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Background: Children and young people's (CYP) mental health is worsening, and an increasing number are seeking psychiatric and mental health care. Whilst many CYPs with low-to-medium levels of psychiatric distress can be treated in outpatient services, CYPs in crisis often require inpatient hospital treatment. Although necessary in many cases, inpatient care can be distressing for CYPs and their families. Amongst other things, inpatient stays often isolate CYPs from their support networks and disrupt their education. In response to such limitations, and in order to effectively support CYPs with complex mental health needs, intensive community-based treatment models, which are known in this paper as intensive community care services (ICCS), have been developed. Although ICCS have been developed in a number of settings, there is, at present, little to no consensus of what ICCS entails. Methods: A group of child and adolescent mental health clinicians, researchers and academics convened in London in January 2023. They met to discuss and agree upon the minimum requirements of ICCS. The discussion was semi-structured and used the Dartmouth Assertive Community Treatment Fidelity Scale as a framework. Following the meeting, the agreed features of ICCS, as described in this paper, were written up. Results: ICCS was defined as a service which provides treatment primarily outside of hospital in community settings such as the school or home. Alongside this, ICCS should provide at least some out-of-hours support, and a minimum of 90% of CYPs should be supported at least twice per week. The maximum caseload should be approximately 5 clients per full time equivalent (FTE), and the minimum number of staff for an ICCS team should be 4 FTE. The group also confirmed the importance of supporting CYPs engagement with their communities and the need to remain flexible in treatment provision. Finally, the importance of robust evaluation utilising tools including the Children's Global Assessment Scale were agreed. Conclusions: This paper presents the agreed minimum requirements of intensive community-based psychiatric care. Using the parameters laid out herein, clinicians, academics, and related colleagues working in ICCS should seek to further develop the evidence base for this treatment model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of VAD: Veredes, Arquitectura y Divulgación is the property of Alberto Alonso Oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of physical environment design (PED) and its antecedents on consumers' emotional well-being (EWB). Drawing on place identity and emotional theories, the study aims to provide a new perspective to retail store experiences. Design/methodology/approach: A survey of 800 respondents was conducted in London, out of which 764 responses were constructively used. The data was collected from international retail outlets, and structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data. Findings: The empirical results show that PED has a positive effect on consumers' EWB. Among the antecedents, visual identity does not have any significant effect on PED and EWB. In contrast, communication had a significant effect on PED but did not have any effect on EWB, and further, cultural heritage had a positive effect on both PED and EWB. Further, moderator analysis identifies the boundary conditions under which specific theories hold. Practical implications: The value of this paper lies in its potential to be used for creating the perfect design planning in retail stores. Significant implications for managers and researchers are highlighted. Originality/value: This paper presents an innovative approach to develop the principles of retail store's PED to support the EWB of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of sub‐daily pressure series is described for the cities of London (GB) and Paris (FR). The series extend back 1692 and 1748, respectively, and as such they represent two of the longest sub‐daily series of barometric pressure available. These series are updated from the previously documented London and Paris daily series and offer more homogeneous series, and in the case of the London series a more temporally complete sequence of data. A pairwise homogenization procedure has been applied to the two series alongside the long series of pressure that exists for De Bilt (NL). The De Bilt series has been available for some time in the International Surface Pressure Dataset (ISPD), but further quality control and homogeneity‐checking procedures have been applied to the data in this paper and therefore the three series are released together in this dataset. The series are of immediate interest for understanding changes to storm activity across the English Channel and North Atlantic region over an extended timeframe but may also be assimilated into reanalysis datasets such as the 20th‐century reanalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mature developed urban area like London has various policy tools to trigger economic development and leverage poverty. The scale of economic inequality in London has called for more effective policy tools to leverage poverty and close the gaps of economic inequality. Opportunity Areas is one of the tools in urban regeneration to alleviate poverty and develop communities. After over a decade of the policy rollout we have little knowledge how effective this type of policy tool is. The project investigates how effective opportunity areas for economic growth and societal development in London. The key economic indicators including unemployment rate and house price were assessed at MSOA/ward levels in London to understand their spatial variation through GIS mapping. Subsequently, socio-economic factors of commercial land use, culture infrastructure and public transport accessibility were discussed and selected to explore whether they have impacts on the difference of economic performance within opportunity areas. The spatial impacts of these factors among wards/MSOA were evaluated by Geographically Weighted Regression. The research discussed these factors' variations in Lee Valley, Park Royal and Croydon. Finally, this paper argued that local geographical context has limitations for small area growth corresponding to general policy and strategic management plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the structure and properties of production networks is essential to identify the transmission channels from monetary shocks. While growingly studied, this literature keeps displaying critical caveats from which the investigation of G-7 economies is not spared. To fill this gap, this paper applies a version of Time-Varying Parameters Bayesian Vector-Autoregressions models (TVP-VAR) and investigates the responses of production networks (upstream and downstream dynamics) to endogeneous monetary shocks on key macro-level indicators (GDP, GDP deflator, exchange rate, short-term and long-term interest rates). Two distinct time-lengths are considered: a test (i.e., 2000–2014) and a treated period (i.e., 2007–2009,"the Great Recession"). Prior, key statistical conditions are checked using a stepwise stationary testing framework including the Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin (Kapetanios et al. in J Economet 112(2):359–379, 2003—KPSS) and panel Breitung (Nonstationary panels, panel cointegration, and dynamic panels. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, London, 2001) unit root tests; followed by the Pesaran (General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels, 2004) Cross-sectional Dependence (CD) test; and the Im–Pesaran–Shin (Im et al. in J Economet 115(1):53–74, 2003—IPS) test for unit root in the presence of heterogenous slope coefficients. Panel Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Mean Group estimates (PARDL-MG) offer interesting short- and long-run monetary shocks-production networks response functions, stratified by country and sector. Findings clearly indicate that upstreamness forces dominated downstremness dynamics during the period 2000–2014, whereas the financial sector ermeges as the clear transmission channel through which monetary shocks affected the productive economy during the Great Recession. In general, we conclude that the prioduction structure influences the transmission of monetary shocks in the G-7 economies. Adequate policy implications are supplied, along with a methodological note on the forecasting potential of TVP-VAR methodologies when dealing with series exhibiting structural breaks. Highlights: Understanding the structure and properties of production networks is essential to identify the transmission channels of monetary shocks. This paper employs a version of Time-Varying Parameters Bayesian Vector-Autoregressions (TVP-VAR) to investigate the responses of production networks (upstream and downstream dynamics) to endogeneous monetary shocks on key macro indicators (GDP, GDP deflator, exchange rate, short-term and long-term interest rates), over two distinct time-lengths: a test (i.e., 2000-2014) and a treated period (i.e., 2007-2009, "the Great Recession"). Findings clearly indicate that upstreamness forces dominated downstremness dynamics over the period 2000-2014, whereas the financial sector ermeges as the clear transmission channel through which monetary shocks affected the productive economy during the Great Recession. In general, we conclude that the prioduction structure influences the transmission of monetary shocks in the G-7 economies. Adequate policy implications are supplied, along with a discussion on the forecasting potential of TVP-VAR methodologies when dealing with structural breaks and crisis time periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children and young people's (CYP) involvement is an increasing priority in UK healthcare and in heath research, alongside recognition that involving CYP in research requires different considerations to involving adults. Underpinned by children's rights and a co-production ethos this paper, co-authored with young evaluators, explores the learning from a co-produced evaluation of eyeYPAG, a young persons' research advisory group (YPAG) for eye and vision research based at Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK. Methods: A team of young evaluators, supported by the eyeYPAG facilitator, conducted focus groups and online surveys with YPAG members, their parents and carers, researchers, group facilitators and funders. Qualitative data was analysed using a collaborative reflexive thematic analysis approach. Quantitative data, limited by the small number of participants, was analysed in Excel and reported as descriptive data. Results: CYP valued the social and creative aspects of the group as well as learning about research and developing skills and confidence. Learning was a two-way process, with both researchers and facilitators reflecting on how much they had learnt from working with the YPAG. All participants talked about the importance of impact, feeling that CYP are making a difference to research, as well as CYP's right to be involved. Effective planning and facilitation were key to the success of the group, in relation to accessibility and the development and delivery of sessions both online and in-person. Resourcing and administration were key challenges to this, as was engaging researchers who were not already converted to the public involvement cause. As the nature of a YPAG is that it primarily focuses on advising researcher-led projects, co-production was identified as something that the group was 'working towards', including through this evaluation. Co-producing with CYP involves building up knowledge, confidence and acknowledging power dynamics. Conclusions: Co-producing an evaluation enabled us to learn about the benefits and challenges of involving CYP in research, as well as how to involve them in the development of that evidence. An ethos of co-production and children's rights helped to shift the balance of power and develop more engaging and inclusive ways of working. Plain English summary: Children and young people (CYP) have a right to be involved in things that affect them, including research. There is growing interest in children and young people's involvement in health research in the United Kingdom (UK), as well as understanding that what works for CYP is often different to what works for adults. This paper presents an evaluation of the Young Person's Advisory Group (YPAG) at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London. Evaluation uses research methods to find out how well a service or project is working and meeting the needs of those who use it, and how to improve things that could be better. A group of young evaluators, supported by adult researchers, designed and ran the evaluation; three of the young evaluators also helped write this paper. In our evaluation we used focus (discussion) groups and online surveys with young group members, their parents and carers, researchers who had worked with the group, the group's facilitators (adults who help manage the group) and funders. We found that group members valued the social and creative aspects of the group as well as learning about research and developing skills and confidence. Learning was a two-way process, with both researchers and facilitators talking about how much they had learnt from working with the YPAG. All participants talked about the importance of feeling that CYP are making a difference to research, as well as of CYP's right to be involved. Planning and support were important to the group working well, but we found that having the money and time to do this well was not always easy. And, while lots of researchers were keen to work with the group, and talked about how this had helped their research, we need to do more to engage researchers who have yet to be convinced. We also found that, while we wanted to 'co-produce' the group and share power for all big decisions, this was something we had to work towards, especially when group members were young and/or new to research and involvement. Co-producing an evaluation helped us to learn about the benefits and challenges of involving CYP in research, as well as how to involve them in evaluating that involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper acknowledges the significance of data saturation in research as a methodological instrument governing the non-negotiable yet highly questioned scientific rigor in research. Therefore, it employs a reflective research-practice based approach to evaluate the importance of data saturation in qualitative research. It draws on context and time-bound first-hand research practices of sampling and collecting quality data using face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with migrant entrepreneurs in London between 2017-2021. This paper shows that data saturation is a complex phenomenon expanding beyond the theoretical rationale experienced as a before, during and after an iterative and reflective process of engaging with the research participants and data (i.e., triangulation of sources, disciplinary traditions, researcher's experiences and participants' willingness and readiness to share), which anchors researcher's decision to resume data collection. This paper employs reflective fieldwork-based practices to demonstrate how saturation is reached in a phenomenological interpretative study. Thus, it contributes to the qualitative research scholarship by addressing the misalignment between theory and practice and bringing a practicebased, triangulated perspective on data saturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption of polymers on solid surfaces is common in many industrial applications, such as coatings, paints, catalysis, colloids, and adhesion processes. The properties of absorbed polymers commonly vary with temperature. In this paper, inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution was used to determine the physicochemical characterization of PMMA adsorbed on silica. A new method based on the London dispersion equation was applied with a new parameter associating the deformation polarizability with the harmonic mean of the ionization energies of the solvent. More accurate values of the dispersive and polar interaction energies of the various organic solvents adsorbed on PMMA in bulk phase and PMMA/silica at different recovery fractions were obtained, as well as the Lewis acid–base parameters and the transition temperatures of the different composites. It was found that the temperature and the recovery fraction have important effects on the various physicochemical and thermodynamic properties. The variations in all the interaction parameters showed the presence of three transition temperatures for the different PMMA composites adsorbed on silica with various coverage rates, with a shift in these temperatures for a recovery fraction of 31%. An important variation in the polar enthalpy and entropy of adsorption, the Lewis acid–base parameters and the intermolecular separation distance was highlighted as a function of the temperature and the recovery fraction of PMMA on silica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of approximate fixed point sequence, emphasized in Chidume (Geometric properties of Banach spaces and nonlinear iterations. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 1965. Springer-Verlag London, Ltd., London, 2009), is a very useful tool in proving convergence theorems for fixed point iterative schemes in the class of nonexpansive-type mappings. In the present paper, our aim is to present simple and unified alternative proofs of some classical fixed point theorems emerging from Banach contraction principle, by using a technique based on the concepts of approximate fixed point sequence and graphic contraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper extends the nature and relevance of exploring the historical roots of social and environmental accounting by investigating an account that recorded and made visible pollution in 17th century London. John Evelyn's Fumifugium (1661) is characterised as an external social account that bears resemblance to contemporary external accounting particularly given its problematising intentionality. Design/methodology/approach: An interpretive content analysis of the text draws out the themes and features of social accounting. Emancipatory accounting theory is the theoretical lens through which Evelyn's social account is interpreted, applying a microhistory research approach. We interpret Fumifugium as a social account with reference to the context of the reporting accountant. Findings: In this early example of a stakeholder "giving an account" rather than an "account rendered" by an entity, Evelyn problematises industrial pollution and its impacts with the stated intention of changing industrial practices. We find that Fumifugium was used in challenging, resisting and seeking to solve an environmental problem by highlighting the adverse consequences to those in power and rendering new solutions thinkable. Originality/value: This is the first research paper to extend investigations of the historical roots of social and environmental accounting into the 17th century. It also extends research investigating alternative forms of account by focusing on a report produced by an interested party and includes a novel use of the emancipatory accounting theoretical lens to investigate this historic report. Fumifugium challenged the lack of accountability of businesses in ways similar to present-day campaigns to address the overwhelming challenge of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptations to flood‐proof individual properties (referred to here as property‐level adaptation, PLA) provide a potential means of reducing flood risk at isolated properties, whilst conventional community‐scale flood protection (CSFP) is usually more economical in protecting high‐density urban spaces. This paper develops a risk‐based framework to identify the tipping point when PLA measures become more cost‐beneficial when compared to CSFP in different urban densities. The framework was demonstrated using a hypothetical case study based on a residential area in Teddington, London. Sensitivity analysis was performed by varying the building densities in the urban space. Results show that PLA can have a role to supplement CSFP even in dense urban areas if the CSFP standard of protection is low. However, adding some element of CSFP to PLA can be more cost‐effective than implementing a single higher protection standard of PLA. Given the unique flood risk condition of most urban spaces, and the sensitivity of cost‐effectiveness of flood adaptation measures such as those demonstrated in this work, this approach can provide additional information to assist decisions in finding a sensible portfolio of measures that match that risk condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to investigate the thermal impact of urban green systems (UGS) (trees and living facades) and high albedo pavements on reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect in London at the pedestrian street level. The research assesses the impact of UGS by suggesting practicable urban greenery-covering densities (25% and 50%) and using high albedo pavement in current and future climatic scenarios (2050 and 2080). This approach is intended to encourage pedestrians to walk longer distances for longer durations during the warmer months, following the Transport for London's (TfL) 2017 Healthy Streets initiative. The research seeks to measure the advantages and assess the possible impact on the comfort and activities within urban streets. The study adopts a quantitative research design using ENVI-met modelling and questionnaires. Simulation results, the subject of this paper, confirmed that, across three climatic scenarios, the optimal UGS for thermal comfort is 50% trees followed by 25% trees, dependent on street orientation and solar access. Living facades (LF) with 25% and 50% covering had no discernible effect on the comfort of pedestrians, whereas high albedo pavement increases heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of the polar surface free energy, polar properties, and Lewis's acid base of solid materials is of capital importance in many industrial processes, such as adhesion, coatings, two-dimensional films, and adsorption phenomena. (1) Background: The physicochemical properties of many solid particles were characterized during the last forty years by using the retention time of injected well-known molecules into chromatographic columns containing the solid substrates to be characterized. The obtained net retention time of the solvents adsorbed on the solid, allowing the determination of the net retention volume directly correlated to the specific surface variables, dispersive, polar, and acid–base properties. (2) Methods: Many chromatographic methods were used to quantify the values of the different specific surface variables of the solids. However, one found a large deviation between the different results. In this paper, one proposed a new method based on the London dispersion equation that allowed the quantification of the polar free energy of adsorption, as well as the Lewis's acid–base constants of many solid surfaces. (3) Results: The newly applied method allowed us to obtain the polar enthalpy and entropy of adsorption of polar model organic molecules on several solid substrates, such as silica, alumina, MgO, ZnO, Zn, TiO2, and carbon fibers. (4) Conclusions: our new method based on the separation between the dispersive and polar free surface energy allowed us to better characterize the solid materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muon spins precess in transversemagnetic fields and emit a positron preferentially in the spin direction at the instant of decay, enabling muon spin rotation (µSR) as a precise probe of localmagnetic fields in matter. µSR has been used to characterize superconducting radio-frequency (SRF)materials since 2010. At TRIUMF, a beamof 4.2MeV μ+ is implanted at a material-dependent depth of approximately 150 μm. A dedicated spectrometer was developed to measure the field of first vortex penetration and pinning strength in SRF materials in parallel magnetic fields of up to 300mT. A low-energy beam available at PSI implants μ+ at variable depth in the London layer allowing for direct measurements of the London penetration depth from which other material parameters relevant for SRF applications, such as the lower critical field and the superheating field, can be calculated. Beta-detected nuclear magnetic resonance (β-NMR) is a technique similar to low-energy µSR using beams of low-energy β radioactive ions. With a recent upgrade, it is capable of detecting the penetration of parallel magnetic vortices, depth resolved with nanometer resolution at applied fields of up to 200mT. In this paper, we reviewthe impact and capabilities of these techniques for SRF research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to an accurate determination of the London dispersive, polar free energy of adsorption, Lewis acid γ s + and Lewis base γ s − components of the polar surface energy γ s A B of 2D single-crystalline and polycrystalline covalent organic frameworks such as TAPPy-TPA-COFs. The obtained results showed the highest values of polar and total surface energy of the polycrystalline COF relative to those of the single-crystalline COF. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) at infinite dilution was used to quantify the various surface parameters of the different materials. The net retention times of the adsorption of n-alkanes and several polar solvents on single-crystalline and polycrystalline covalent organic frameworks were obtained from IGC measurements. The free surface Gibbs energy of adsorption was obtained for the various organic molecules at different temperatures from their net retention volume values. The separation between the London dispersive energy and the polar energy of adsorbed molecules was carried out by using a new thermodynamic parameter P S X chosen as new indicator variable and taking into account the deformation polarizability and the harmonic mean of the ionization energies of solvents and solid materials, derived from the London dispersion equation. The obtained results gave higher acidity ( K A = 0.22) for the 2D polycrystalline COF than that of the single-crystalline COF ( K A = 0.15) and an equivalent basicity of the two COFs. The obtained results are very promising for the accurate determination of the surface thermodynamic parameters of adsorption of organic solvents on solid surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although age is the biggest known risk factor for dementia, there remains uncertainty about other factors over the life course that contribute to a person's risk for cognitive decline later in life. Furthermore, the pathological processes leading to dementia are not fully understood. The main goals of Insight 46—a multi-phase longitudinal observational study—are to collect detailed cognitive, neurological, physical, cardiovascular, and sensory data; to combine those data with genetic and life-course information collected from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD; 1946 British birth cohort); and thereby contribute to a better understanding of healthy ageing and dementia. Methods/Design: Phase 1 of Insight 46 (2015–2018) involved the recruitment of 502 members of the NSHD (median age = 70.7 years; 49% female) and has been described in detail by Lane and Parker et al. 2017. The present paper describes phase 2 (2018–2021) and phase 3 (2021–ongoing). Of the 502 phase 1 study members who were invited to a phase 2 research visit, 413 were willing to return for a clinic visit in London and 29 participated in a remote research assessment due to COVID-19 restrictions. Phase 3 aims to recruit 250 study members who previously participated in both phases 1 and 2 of Insight 46 (providing a third data time point) and 500 additional members of the NSHD who have not previously participated in Insight 46. Discussion: The NSHD is the oldest and longest continuously running British birth cohort. Members of the NSHD are now at a critical point in their lives for us to investigate successful ageing and key age-related brain morbidities. Data collected from Insight 46 have the potential to greatly contribute to and impact the field of healthy ageing and dementia by combining unique life course data with longitudinal multiparametric clinical, imaging, and biomarker measurements. Further protocol enhancements are planned, including in-home sleep measurements and the engagement of participants through remote online cognitive testing. Data collected are and will continue to be made available to the scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the leverage effects and the spillover effects in the base metal cash and futures market. The study also attempts to find the trend and the pattern of volatility clustering in the base metal markets of India. Further, the significance of the risk premium and the possible downside risk of the market are also examined. The study confirms that unlike aluminium futures market, leverage effect is found for copper futures traded at MCX, India. Similar to aluminium, it is evident that the market advances generate larger volatility than the market turbulence in the cash and futures market of nickel. The study finds that the variance term () is not statistically significant for both cash and futures markets, which indicates that the risk premium of the asset is not significant to hedge. Further, unlike copper and aluminium, short-run volatility spillover is absent from the futures to the cash market of nickel. The paper concludes that the long-run volatility shock of futures has a persistent effect on the cash market of aluminium, copper and nickel and vice-versa. Future research might address the crossvolatility spillover between the base metal futures market. Further, the spillover between the Indian and London base metal futures markets is left for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constitutes an original and new methodology for the determination of the surface properties of carbon fibers in two forms, namely, oxidized and untreated, using the inverse gas chromatography technique at infinite dilution based on the effect of temperature on the surface area of various organic molecules adsorbed on the carbon fibers. The studied thermal effect showed a large deviation from the classical methods or models relative to the new determination of the surface properties of carbon fibers, such as the dispersive component of their surface energy, the free surface energy, the free specific energy, and the enthalpy and entropy of the adsorption of molecules on the carbon fibers. It was highlighted that the variations in the London dispersive surface energy of the carbon fibers as a function of the temperature satisfied excellent linear variations by showing large deviations between the values of γ s d   (T) , calculated using different models, which can reach 300% in the case of the spherical model. All models and chromatographic methods showed that the oxidized carbon fibers gave larger specific free enthalpy of adsorption whatever the adsorbed polar molecules. The obtained specific enthalpy and entropy of the adsorption of the polar solvents led to the determination of the Lewis acid–base constants of the carbon fibers. Different molecular models and chromatographic methods were used to quantify the surface thermodynamic properties of the carbon fibers, and the results were compared with those of the thermal model. The obtained results show that the oxidized carbon fibers gave more specific interaction energy and greater acid–base constants than the untreated carbon fibers, thus highlighting the important role of oxidization in the acid–base of fibers. The determination of the specific acid–base surface energy of the two carbon fibers showed greater values for the oxidized carbon fibers than for the untreated carbon fibers. An important basic character was highlighted for the two studied carbon fibers, which was larger than the acidic character. It was observed that the carbon fibers were 1.4 times more acidic and 2.4 times more basic. The amphoteric character of the oxidized fibers was determined, and it was 1.7 times more important than that of the untreated fibers This tendency was confirmed by all molecular models and chromatographic methods. The Lewis acid and base surface energies of the solid surface, γ s + and γ s − , as well as the specific acid–base surface energy γ s A B of the carbon fibers at different temperatures were determined. One showed that the specific surface energy γ s A B of the oxidized fibers was 1.5 times larger than that of the untreated fibers, confirming the above results obtained on the strong acid–base interactions of the oxidized carbon fibers with the various polar molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aviation emissions that are dispersed into the Earth's atmosphere affect the climate and air pollution, with significant spatiotemporal variation owing to heterogeneous aircraft activity. In this paper, we use historical flight trajectories derived from Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) telemetry and reanalysis weather data for 2019–2021 to develop the Global Aviation emissions Inventory based on ADS-B (GAIA). In 2019, 40.2 million flights collectively travelled 61 billion kilometres using 283 Tg of fuel, leading to CO 2 , NO X and non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass and number emissions of 893 Tg, 4.49 Tg, 21.4 Gg and 2.8 × 10 26 respectively. Global responses to COVID-19 led to reductions in the annual flight distance flown and CO 2 and NO X emissions in 2020 (- 43 %, - 48 % and - 50 % respectively relative to 2019) and 2021 (- 31 %, - 41 % and - 43 % respectively), with significant regional variability. Short-haul flights with durations < 3 h accounted for 83 % of all flights but only for 35 % of the 2019 CO 2 emissions, while long-haul flights with durations > 6 h (5 % of all flights) were responsible for 43 % of CO 2 and 49 % of NO X emissions. Globally, the actual flight trajectories flown are, on average, ∼ 5 % greater than the great circle path between the origin and destination airports, but this varies by region and flight distance. An evaluation of 8705 unique flights between London and Singapore showed large variabilities in the flight trajectory profile, fuel consumption and emission indices. GAIA captures the spatiotemporal distribution of aviation activity and emissions and is provided for use in future studies to evaluate the negative externalities arising from global aviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on a collaborative storytelling project with refugees and asylum seekers in the London borough of Waltham Forest, this paper explores the potential offered by creative storytelling and story-sharing for providing alternative narratives and spaces for inclusion, welcome and mutual care against a backdrop of hostility and exclusion. It challenges tendencies within prevailing discourses to either treat asylum narratives as 'bogus' or to essentialise individual refugee stories through the prevailing tropes of 'victim' or 'hero'. Instead, we draw attention to the actual process of making, telling and sharing stories between refugees and local residents, in the Global Story Café project led by Stories & Supper. The paper examines how the spaces that emerged through sharing stories with refugees and asylum seekers in a series of creative workshops and targeted storytelling cafes with public participation opened up possibilities for what we refer to as a quiet politics of welcome - a form of welcome that moves beyond notions of charity or sympathy, disrupts perceived host-guest binaries and instead demonstrates the importance of 'being with'. The paper highlights the need for more engagement and understanding of these 'quiet' acts of welcome, which can provide insights for challenging the overriding discourses about, and practices towards, refugees and asylum seekers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung Discussion Papers is the property of Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses the spatial trends and patterns of the crime rates in London and explores how socio-economic characteristics affect crime rates with consideration of the geographic context across London. The 2015 London Crime Statistics and Socio-economic Characteristics datasets were used. First, we investigated the spatial patterns of crime rates through exploratory spatial analysis at the ward level. In addition, both the ordinary least square (OLS) model and geographically weighted regression (GWR) model, which allow the effects of factors to vary in spatial scales, were adopted and compared to explore the potential spatially varying effect across London. The results showed that there exists obvious spatial clustering for the crime rate in central London. Both global and local Moran's I values indicated the spatial dependence of crime at the ward level. The GWR model performed better in explaining crime rates than the OLS model. Only two factors, namely, the percentage of children aged from 0 to 15 and employment rates, had significant spatial variability in London. The influences of the percentage of children aged 0 to 15 on crime rates are constantly negative over a spatial scale; however, employment rates positively affect crime rates in the north-western areas near the centre of London. Therefore, this paper focuses more on the spatial perspective, which fills the gap in traditional crime analysis, especially on the spatially varying influence of socio-economic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bilimname is the property of IBAV (Research Foundation of Theological Science) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aiming at the imbalance of urban ecological carrying capacity, this paper proposes a method to estimate the ecological and cultural carrying capacity of British urban agglomeration. The difference method and standardization method are used for positive combination and dimensionless processing of the indicators to realize the data preprocessing of the indicators. Through questionnaire survey, consulting relevant scholars and experts, and referring to the specified values in relevant British policies, determine the ideal value of the index. The index weight is determined by the open-scoring method. According to the index weight, the ecological and cultural carrying capacity of British urban agglomeration is calculated by vector model method. Calculate the index weight according to the ideal value of the index and the ecological text. The strength of ecological culture carrying capacity is calculated by the actual value of carrying capacity. Taking London urban agglomeration as the experimental object, this paper calculates the ecological and cultural carrying capacity and analyzes the ecological and cultural carrying capacity of three subsystems. The results show that this method can effectively estimate the ecological and cultural carrying capacity of British urban agglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shared transportation is widely used in current urban traffic. As a representative mode of transport, shared bikes have strong mobility and timeliness, so it is particularly critical to accurately predict the number of bikes used in an area every hour. In this paper, London bike-sharing data are selected as a data set to primarily analyze the impact of meteorological elements and time factors on bike-sharing demand. At the same time, it is important to use LSTM neural network models and popular machine learning models to predict demand for shared bikes at an hourly level. Through data analysis and visualization, the major elements affecting the bike-sharing demand are found to include humidity, peak hours, temperature, and other elements. The root mean squared error of the LSTM model is 314.17, the R 2 score is as high as 0.922, and the error is small in comparison to other machine learning models. Through the evaluation indicators, it can be seen that the LSTM model has the smallest error between the prediction results and the true values of the compared machine learning methods, and the change trend of the model prediction result curve is basically consistent with the actual result curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Church of England's historic buildings represent the single largest group of heritage sites in the UK, playing a key public-facing role in the church's 'cultural witness'. However, they are complex historic environments implicated in the recent focus on 'contested heritage' and imperial legacies. The wider heritage sector's answer to the adversarial nature of this debate has been to turn contested histories into dialogical opportunities; participatory and collaborative approaches to interpretation and curation have become an important feature of much recent secular heritage work. Yet, the CofE has not yet articulated or embraced the value of similar initiatives for its own collections, with guidance at the institutional level aimed primarily at conservation and protection. This paper initiates a discussion about how engagement with sensitive memories enhances the importance of CofE's cultural heritage. It offers a preliminary report of a research project led by the author titled 'Inclusive Interpretations of Christian Heritage', carried out between 2021 and 2022 at iconic churches in central London. After discussing the theoretical context, project rationale, and method, the paper discusses the connections which Christians from ethnic minority or immigrant backgrounds have to ecclesiastical spaces usually associated with national history. The perspectives of previously unrepresented groups can supplement expert assessments concerning a site's significance, revealing important areas in which the CofE's cultural assets hold meaning beyond national or aesthetic importance. The paper argues that widening community engagement represents a crucial task for accentuating the social and civic importance of the CofE's cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive and burgeoning literature on the productivity of urban farms and gardens is largely focused on measures of crop yield and resource use, with little offered to date on their contribution to social productivity and sustainability. This paper suggests that evaluation of urban agriculture should consider all types of resource consumption and productivity simultaneously. The research reported here used a citizen science approach to collect data from seven community gardens and one community farm in London, UK in the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons. The paper examines the many variables that impact the sites' overall performance, highlighting the complex nature and relationship between the many benefits and outcomes of urban farms and gardens. Data are presented on crop yield, equivalent fruit and vegetable portions, input use (including water and fertilizer), journeys made to the garden by volunteers, social benefits, and social outreach. Results show very mixed levels of crop and social productivity, depending on the organizational structure and agenda of the various sites included in the study. With no clear pattern emerging, this paper suggests that the evaluation of citywide productivity, often based on projections of small data samples, may not be reliable. By ensuring that training opportunities for volunteers are made available, higher resource efficiency as well as higher productivity could be attained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper displays how Dryden's metaphorical representations of natural elements in the Fire section of his historic poem Annus Mirabilis have foregrounded the ecocritical readings of human-environmental relationships, particularly with respect to the impact of the intriguing web of the sociopolitical facts on the London community. The paper uncovers Dryden's timid perspective on the environment as a sociopolitical entity that dominates and manipulates humans' lives, which is a typical practice of the ecocritical theory. The methodology adopted in this research is both qualitative and interpretive, as it focuses on the prevalent metaphoric representations of the ecological dilemma as uniquely used by the poet in two discrete stages: first, the ecological insights of Dryden's animation of the natural through water/fire tropes, and second, the metamorphosis of the city as an ecological outcome of the metaphoric animation. Both stages reveal that Dryden's delineation of the 1666 conflagration in Annus Mirabilis has figuratively and intellectually foregrounded the key tenets of ecocriticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates how the July 2005 London terrorist attacks affected Muslim teenagers' education plans and decisions. The attacks triggered a violent backslash against the Muslim community, which could have affected their incentives to continue in full-time education. I examine panel data on educational attitudes from the "Next Steps" Survey in England and use the month the survey was administered to divide individuals into treatment and control groups. I find that the attacks negatively affected the education plans of Muslims, but not those of any other major religious group. The probability of planning to continue in non-compulsory full-time education decreased by around 4.4% points for Muslims after the attacks. This corresponds to a 69% increase in individuals who were not sure whether to continue or drop out of full-time education. However, this change in plans appears to be a temporary reaction, since it did not affect students' actual decisions two years later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disruptive effects of the COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly shifted how individuals navigate in cities. Governments are concerned that travel behavior will shift toward a car-driven and homeworking future, shifting demand away from public transport use. These concerns place the recovery of public transport in a possible crisis. A resilience perspective may aid the discussion around recovery – particularly one that deviates from pre-pandemic behavior. This paper presents an empirical study of London's public transport demand and introduces a perspective of spatial resilience to the existing body of research on post-pandemic public transport demand. This study defines spatial resilience as the rate of recovery in public transport demand within census boundaries over a period after lockdown restrictions were lifted. The relationship between spatial resilience and urban socioeconomic factors was investigated by a global spatial regression model and a localized perspective through Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model. In this case study of London, the analysis focuses on the period after the first COVID-19 lockdown restrictions were lifted (June 2020) and before the new restrictions in mid-September 2020. The analysis shows that outer London generally recovered faster than inner London. Factors of income, car ownership and density of public transport infrastructure were found to have the greatest influence on spatial patterns in resilience. Furthermore, influential relationships vary locally, inviting future research to examine the drivers of this spatial heterogeneity. Thus, this research recommends transport policymakers capture the influences of homeworking, ensure funding for a minimum level of service, and advocate for a polycentric recovery post-pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decarbonizing transport is one of the core tasks for achieving Net Zero targets, but the COVID-19 pandemic disrupts human mobility and the established transport development strategies. Although existing research has explored the relationship between virus transmission, human mobility, and restrictions policies, few have studied the responses of multimodal human mobility to the pandemic and their impacts on the achievement of decarbonizing transport. This paper employs 32 consecutive biweekly observations of mobile phone application data to understand the influences of the pandemics on multimodal human mobility from February 2020 to April 2021 in London. We here illustrate that multimodal travel behavior and traffic flows significant changed after the pandemic and related lockdowns, but the decline or recovery varies across different travel modes and lockdowns. The car mode has shown the most resilience throughout the pandemic, but the travel modes in the public transit sector were hit hard. Cycle and walk modes remained high at the beginning of the pandemic, but the trend did not continue as the pandemic developed and the season changed. Our findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic brought more challenges to travel mode shifting and the achievement of decarbonizing transport rather than opportunities. This analysis will assist transport authorities to optimize the established transport policies and to redistribute limited resources for accelerating the achievement of decarbonizing transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapidly growing research in urban heritage studies highlights the significance of incorporating participatory approaches in urban transformation projects. And yet, participation tends to be limited, including only certain segments of the population. It is also acknowledged that cities are 'dynamic' and 'complex' systems. However, there is extremely limited research that captures the dynamic transformation mechanisms in historic urban environments. This paper aims to illustrate a novel, mixed-method and dynamic approach to unfold the dynamics of urban heritage areas. We do so by focusing on the historic area of Woolwich, a South-East suburb in London, UK. To do so, we apply 'critical system dynamics' for the analysis of a mixed dataset which incorporates architectural surveys, interviews, online surveys, social media data and visual observations of material change through light archaeology. Within the framework of 'deep cities', the article argues that the transformation of a place is a complex process that can be captured not only based on 'what we see' but also on 'what we cannot see'. In other words, the invisible (values, emotions, and senses) is as significant as the visible. This is of paramount importance as most urban planning policies tend to be based on material, visible remains and less on the spirit or soul of a place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The buildings that house the events, which serve as icons of this most famous sporting event, must now be sustainable as well. Stadiums, arenas, gathering places, and athlete communities are all changing from expressions of architectural brilliance to instances of sustainable environments, built to last long after concluding the event and to aid in the redevelopment of the metropolitan areas that host them. The building business is one of the most environmentally destructive in the world since it directly affects how raw materials are used, and how they are determined to be used during their entire existence. This sector, however, is still in the early stages of transition from a linear to a circular economy. To minimize total resource use and landfill trash, business models must be updated to incorporate novel concepts and cutting-edge services. According to this approach, "deconstruction" plays a crucial role in the circularity of structures. It serves as a sustainable substitute for traditional demolition, which is generally an arbitrary and destructive process that, although being quicker and less expensive, typically produces a substantial amount of garbage. On this line, the goal of this research is to revisit the Olympic Games hosting cities, mainly London and Rio de Janeiro, and examine the possibility of the demolition of built infrastructure in the Olympics and to provide methods for minimizing its effects on the urban environment. The research paper aims to make it easier to implement circular economy strategies for buildings by outlining the key principles that must be followed throughout the design and planning process regardless of the kind of construction system or material employed and by recommending deconstruction as a sustainable alternative to demolition. By collaborating with the corporate, academic, and research sectors, we can further emphasize the sharing of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among Lester Salamon's early theoretical contributions was the introduction of the "Voluntary Failure" concept. In a series of articles published in the second half of the 1980s (Salamon, L. M. 1987a. "Of Market Failure, Voluntary Failure, and Third-Party Government: Toward a Theory of Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State." Journal of Voluntary Action Research 16 (1–2): 29–49. Reprinted in Salamon (1995): 33–49, Salamon, L. M. 1987b. "Partners in Public Service: The Scope and Theory of Government-Nonprofit Relations," In The Nonprofit Sector. A Research Handbook, edited by W. Powell Walter, 99–117. New Haven: Yale University Press, Salamon, L. M. 1989. "The Voluntary Sector and the Future of the Welfare State." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 18 (1): 11–24. Reprinted in Salamon (1995): 203–19) Salamon rejects the existing theories concerning the existence and the growth of nonprofit entities, both demand-side theories such as "government failure" (Weisbrod) and "contract failure" (Hansmann) and supply-side theories (James). He introduces the so-called "third-party government" approach underlining the interdependence between the state and various other (profit and nonprofit) social actors (Salamon Lester M. and Toepler S. 2015. "Government–Nonprofit Cooperation: Anomaly or Necessity?" Voluntas 26: 2155–77). The "voluntary failure theory" is based on the recognition of four limits of nonprofit organizations' action: (a) philanthropic insufficiency; (b) philanthropic particularism; (c) philanthropic paternalism; (d) philanthropic amateurism. These shortcomings can be overcome by the creation of an institutional framework of collaboration between the public administration and the most organized part of civil society, namely the so-called third-sector organizations. The aim of this paper is to open a discussion around the adequacy of the above-mentioned approach to explain the complex configurations that current relationships between public administration and third sector organizations have assumed in Western democracies, especially in the field of welfare policies. We will do so through the analysis of the recent scientific literature on government-nonprofit relationships, with a particular focus on the so-called "new public governance" (Osborne Stephen, P. 2006. "The New Public Governance?" Public Management Review 8 (3): 377–87, Osborne Stephen, P. ed. 2009. The New Public Governance? Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance. London: Routledge) and the co-creation and co-production paradigm (Torfing, J., E. Sørensen., and A. Røiseland. 2016. "Transforming the Public Sector into an Arena for Co-creation: Barriers, Drivers, Benefits, and Ways Forward." Administration & Society: 1–31), that emphasize the involvement of citizens (i.e. users or clients) and their associations in the definition of the policies, programs, and services directed to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) is increasing as electric vehicles (EV) become more widely used. EVCS with multiple low-carbon energy sources can promote sustainable energy development. This paper presents an optimization methodology for direct energy exchange between multi-geographic dispersed EVCSs in London, UK. The charging stations (CSs) incorporate solar panels, hydrogen, battery energy storage systems, and grids to support their operations. EVs are used to allow the energy exchange of charging stations. The objective function of the solar-hydrogen-battery storage electric vehicle charging station (SHS-EVCS) includes the minimization of both capital and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, as well as the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The system constraints encompass the power output limits of individual components and the need to maintain a power balance between the SHS-EVCSs and the EV charging demand. To evaluate and compare the proposed SHS-EVCSs, two multi-objective optimization algorithms, namely the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) and the Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm Based on Decomposition (MOEA/D), are employed. The findings indicate that NSGA-II outperforms MOEA/D in terms of achieving higher-quality solutions. During the optimization process, various factors are considered, including the sizing of solar panels and hydrogen storage tanks, the capacity of electric vehicle chargers, and the volume of energy exchanged between the two stations. The application of the optimized SHS-EVCSs results in substantial cost savings, thereby emphasizing the practical benefits of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the proposed 'certainty' in a city or region hosting a mega-event, there has long been issues of uncertainty surrounding the planning and implementation of what have until now essentially been mega-projects. Large events have found a variety of ways to adapt and respond to unforeseen circumstances due to political conflicts, planning of oversize venues, limited time of implementation, and legacies that are difficult to manage. Considering the further increased uncertainty surrounding the planning of mega-events as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper examines how an accompanying cultural component—e.g., the Cultural Olympiad—may help cities that plan for events like the Olympics transition toward diversified drivers and long-term legacy. In particular, the case of cultural offering in Milan between the two mega-events of Expo 2015 and the upcoming 2026 Milano-Cortina Olympic Games shows how host cities can address growing uncertainty through the expanded role of a cultural programme combined with the rescaling of traditional mega-event formats. With this purpose, 2012 London Cultural Olympiad has been selected as an antecedent example—with positive and negative outcomes—to critically review the relationships between the Olympics and the Cultural Olympiad, as well as their widespread spatial strategy and public engagement. In addition, the paper offers more general conclusions regarding learning potentials of jointly studying mega-events and cultural policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper takes as its catalyst a series of live art events that took place between London and Manchester in 2019. Thinking in conversation with Erin Manning’s propositions for “minor movements” and the Duchampian “infrathin”, we explore the potential for live art to temporarily suspend the thresholds of perceptibility and permissibility in the public realm. We argue that artful techniques of improvisation carry the potential to suspend capitalistic orderings of time by temporarily confounding the perceived barriers between art and life. Drawing together anarchival traces of improvised movement, sound, image, and thought, the paper is composed of vignettes that sketch the infrathin variations of a “pedagogy of suspensions” as elaborated through live art events in a public park, a moving train, a university gymnasium, and an anechoic sound chamber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to chart throughout history the foundation and transformations experienced by world fairs - starting with the first-ever international exposition in London in 1851, and continuing up until the present day, with the Dubai 2020 world exposition having been rescheduled to run from October 2021 until March 2022, in order to analyse the role of this type of largescale events. Special focus in this paper is on the Romanian participation at world fairs, starting from 1867 until today. In analysing the purpose and evolution of world exhibitions this study applies the theory of constructivism in order to explore the images that state project when t hey p articipate a t t his p articular t ype o f e vent. A t t he s ame time, the research examines world expositions as part and parcel of any state's public diplomacy strategy for its own promotion on the global stage, as it contributes to national branding. In terms of methodology, for the purpose of research, this paper relies mainly on document analysis, both from open sources and from archives, those o f t he International Exhibitions Bureau (BIE) and the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Regarding the focus of the analysis, and in order to offer a broader overview of this topic, some of the more famous world expositions from the past were selected and, in order to counterbalance, some of the more recent ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organisation (WHO) presents an upper limit for lead in drinking water of 10 parts per billion ppb. Typically, to reach this level of sensitivity, expensive metrology is required. To increase the sensitivity range of low-cost devices, this paper explores the prospects of using a volume reduction technique of a boiled water sample doped with Lead-210 ( 210 Pb), as a means to increase the solute's concentration. 210 Pb is a radioactive lead isotope and its concentration in a water sample can be measured with e.g. High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detectors at the Boulby Underground Germanium Suite. Concentrations close to the WHO limit have not been examined. This paper presents a measurement of the volume reduction technique retaining 99 ± (9) % of 210 Pb starting from a concentration of 1.9 × 10 - 6 ppb before reduction and resulting in 2.63 × 10 - 4 ppb after reduction. This work also applies the volume reduction technique to London tap water and reports the radioassay results from gamma counting in HPGe detectors. Among other radio-isotopes, 40 K, 210 Pb, 131 I and 177 Lu were identified at measured concentrations of 2.83 × 10 3 ppb, 2.55 × 10 - 7 ppb, 5.06 × 10 - 10 ppb and 5.84 × 10 - 10 ppb in the London tap water sample. This technique retained 90 ± 50 % of 40 K. Stable lead was inferred from the same water sample at a measured concentration of 0.012 ppb, prior to reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The proliferation of providers and practitioners of cosmetic botulinum toxin and dermal filler has profound public health implications. The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) regulates the use of advertising materials in the United Kingdom and prohibits the promotion of prescription‐only medicines. Aims: We aim to perform a cross‐sectional analysis of the practitioners in London, UK to evaluate the distribution of clinics within Greater London, prices advertised for interventions, and compliance with the ASA code. We also aim to identify whether there are any differences in cost of botulinum toxin or dermal filler between the boroughs. Methods: Between December 2021 and January 2022, we performed a systematic search using the internet search engine Google. Five searches were performed (1) [london] botox, (2) [london] botulinum toxin, (3) [london] anti wrinkle injection, (4) [london] filler, (5) [london] dermal filler. One hundred websites per search string were systematically reviewed and those which met the inclusion/exclusion criteria of each search string were included and analyzed. Each clinic's product/service range compliance with the ASA/CAP code was assessed. Any reference to Botulinum Toxin or anti‐wrinkle injections was noted and analyzed. Further analysis would look to calculate price per milliliter (mL) of botulinum toxin and dermal filler per borough and to calculate whether there were any statistical differences between the 32 different London boroughs. Results: A total of 500 websites were visited and evaluated. After removal of duplicates, a total of 233 independent clinics was identified. A total of 206 out of the 233 clinics sampled (88%) were in direct infringement of the enforcement notice through advertising a prescription medicine. The overall average cost per mL of dermal filler was £330.89 and there was a statistically significant variance across London boroughs (p < 0.05). The overall average cost per mL of Botulinum Toxin was £284.45 and the variance across London boroughs was close to significant (p = 0.058). Conclusion: This paper demonstrates poor compliance with the ASA/CAP guidelines and further provides an insight into the industry mechanics associated with aesthetic injectables in a major UK city, identifying regional variance in price and clinic density. The advertising of prescription‐only medication may pose a potential risk to patients and will be an important consideration in proposed legislation to introduce licensing to the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main pathways that cities are taking to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is the decarbonisation of the electricity supply in conjunction with the electrification of transport and heat services. Estimating these future electricity demands, greatly influenced by end-users' behaviour, is key for planning energy systems. In this context, support tools can help decision-makers assess different scenarios and interventions during the design of new planning guidelines, policies, and operational procedures. This paper presents a novel bottom-up decision support framework using an agent-based modelling and simulation approach to evaluate, in an integrated way, transport and heat electrification scenarios in urban areas. In this work, an open-source tool named SmartCityModel is introduced, where agents represent energy users with diverse sociodemographic and technical attributes. Based on agents' behavioural rules and daily activities, vehicle trips and building occupancy patterns are generated together with electric vehicle charging and building heating demands. A representative case study set in London, UK, is shown in detail, and a summary of more than ten other case studies is presented to highlight the flexibility of the framework to generate high-resolution spatiotemporal energy demand profiles in urban areas, supporting decision-makers in planning low-carbon and sustainable cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiences during the early years shape our lives as adults, including our appreciation and understanding of science. Even though early years audiences make up a significant number of visitors in many museums, they are an underresearched age group, particularly in science museums. This paper addresses this gap by considering young children's learning at the Science Museum in London. Two approaches to support learning from unfamiliar objects were tested with 4-7 year-olds in family groups. The first approach involved families creating a display that featured a small replica of the original object. The second approach involved displaying familiar objects or modern versions with conversation prompts next to the original objects. The testing included observations and semi-structured interviews with a total of 16 family groups. Findings show that families use play to create familiarity and context around objects. Guided play provides opportunities for families to tap into their existing understanding and interests, and in this way allows families to learn from objects. These findings highlight the importance of providing for and encouraging play on gallery to support young children's learning from objects. Young children can successfully be supported to learn from unfamiliar objects in object-rich galleries in a science museum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the effects of inclusive economic predicament of 2008, the obstinate problems of importunate poverty and environmental change have focused the attention towards maintaining the sustainability by establishing balance in the triple bottom line (TBL). In this paper, we have tried to critically examine the philosophy of triple bottom line and it's relevance in maintaining the sustainability. The process of maintaining sustainability in the TBL is undoubtedly facilitated by the citizenship behaviour of companies (Henriques et al. Routledge, London, 2013). Yet the triple bottom line philosophy is being accepted by different researchers because they consider TBL is one of the concepts evaluating and improving the sustainability. Critics are typically "slow to praise and quick to criticize" (Mish and Scammon, J Public Policy Market 29:12–26, 2010) with this the critics of TBL argue on its practicality and validity. One of the critical studies of TBL regarded it as intrinsically ambiguous because it is unable to convey its exact meaning (Norman and MacDonald, Bus Ethics Q 14:243–262, 2004). Triple Bottom Line a framework of sustainability to examine the social, environmental and economic impact of company was recalled by Elikington it's originator despite rapid growth in the area of sustainability extending up over one million dollar in a year as he realized that TBL was not meeting the purpose for which it was created. After comprehensive understanding and building upon the available literature, this paper criticizes TBL and reveals that this philosophy is not based on the real concept, nothing is new, unique and innovative in it. It only explains the already existing concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and a sustainability measurement tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores President Muhammadu Buhari of Nigeria use of language in political setting. As a President, his choice of words and the language use speak a lot. Being a formal Military leader, his broadcast was more ‘khakitocratic’ (military) than democratic. His speech lasted five minutes but assessed using critical discourse analysis (CDA). The paper discusses context and culture in discursive interactions. Political language democratically, is important to national unity as it can illicit positive or otherwise reactions from electorates. Analysis for the study was based on Fairclough’s three dimensional conceptualisation of discourse with the aid of tabular illustrations. Findings reveal assumptions that unsaid words have implicit meanings than the said, being that words are neutral and, of course, the unsaid ideological politics of meanings could establish ‘khakitocratic’ language through discourse. The study concludes that people need ontological and epistemological inferences to develop societal consciousness about sociopolitical engagements to enhance understanding of undefined expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processes of urbanisation and climate change are necessitating the transformation of cities towards sustainable cities that are robustly adapted to natural hazards, while simultaneously reducing energy and resource usage to mitigate further climatic change. Frequently such objectives conflict with each other, negatively affecting sustainability as a whole. For example, urban intensification with the intention of lowering transport energy costs has been found to exacerbate urban heat islands, increase flood risk and lead to poor health outcomes. This paper presents the use of an evolutionary computing spatial optimisation framework as one method by which multiple positively and negatively correlated sustainability objectives can be evaluated in time and space to assist urban planning. A coupled genetic algorithm and pareto optimisation approach is used to evaluate spatial configurations of future development against sustainability objectives (e.g., reduced heat risk, minimal flood risk, brown field development, optimal mobility). The developed approach is evaluated in a Greater London Authority (GLA) case study that simulates future urban development patterns that satisfy projected population growth whilst being sensitive to climate induced hazards and current planning policies. The spatial optimization framework developed significantly improves upon the existing urban development plan with the Pareto-front found to be 35% better than the proposed spatial plan for London. However, trade-offs between objectives were found to exist, most notably it was not possible to achieve a pairwise optimization between heat and flood risk and urban sprawl and heat risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As known, the realistic, exponential, fall-off of the rate of production of light mesons in the chromo-electric field of a quark–antiquark string, as a function of the meson mass, can be obtained from the Schwinger-formula Gaussian fall-off within a phenomenological approach which assumes a certain distribution of the string tension. This approach gets a clear meaning in the London limit of the dual superconductor, where the logarithmic increase of the chromo-electric field towards the core of the string leads precisely to the change of the Gaussian fall-off to the exponential one, thus allowing for an identification of the phenomenological distribution of the string tension. In this paper, we demonstrate that, for this distribution of the string tension, the distribution of large-size Yang–Mills instantons, which are interacting with the confining monopole background, becomes O (1 / ρ 3) , where ρ is the size of an instanton. Since such a distribution of large-size instantons is known to yield confinement, we conclude that, in the London limit of the dual-superconductor vacuum, instantons can form a confining medium, and we evaluate their contribution to the total string tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to empirically review the process of housing financialisation in London, exploring a time series causal relationship between house prices and financial instruments, using the Granger method and a VAR test. In order to carry out this analysis, we use a vector autoregressive model with a monthly data series that seeks to contribute to exploring this relationship. The results are relevant to the important role that the theory of housing financialisation plays in explaining the crisis of access to secure tenure that can be seen in developed nations. The results also provide an empirical background to pursue this theory more specifically in the context of the vectors that are effectively causal to the financialisation processes that impact everyday life through housing prices. The study is original, given that this type of modelling has not previously been carried out for a major world city such as London, and adds to the findings of similar explorations that have applied other methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]