitivity of Fe2O3@BMBC guaranteed that it was easily to be separated by a magnet. Oxygenated functional groups (e.g., -OH, C = O and Fe–O) participated in the adsorption process, and solution pH significantly affected the adsorption behaviour, and pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich model better fitting the kinetics and isotherms data. These results confirmed that π-π conjugation, H-bonding, Fe–O complexation and electrostatic interactions contributed to the greater adsorption capacity of Fe2O3@BMBC. Ethanol + ultrasound could efficiently regenerate the used Fe2O3@BMBC and maintain its sustainable adsorption performance for OTC and CIP. Additionally, Fe2O3@BMBC performed a good environmental security in a wide pH range (from 3 to 11) in view of the low leaching risk of Fe. Highlights: • Fe2O3@BMBC was synthesized from cotton hush and γ-Fe2O3 by reductive calcination and ball milling. • Fe2O3@BMBC showed the excellent adsorption performance for OTC and CIP. • Multiple physicochemical forces contributed to OTC and CIP removal by Fe2O3@BMBC. • Ethanol + ultrasound could efficiently regenerate the used Fe2O3@BMBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil biochar is a kind of organic matter rich in carbon, which is of great significance in soil fertility improvement, fertilizer type innovation and greenhouse gas emission reduction. In this paper, Mg-modified biochar was prepared by thermal cracking using rice straw and corn straw as raw materials. The Mg-modified biochar and unmodified biochar were fully mixed with prepared soil samples at the addition amounts of 0.5% (w/w), 1% (w/w) and 2% (w/w), respectively, and then simulated indoor soil cultivation experiments were carried out. The effects of magnesium ion-modified biochar and non-modified biochar on soil chemical properties and the effects of different amounts of biochar on soil properties were studied. The results showed that the yield of Mg-modified biochar from rice straw and corn straw, prepared by pyrolysis, was 65%, and the ash content was large. The pH of MG-modified corn stalk biochar (MCBC) is weakly basic (8.55), while the pH of MG-modified rice stalk biochar (MRBC) is basic (10.1), and their internal structures are slightly different. After the application of biochar prepared from rice straw and maize stover, soil indicators were determined. Compared to the control, the chemical properties of the treated soil samples were significantly improved, with an increase in soil pH, an increase in the content of effective nutrients, such as fast-acting potassium, fast-acting phosphorus and alkaline dissolved nitrogen, and an increase in the content of the total phosphorus and total nitrogen, as well as an increase in the content of organic matter. The Mg-modified biochar was generally superior to the unmodified biochar in improving soil fertility, at the same addition level. It was also found that the rice-straw biochar performed better than the corn-stover biochar and had a more obvious effect on soil improvement in terms of fast-acting potassium, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus and total nitrogen contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions has driven the exploration of converting viticulture residues into biochar. This study investigates the potential technological applications of biochar as a filler for the production of electrically conductive composite materials, suitable to Bipolar Plate (BP) manufacturing. Grape seeds (GSs), defatted grape seeds (DGSs), wood stems (WSs), and whole grape seeds (WGSs) were converted into biochar samples through low-temperature (300 °C) pyrolysis for 3 or 24 h. The composition and thermal stability of biochar were evaluated through thermogravimetric analysis (TG), which provided valuable insights into interpreting the in-plane conductivity (IPC) values of the BP samples. Pyrolyzed GS and DGS biochar samples demonstrated enhanced thermal stability and conferred higher IPC values compared to WS counterparts. This indicates a clear correlation between the formation of carbon-rich structures during pyrolysis and overall electrical conductivity. In contrast, pyrolyzed WGSs produced BP samples with lower IPC values due to the presence of lipids, which were not effectively degraded by the low-temperature pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing production of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) worldwide, the development of efficient and sustainable strategies for its management is crucial. Pyrolysis of MSS offers several benefits, including volume reduction, pathogen elimination, and energy recovery through the production of biochar, syngas, and bio-oil. However, the process can be limited by the composition of the MSS, which can affect the quality of the biochar. Co-pyrolysis has emerged as a promising solution for the sustainable management of MSS, reducing the toxicity of biochar and improving its physical and chemical properties to expand its potential applications. This review discusses the status of MSS as a feedstock for biochar production. It describes the types and properties of various co-substrates grouped according to European biochar certification requirements, including those from forestry and wood processing, agriculture, food processing residues, recycling, anaerobic digestion, and other sources. In addition, the review addresses the optimization of co-pyrolysis conditions, including the type of furnace, mixing ratio of MSS and co-substrate, co-pyrolysis temperature, residence time, heating rate, type of inert gas, and flow rate. This overview shows the potential of different biomass types for the upgrading of MSS biochar and provides a basis for research into new co-substrates. This approach not only mitigates the environmental impact of MSS but also contributes to the wider goal of achieving a circular economy in MSS management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing energy consumption and the need for a circular economy have driven considerable interest in the anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste, offering potential solutions through biogas and digestate production. AD processes not only have the capability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also contribute to the production of renewable methane. This comprehensive review aims to consolidate prior research on AD involving different feedstocks. The principles of AD are explored and discussed, including both chemical and biological pathways and the microorganisms involved at each stage. Additionally, key variables influencing system performance, such as temperature, pH, and C/N ratio are also discussed. Various pretreatment strategies applied to enhance biogas generation from organic waste in AD are also reviewed. Furthermore, this review examines the conversion of generated digestate into biochar through pyrolysis and its utilization to improve AD performance. The addition of biochar has demonstrated its efficacy in enhancing metabolic processes, microorganisms (activity and community), and buffering capacity, facilitating Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer (DIET), and boosting CH4 production. Biochar also exhibits the ability to capture undesirable components, including CO2, H2S, NH3, and siloxanes. The integration of digestate-derived biochar into the circular economy framework emerges as a vital role in closing the material flow loop. Additionally, the review discusses the environmental benefits derived from coupling AD with pyrolysis processes, drawing on life cycle assessment investigations. Techno-economic assessment (TEA) studies of the integrated processes are also discussed, with an acknowledgment of the need for further TEA to validate the viability of integrating the biochar industry. Furthermore, this survey examines the techno-economic and environmental impacts of biochar production itself and its potential application in AD for biogas generation, aiming to establish a more cost-effective and sustainable integrated system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of the characteristic effects of the physicochemical properties of microcrystalline cellulose and a series of biocarbon samples produced from this raw material through thermal conversion at temperatures ranging from 200 °C to 850 °C. Structural studies revealed that the biocarbon samples produced from cellulose had a relatively low degree of graphitization of the carbon and an isometric shape of the carbon particles. Based on thermal investigations using the differential thermal analysis/differential scanning calorimeter method, obtaining fully formed biocarbon samples from cellulose feedstock was possible at about 400 °C. The highest direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell (DC-SOFC) performance was found for biochar samples obtained via thermal treatment at 400–600 °C. The pyrolytic gases from cellulose decomposition had a considerable impact on the achieved current density and power density of the DC-SOFCs supplied by pure cellulose samples or biochars derived from cellulose feedstock at a lower temperature range of 200–400 °C. For the DC-SOFCs supplied by biochars synthesised at higher temperatures of 600–850 °C, the "shuttle delivery mechanism" had a substantial effect. The impact of the carbon oxide concentration in the anode or carbon bed was important for the performance of the DC-SOFCs. Carbon oxide oxidised at the anode to form carbon dioxide, which interacted with the carbon bed to form more carbon oxide. The application of biochar obtained from cellulose alone without an additional catalyst led to moderate electrochemical power output from the DC-SOFCs. The results show that catalysts for the reverse Boudouard reactions occurring in a biocarbon bed are critical to ensuring high performance and stable operation under electrical load, which is crucial for DC-SOFC development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three successive vegetable pot experiments were conducted to assess the effects on the long-term immobilization of heavy metals in soil and crop yield improvement after the addition of peanut shell biochar and an alkaline mineral to an acidic soil contaminated with lead and cadmium. Compared with the CK treatment, the change rates of biomass in the edible parts of the three types of vegetables treated with B0.3, B1, B3, B9, R0.2 and B1R0.2 were −15.43%~123.30%, 35.10%~269.09%, 40.77%~929.31%, −26.08%~711.99%, 44.14%~1067.12% and 53.09%~1139.06%, respectively. The cadmium contents in the edible parts of the three vegetables treated with these six additives reduced by 2.08%~13.21%, 9.56%~24.78%, 9.96%~35.61%, 41.96%~78.42%, −4.19%~57.07% and 12.43%~65.92%, respectively, while the lead contents in the edible parts reduced by −15.70%~59.47%, 6.55%~70.75%, 3.40%~80.10%, 55.26%~89.79%, 11.05%~70.15% and 50.35%~79.25%, respectively. Due to the increases in soil pH, soil cation-exchange capacity and soil organic carbon content, the accumulation of Cd and Pb in the vegetables was most notably reduced with a high dosage of 9% peanut shell biochar alone, followed by the addition of a low dosage of 1% peanut shell biochar blended with 0.2% alkaline mineral. Therefore, the addition of a low dosage of 1% peanut shell biochar blended with 0.2% alkaline mineral was the best additive in increasing the vegetable biomass, whereas the addition of 9% peanut shell biochar alone was the worst. Evidently, the addition of 0.2% alkaline mineral can significantly reduce the amount of peanut shell needed for passivating heavy metals in soil, while it also achieves the effect of increasing the vegetable yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unsustainable pig breeding is a great threat to the environment. Ammonia is one of the main pollutants emitted in piggery vent air. This work is a comparative survey that presents the findings on the effectiveness of ammonia adsorption from air using various activated carbons (ACs). Detailed consideration is given to the effects of (i) type of raw material (wood char, wood pellet, and commercial lignite-based char), (ii) preparation method (CO2, steam, and KOH activation), and (iii) activation conditions (temperature and KOH/char ratio), on the porous structure of ACs and their ammonia sorption capacity and reversibility. Response surface methodology and genetic algorithm were used to find optimum KOH activation conditions. Economic analyses of AC production were performed using process modeling in Aspen software. It was found that ACs obtained from wood char in KOH activation show a maximum ammonia capacity of 397 g/kg, which is at least 2.5-fold higher than that reached on ACs from physical activation. A lower activation temperature (<750 °C) and a higher KOH/char ratio (>3) were preferred for effective adsorption, regardless of the type of feedstock. High sorption reversibility was achieved (87–96%). This makes the obtained sorbents promising sorbents for ammonia removal from piggery vent air with potential subsequent application as nitrogen-enriched biochar for crop fertilization. Thus, it facilitates sustainable pig breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, clothing has been produced and disposed of in large quantities. It is also known that each process, from the procurement of raw materials to production, transportation, sales, laundry, and disposal, has a significant environmental impact. According to the Global Fashion Agenda, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the fashion industry account for 4% of the global total. Therefore, apparel makers are shifting from a linear economy to a circular economy. For example, the Japanese start-up Curelabo Co., Ltd. (Okinawa, Japan) developed jeans (bagasse washi jeans) made from bagasse, which is a residual material derived from sugarcane after the extraction of cane juice. Furthermore, the use of improved dyeing reduces boiler fuel consumption and eliminates the need for detergents and acid. For disposal, the used jeans and their production waste are processed into biochar for carbon sequestration. In this study, we attempted to calculate GHG emissions using life cycle assessment (LCA) for the circular economy model developed by Curelabo Co., Ltd. GHG emissions from the production of bagasse washi jeans were 1.09 × 101 kg-CO2e. Dyeing, bleaching, and fabric finishing, known as the wet processes, were found to contribute a large proportion of GHG emissions due to their high energy consumption. Furthermore, the entire lifecycle of GHG emissions from bagasse washi jeans, including transport, sales, laundry, and disposal, were 1.53 × 101 kg-CO2e. First, the use of bagasse washi yarn for the weft reduced by 2.99 × 10−1 kg-CO2e compared with the use of conventional 100% bleached cotton yarn. Second, compared with conventional dyeing, GHG emissions from the improved dyeing process were reduced by 2.78 kg-CO2e. Third, the disposal of the used jeans and their production waste into biochar reduced GHG emissions by 9.01 × 10−1 kg-CO2e. Additionally, GHG emissions can be reduced by re-inputting waste in the paper-making process and by using liquefied natural gas as boiler fuel in the dyeing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural substrates used in horticultural practice quickly degrade during plant cultivation. Methods to extend their service life are sought using natural materials, the acquisition and disposal of which do not burden the natural environment. The paper presents a sustainable method for modifying the coconut fiber substrate by impregnation with a wood-based isolate activated for polymerization and the addition of biochar pellets with retention-increasing properties. The modifications applied to the substrates were shown to have an impact on some of their physical properties, which directly impacted their usefulness in the horticultural production of dessert raspberries. It was found that after a year of operation, the modified substrates showed significantly lower levels of degradation markers. The shrinkage of the impregnated substrate was ~50% lower than that of the control sample, while the substrate with the addition of biochar pellets resulted in similar shrinkage and the lowest plant root mass (25.47%). The usefulness of these substrates was also verified by measuring the physiological parameters of the plants, which determined the ability to photosynthesize and build biomass, as well as susceptibility to stress potentially caused by substrate modifications. The recorded values of these parameters indicate, in most cases, that there is no disturbance of the homeostasis of raspberry plants grown using these substrates. However, plant productivity (measured by the yield of harvested raspberry fruit) indicates that the use of impregnated coconut fiber substrate with the addition of biochar pellets allows for obtaining the highest fruit yields (fruit yield—2.43 kg plant−1). The yields obtained in combination with the extended durability of the modified substrates during operation recommend this solution for use in horticultural practice and make the production more sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While several researchers have investigated the anaerobic digestion (AD) of textile wastewater for dye degradation, their studies suffer from lower biogas productivity due to substrate inhibition and the occurrence of secondary pollution from digestate disposal. Hence, this study focuses on using the extract of wheat straw (WS) as a co-substrate to facilitate the dye AD process, followed by recycling the digestate sludge for biochar production. In the first study, the batch digesters were operated at different dye wastewater (DW)/WS ratios (0–50% v/v), substrate-to-inoculum ratio of 0.28–0.50 g/g, pH 7.0 ± 0.2, and 37 °C. The digester operated at a DW/WS fraction of 65/35% (v/v) showed the best chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 68.52 ± 3.40% with bio-CH4 of 270.52 ± 19.14 mL/g CODremoved. About 52.96 ± 3.61% of the initial COD mass was converted to CH4, avoiding inhibition caused by volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation. In the second experiment, the dry digestate was thermally treated at 550 °C for 2 h under an oxygen-deprived condition, yielding 0.613 ± 0.031 g biochar/g. This biochar exhibited multiple functional groups, mineral contents, and high stability (O/C = 0.193). The combined digestion/pyrolysis scenario treating 35 m3/d (106.75 kg COD/d) could maintain profits from pollution reduction, biogas, biochar, and carbon trading, obtaining a 6.5-year payback period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal wetlands, often referred to as the 'kidneys of the Earth', have gained significant attention. However, they are increasingly affected by severe pollution and invasive species. Thus, ensuring green and sustainable methods for pollutant removal is of utmost importance. Biochar has demonstrated its unique advantages and benefits in coastal wetland remediation and management. In addition, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in environmental fields has become increasingly prevalent, with the aim of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of environmental protection and resource management. However, the in situ remediation with AI-assisted biochar is still not well understood. This review adopts a problem-focused approach, analyzing and resolving problems to comprehensively review state-of-the-art biochar production, modification, and applications. This study aims to improve the remediation efficiency of sediment with combined pollution through the integration of AI systems. Moreover, the study highlights the positive effects of biochar on plant growth, microbial activity, and soil/sediment health, as well as its suitability for coastal wetland management, indicating that biochar holds great promise as an effective method for coastal wetland remediation and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic (As) contamination is a major environmental pollutant that adversely affects plant physiological processes and can hinder nutrients and water availability. Such conditions ultimately resulted in stunted growth, low yield, and poor plant health. Using rhizobacteria and composted biochar (ECB) can effectively overcome this problem. Rhizobacteria have the potential to enhance plant growth by promoting nutrient uptake, producing growth hormones, and suppressing diseases. Composted biochar can enhance plant growth by improving aeration, water retention, and nutrient cycling. Its porous structure supports beneficial microorganisms, increasing nutrient uptake and resilience to stressors, ultimately boosting yields while sequestering carbon. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate the combined effect of previously isolated Bacillus faecalis (B. faecalis) and ECB as amendments on maize cultivated under different As levels (0, 300, 600 mg As/kg soil). Four treatments (control, 0.5% composted biochar (0.5ECB), B. faecalis, and 0.5ECB + B. faecalis) were applied in four replications following a completely randomized design. Results showed that the 0.5ECB + B. faecalis treatment led to a significant rise in maize plant height (~ 99%), shoot length (~ 55%), root length (~ 82%), shoot fresh (~ 87%), and shoot dry weight (~ 96%), root fresh (~ 97%), and dry weight (~ 91%) over the control under 600As stress. There was a notable increase in maize chlorophyll a (~ 99%), chlorophyll b (~ 81%), total chlorophyll (~ 94%), and shoot N, P, and K concentration compared to control under As stress, also showing the potential of 0.5ECB + B. faecalis treatment. Consequently, the findings suggest that applying 0.5ECB + B. faecalis is a strategy for alleviating As stress in maize plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis of two types of pellets (T1: 100% wheat straw, and T2: 70% wheat straw; 10% sawdust, 10% biochar, and 10% bentonite clay) was performed in a pilot‐scale reactor under a nitrogen environment at 20°C to 700°C. This was to investigate slow pyrolysis yields and gas composition as a function of temperature and residence time. The experimental data were obtained between 300°C and 600°C, with a residence time of 90 min, a nitrogen flow rate of 50 cm3/min, and a heating rate of 20°C/min. The results indicated that the maximum pyrolysis temperature is 605°C with a residence time of 55 min. The product analysis showed that the proportion of gas was higher than that of biochar and bio‐oil. The conversion efficiency increased with higher temperatures and varied between 66% and 76%. The results showed that carbon dioxide was the main component in the produced gas, and the maximum gas concentration was 63.6% at 300°C for T1. The higher temperature and longer residence time increased the syngas (CO + H2) composition for both T1 and T2 treatments. Nevertheless, the produced biochar had a high carbon content and retained a high calorific value, indicating slow pyrolysis is the ideal utilization route of wheat straw pellet biomass for biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decline in soil productivity due to intensive cultivation, unbalanced fertilization and climate change are key challenges to future food security. There is no significant research conducted on the effect of organic amendments on soil properties and active carbon fractions in organic-matter deficient soils under changing climate. Biochar (BC) is a stabilized organic amendment produced from organic materials and is increasingly recognized as being able to improve soil health and crop productivity. The present study was conducted to determine the efficacy of compost (CM) (0.5%, 1%) (w/w) and animal manure (AM) (0.5%, 1%) (w/w) alone and combined with 3% (w/w) biochar, on soil carbon fractions, soil properties, and crop growth in a low-fertile soil. The results revealed significant increased 46% plant height, 106% and 114% fresh and dry shoot weight respectively, and 1,000-grain weight increased up to 40% when 3% BC with 1% CM was applied, compared to a control. Similarly, substantial increases in 69% soil organic matter, and 70% carbon pool index were observed at 3% BC, and under 3% BC with 1% CM increased 11% microbial biomass carbon compared to the control. Overall, the results suggest that 3% BC addition along with 1% CM and AM (1%) had greater potential to improve the soil carbon pool, microbial biomass, and soil health, all of which will ultimately enhance maize yield when grown in low-fertility soil. The application of BC, CM, and AM are a viable green approach, that not only boosts crop yields and improves soil properties and but also contributes to a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of ridge-furrow with plastic film mulching has the potential to enhance crop yields and water productivity, particularly in black soil regions. However, the synergistic impacts of combining ridge-furrow with plastic mulching alongside with various organic amendments on maize yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency remain unclear. Using 15N-labeled tracing technology, we investigated fertilizer-N recovery of maize, distribution, fertilizer-N residual in soil, and nitrogen fertilizer loss across six treatments: nonmulched flat with non-organic amendment (FN), non-mulched flat with straw amendment (FS), non-mulched flat with biochar amendment (FBC), ridge-furrow with plastic mulching without organic amendment (RN), ridge-furrow with plastic mulching with straw amendment (RS), and ridge-furrow with plastic mulching with biochar amendment (RBC). The results revealed that ridge-furrow with plastic mulching in comparison to non-mulched flat, led to a significant increase in maize dry biomass accumulation, yield, and the rate of fertilizer-N recovery in maize (NRE) by 8.57%–12.36%, 10.08%–15.13%, and 2.22%–3.18%, respectively. The rate of fertilizer-N residual in soil (NSR) and fertilizer-N loss (NLS) decreased by 0.5%–2.04% and 0.78%–3.21%, respectively. In addition, the straw and biochar amendments under different planting methods promoted NRE in plants and NSR in soil, reducing NLS. Compared with non-organic amendment treatments, the inclusion of straw and biochar amendments resulted in increased NRE and NRS by 1.64%–6.20% and 0.12%–2.18%, while NLS decreased by 1.76%– 7.78%. Biochar amendment treatment exhibited significantly higher nitrogen accumulation and NRE compared to the straw amendment treatment. Overall, ridge-furrow with plastic mulching combined with biochar amendment proved to be an effective method to enhance nitrogen fertilizer utilization of maize in the black soil regions, improving both yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the phosphorus(P)deficiency in the soil of Eucalyptus plantations in subtropical China, we used biochar(BC)as a soil amendment to investigate the soil of Eucalyptus plantations(15 years old). Meanwhile, we added the different amounts [0(CK), 2%, 5%, 10% and 20%] of BC through the laboratory culture experiment to evaluate the effects of different amounts of BC on P components and transformation in soil and its relationship with soil physicochemical properties. The results were as follows: (1) Compared to CK, the nitrate nitrogen(NO3--N), total phosphorus(TP), microbial biomass phosphorus(MBP)and pH values were significantly increased at 20% BC addition, respectively(P<0. 05), the MBP and pH values were significantly increased at 2%, 5%, and 10% BC addition, respectively(P<0. 05), while no marked difference was found in other soil physicochemical properties. (2)Compared to CK, the labile P(LP)was significantly increased at 2% of BC addition(P<0. 05), the available P(AP)and LP were significantly increased at 5% and 10% of BC additions, respectively(P<0. 05). Moreover, the AP, LP and occluded P(OP)were significantly increased at 20% BC addition(P<0. 05), whereas the moderately available P(MP)had no significant change under the four BC additions. (3)The total activities of β-glucosidase(BG), β-N-acetylglucosaminidase(NAG), L-leucine aminopeptidase(LAP), and acid phosphatase(ACP)involved in C, N and P transformations increased significantly at 10% and 20% BC additions than those in CK(P<0. 05). (4)Correlation analysis showed that ln(BG)and ln(NAG+LAP)were positively correlated with ln(ACP), respectively(P<0. 05). In addition, redundancy analysis(RDA)indicated that pH, TN and TP appeared to be the primary drivers of variations in soil P components of Eucalyptus plantations. Furthermore, structural equation model(SEM)revealed that the pH, C : P and N : P of soil were the most critical factors driving P transformation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that different amounts of BC improve the enzyme activities related to C, N cyclings by affecting soil physicochemical properties and improving the P supply potential of soil in Eucalyptus plantations. Notably, 20% BC addition had the optimum effect. This study provides critical theoretical guidance for gaining knowledge on soil nutrient management in Eucalyptus plantations and facilitating the sustainable development of forests in subtropical China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture plays a fundamental role in India's economy, supporting 70% of rural households. While often perceived as non-productive, agricultural waste harbors materials potentially beneficial to humans through the creation and utilization of biochar in the production and processing of agricultural goods. This study conducts a comprehensive exploration into the advantages and risks associated with biochar application, considering its role as a soil amendment, bioremediation agent, and its broader implications for human health and the environment. Biochar, primarily composed of stable carbon, was initially proposed as a soil amendment to sequester carbon. Efficient resource utilization has emerged as a viable means to address global environmental challenges associated with waste disposal. This review delineates diverse agricultural waste types and sources, identifies related environmental risks, and advocates for government-led measures aligned with circular economy principles to manage such waste. Furthermore, it offers insights into potential management strategies, policy considerations, and practical approaches, fostering sustainable agriculture practices and environmental conservation in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of biochar through pyrolysis of biomass is expected to reduce dependence on traditional energy sources and mitigate global warming. However, current predictive models for biochar yield and composition are computationally intensive, complex, and lack accuracy for extrapolative scenarios. This study utilized machine learning to develop predictive models for biochar yield and carbon content based on pyrolysis data from lignocellulosic biomass. Assessing the importance of input features revealed their significant role in predicting biochar properties. The findings indicate that eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithms can accurately forecast biochar yield and carbon content based on biomass characteristics and pyrolysis conditions. This research contributes new insights into understanding biomass pyrolysis and enhancing biochar production efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]