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Recently, Gunn, Allison and Abbott (GAA) [http://arxiv.org/pdf/1402.2709v2.pdf] proposed a new scheme to utilize electromagnetic waves for eavesdropping on the Kirchhoff-law-Johnson-noise (KLJN) secure key distribution. We proved in a former paper [Fluct. Noise Lett. 13 (2014) 1450016] that GAA's mathematical model is unphysical. Here we analyze GAA's cracking scheme and show that, in the case of a loss-free cable, it provides less eavesdropping information than in the earlier (Bergou)-Scheuer-Yariv mean-square-based attack [Kish LB, Scheuer J, Phys. Lett. A 374:2140-2142 (2010)], while it offers no information in the case of a lossy cable. We also investigate GAA's claim to be experimentally capable of distinguishing-using statistics over a few correlation times only-the distributions of two Gaussian noises with a relative variance difference of less than 10-8. Normally such distinctions would require hundreds of millions of correlations times to be observable. We identify several potential experimental artifacts as results of poor KLJN design, which can lead to GAA's assertions: deterministic currents due to spurious harmonic components caused by ground loops, DC offset, aliasing, non-Gaussian features including non-linearities and other non-idealities in generators, and the timederivative nature of GAA's scheme which tends to enhance all of these artifacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays the efficient use of energy is a major issue in applications such as electric vehicles. However, there are some phenomena that affect electric vehicle performance. One of those phenomena is the torque ripple of electric motors, which interferes with traction and the suspension system (causing vibration that stresses this system), and it can also introduce electric current harmonics into the battery, reducing its life, since torque ripple is partly a consequence of non-sinusoidal back EMF. For those reasons this is a topic worth investigating. The torque ripple of permanent magnets (PM) motors can be reduced in design or through control. Since control techniques have been reviewed and design methods have not, this paper presents a comparison of several design techniques to reduce torque ripple by different approaches and categorize them to show the characteristics of each group. A discussion is then made about the advantages and disadvantages of the designs, in general, as well as some comments about the missing, but important information, in the papers, such as the effects on efficiency. The study shows that a combination of methods provide the best results, although it complicates fabrication and suggests that this is a promising line of future investigation on torque ripple reduction methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing energy efficiency in commercial buildings is crucial for reducing energy consumption. Achieving this goal requires careful monitoring and analysis of the energy usage patterns exhibited by different devices. Nonetheless, gathering data from individual appliances in commercial buildings presents difficulties due to the large number of appliances, complex installations, and costs. This paper presents the Circuits-Level Electrical Measurements Dataset (CLEMD). The measurement was conducted at the main switchboard to a set of distribution boards instead of measuring at the individual loads. The data is gathered from an institutional setting. It consists of 42 records of vital electrical parameters including voltage, current, frequency, real power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor, and odd harmonics for electrical currents. The device deployed in the measurement were industry-grade and had a high sampling rate of 200 kHz. The measurements were done over a 40-day period, from September 16 2023 to October 25 2023. CLEMD is the first Malaysian public dataset on circuit-level electricity consumption and offers analysis opportunities in different research areas such as electricity load disaggregation at circuit level, circuit identification, load profile forecasting, and pattern recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial discharge (PD) diagnostics test is a reliable solution for estimating insulation health conditions in power system components. During laboratory PD diagnostics, the effect of harmonic components in the voltage waveform generated by variable frequency drives (VFD) fed electric motors (EMs) is often overlooked. As VFD‐fed EMs operate at low speeds, the harmonic concentration in the voltage increases. It has been found that PD activity in VFD‐fed EM is significantly affected by the addition of harmonic components in the voltage, thus making it necessary to consider their impact when performing true PD diagnostics. This paper investigates the influence of voltage harmonic distortion produced in VFD‐fed EM on PD severity and the subsequent insulation degradation. Eight VFD‐fed EM are used to study the PD behaviour under different levels of harmonic pollution. The PD characteristics, such as inception voltage, pulse repetition rate, accumulated apparent charge, average discharge current, discharge power, and quadratic rate, are determined. Using probability distribution functions, PD activity and severity at various voltage harmonic levels are estimated. The proposed technique can be used to plan the maintenance activities that ensure the reliability for industrial applications dealing with the voltage harmonic distortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern electric grid usages extensive non-linear loads leading to the increased harmonic current injection in the system. This paper proposes a data-driven algorithm based on a sparse decomposition approach with the Overcomplete Hybrid Dictionary (OHD) and provides in-depth mathematical analysis to detect and mitigate harmonics in emerging electric power systems. The sparse decomposition method is widely used in image processing applications with significant advantages to big-data applications. However, its application is not properly addressed in electric grids’ applications despite massive data generation in a smart grid environment. Hence, in this paper, the performance evaluation of a sparse decomposition-based algorithm using a greedy approach is proposed and carried out in a real-time simulation environment for Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) application for the real-time detection, classification, and mitigation of PQ events to show its suitability and effectiveness. Finally, the experimental results on a small-scale laboratory setup are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed sparse-based control algorithm for DSTATCOM in real-time applications. The comparative result shows that the proposed sparse-based method is advantageous for off-line PQ signal processing and capable of real-time detection, classification, and control of the power apparatus for harmonics mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Steering the radiation pattern of an antenna array towards the desired spatial angle is beneficial for modern‐age communication systems. The generation of multiple steered patterns by enhancing the first‐order harmonics of a time‐modulated antenna array (TMAA) with controlled radiation features is proposed in this paper. Suitable switching sequences are designed to realize an efficient electronic beam steering with these simultaneously generated narrow directional beam patterns. TMAAs are considered the time‐domain counterparts of phased arrays where high‐speed switches are used to achieve a weighted response by periodically modulating the array elements instead of attenuators or phase shifters. This periodic modulation inherently produces spurious harmonic patterns generally considered as power loss in unintended directions. The beam steering aimed in this paper is accomplished by exploiting the first‐order harmonic patterns in some specific directions keeping the fundamental pattern unaltered. The intended first positive and first negative harmonic components of the TMAA are utilized as steered multibeam patterns, whereas all the remaining harmonic components are suppressed to improve the efficiency of the array. To achieve this, suitable switching sequences are designed by optimizing the ON‐time duration and switching intervals of the elements with a wavelet mutation‐based particle swarm optimization (PSOWM). 16‐element linear TMAA is used to generate the desired patterns with low sidelobe levels (SLLs) for enhanced performance. Numerical results obtained for spatially independent steered patterns are presented and compared with the state‐of‐the‐art literature results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years saw increasing of harmonic distortion at transmission grids caused partly by a growing system undergrounding, leading to resonances at lower frequencies. Presently, the estimation of the harmonic distortion through simulations after significant grid changes is not sufficiently accurate, and the understanding of harmonics propagation is a topic under research. This hinders grid development by system operators, as it is not possible to assess fully the impact of new lines. This paper presents and analyses four harmonic-related phenomena: (1) impact of line asymmetry in long HVAC cables; (2) harmonic peak voltage/current along a line; (3) harmonic propagation between voltage levels; (4) fillter location. The paper summarizes the root causes and consequences of each phenomenon, together with tools and recommendations that can ease the assessment of harmonic propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper elucidates the working of shunt active filters in dynamically varying grid conditions. The accuracy of harmonics eliminated is based on the harmonic extraction technique and the switching techniques used. The harmonics of the electrical system are computed and based on the various harmonics produced; the shunt active filter has to supply a compensating current in opposition at the point of common coupling. Space Vector Pulse Width modulation (SVPWM) is an effective switching technique used but its performance is not satisfactory in the over-modulation regions. In this paper, optimised switching technique using a neural network for SVPWM is used which has lesser computation time and computes the gating pulses effectively in the over-modulation regions. Shunt active filter mitigates the impact of harmonics even in the over-modulation regions. The hardware is implemented using FPGA Spartan 6 controller, which utilises fewer hardware resources. The optimised switching topology results with improved harmonic reduction even in the over-modulation regions with unbalanced loading conditions is presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powers of three-phase aggregates of single-phase static linear loads supplied with a nonsinusoidal voltage are the subject of this paper. It is demonstrated in this paper that the supply current of such systems with a nonsinusoidal voltage can be decomposed into six mutually orthogonal components associated with distinctive physical phenomena in the load, two of which do not exist at a sinusoidal voltage. Such decomposition enables evaluation of contribution of these phenomena to the supply-current rms value increase and the power factor decline. A power equation and definitions of powers in such systems in the presence of voltage harmonics are proposed. This paper shows that all powers can be expressed in terms of load parameters, which can be identified by a measurement at the load terminals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cogging torque is due to the interaction between a magnet’s magnetomotive force and a slotted stator or rotor structure. In this paper, a compact equation for cogging torque is presented for surface-mounted permanent magnet motors. This equation has four terms of field interactions involving tangential and radial components of airgap flux density. These four terms are considered as sources of cogging. Variations of these sources with pole embrace are examined. In earlier publications, closed-form expressions for pole embrace corresponding to the minimum cogging were presented considering only radial fields. In this paper, an attempt is made to recognize the influence of tangential fields in cogging. The compact form given here distinctly reflects the significance of both radial and tangential field components. Furthermore, to study the trends of cogging sources with pole number and airgap radius, simplified expressions for harmonic content of field components are derived using the first-order binomial approximation. The analysis on cogging presented in this paper helps in determining search domains in which optimum embrace for minimum cogging can be found when both the radial and tangential field components are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of power electronics has led to a growing importance of higher time-harmonic content in electrical machines. To gain insight in phenomena related to these higher harmonics, such as noise and losses, a good understanding of the magnetic field’s harmonic content is mandatory. Moreover, the development of fast and accurate, harmonic-based, analytical models requires a qualitative knowledge of the machine’s time- and spatial-harmonic content. Although the harmonic content of electric machines is an extensively studied topic, previous publications tended to focus on one type of synchronous machines and often did not consider higher time-harmonic orders. This paper complements the existing theory by providing a more general approach, thereby covering machines and operating points that were not covered until now. It considers both three-phase and multi-phase machines with an odd number of phases. The winding distribution can either have an integer or a fractional number of slots per pole and per phase, and higher time-harmonic content is regarded as well. Note that the saturation is neglected. Despite its general validity, this paper succeeds at providing one simple equation to determine the machine’s time-and spatial-harmonic content. Moreover, this paper also extensively discusses the physical causes of the harmonic content. The combination of this general validity, the simple result, and the insight in the physics makes that this paper is a strong tool to both study harmonic-related phenomena in electric machines and to develop harmonic-based analytical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an input voltage sensorless control algorithm for three-phase active boost rectifiers. Using this approach, the input ac-phase voltages can be accurately estimated from the fluctuations of other measured state variables and preceding switching state information from converter dynamics. Furthermore, the proposed control strategy reduces the input current harmonics of an ac–dc three-phase boost power factor correction (PFC) converter by injecting an additional common-mode duty ratio term to the feedback controllers’ outputs. This additional duty compensation term cancels the unwanted input harmonics, caused by the floating potential between ac source neutral and dc link negative, without requiring any access to the neutral point. A 6-kW (continuous power)/10-kW (peak power) three-phase boost PFC prototype using SiC-based semiconductor switching devices is designed and developed to validate the proposed control algorithm. The experimental results show that an input power factor of 0.999 with a conversion efficiency of 98.3%, total harmonic distortion as low as 4%, and a tightly regulated dc-link voltage with 1% ripple can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, the behavior of three-phase transformers in the presence of geomagnetically induced current (GIC) is investigated. The associated phenomena involve very slow transients, in the millihertz range, while representing significant magnitudes of even and odd harmonics of power frequency. As a result, the transformer response involves nonlinear and frequency-dependent effects. This paper considers the impact of variations in the transformer core construction and design parameters on its saturated behavior and the resulting reactive power absorption, when subjected to GIC. A detailed transformer model is described including air-gap and tank effects. The study results highlight significant parameters that can affect transformer reactive power and promote them as being important parameters for GIC studies. Furthermore, the transformer dynamics during the slow transient of the GIC variations and polarity reversal are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Harmonic resonance has become an important concern for the application of shunt capacitors in recent years. A potential solution to address this challenge is to convert a shunt capacitor into a passive filter. This paper presents design methods to configure a shunt capacitor as a C-type filter or a third-order high-pass filter with guaranteed resonance-free performance. The concept of resonance-free condition is first introduced in this paper. It is then used to develop filter design methods that always meet the resonance-free condition. The two filter configurations are also compared. It was found that the third-order high-pass filter has more advantages than the C-type filter. Another useful finding of this work is that the filter parameters, as determined using the proposed design methods, are independent of the system conditions. As a result, a lookup table for the filter parameters has been created to facilitate immediate use by the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The main contribution of the paper is the proposal of Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) for three phase transformerless neutral point clamped inverters to eliminate harmonics in photovoltaic systems without requiring any modification on the multilevel inverter or any additional hardware. Multilevel level inverter technology has been widely used in the high power Medium voltage energy control systems [1]. In this paper, the authors have proposed a Fuzzy Logic Controller for three phase neutral point clamped inverter with PV system. They have used the neutral point clamped inverter in this paper because NPC inverter results in the low frequency voltage harmonics in the NP, which is the point between the two DC-link capacitors [7]. In primary side, PV system eliminates the harmonics by using the FLC, and the voltage controller is to produce regulated output voltage with low distortions under all loading conditions. A Fuzzy Logic Controller is developed by using MATLAB/SIMULINK for the chosen inverter having applications in the PV system. FLC is found to have better performance. This paper presents a methodology to generate gating signal to control NPCVSI using MATLAB/SIMULINK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present our research into the reduction of vibrations in induction motors. The use of power inverters results in the generation of electrical harmonics, which increase the level of the mechanical vibrations of electrical machines. To reduce these harmonics, we present a discontinuous pulse-width modulation (PWM) control strategy based on carrier-wave modulation applied to multilevel inverters. Using the proposed modulation technique, the amplitude of the electrical harmonics is reduced, as compared to other conventional techniques. These current harmonics produce the MMF (magnetomotive force) harmonics in the air gap, which are one of the main sources of vibrations. The control strategy makes it possible to vary the electrical spectrum at the output of a multilevel inverter by modifying a control parameter of the carrier wave in the PWM, thus avoiding the natural frequencies of mechanical resonance. The proposed technique also has the feature of attenuating the total harmonics distortion of the voltage of the multilevel inverters, as well as the achievement of a higher RMS value of the output voltage for the same DC level. Laboratory results for an induction motor with different modulation strategies, applied in a multilevel inverter and compared to the strategy presented, are attached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the connection of photovoltaic panels to the grid by using an active power filter (APF) to reduce harmonics in the electrical system and inject the excess of electricity into the electrical grid. A boost converter was used to raise the voltage to the level imposed by the APF. The APF control was performed by the indirect method and for the extraction of the maximum power from the photovoltaic panels the Perturb and Observe control algorithm was used. The design and simulation of the performed system was done within Matlab/Simulink environment. The simulation was performed considering two hypotheses: injection of a higher and lower power than the one absorbed by the nonlinear load connected to the system. This paper considers the possibility of using a unified system which offers the possibility of both injecting electricity from renewable sources into the network and improving the quality of electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous publication, the problem of 2-D beam diffraction by a wedge has been solved via the complex-source (CS) approach. However, the straightforward CS formulation may be applied only when the incident beam is diverging as it hits the edge, but not when it is converging as it hits the wedge. In this paper, we generalize the CS setup, so that it can address both problems. The surprising result is that the CS approach can be applied for the converging beam case, but only if the CS coordinates are defined in a specific fashion. We then formulate the angular harmonics and the spectral integral representations for both cases, and also derive uniform asymptotic expressions for beam diffraction by a wedge. The validity of the results is verified by calculating the diffracted field via each one of these formulations, and comparing them with yet another approach, wherein the field of the incident diverging or converging beam is synthesized using a plane-wave integral, and the diffracted field is then calculated via multipole expansion. The overall goal of this paper is the derivation of techniques for the analysis of 3-D beam diffraction by a cone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new method for measurement-based modeling of nonlinear loads in power systems. The proposed method includes a combination of a binary tree algorithm with nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous input (NARX) identification. This paper demonstrates that the new method performs well without any prior knowledge of the system structure. In contrast to other load modeling methods, which are typically aimed for particular studies or load types, the proposed method can be used with any load type and for any study. Accurate load modeling is particularly important for studies of industrial networks and grids. In the study described, a field data set was collected at a mine site from a large electrical rope shovel. This data set has been used to develop a model of the rope shovel based on the proposed binary tree—NARX algorithm. When compared to other known methods, such as wavelet and sigmoid networks, the proposed method has shown the fastest training time and the highest accuracy. Finally, the modeling results have been verified against another set of field measurements from an existing network and have shown a very good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper characterizes the sampling effect in digital sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) of voltage source inverter (VSI). The time-domain analysis presented in this paper establishes the relation between the fundamental frequency, carrier frequency, and the sampling frequency at different modulation indices of the SPWM. The analysis investigates the effect of sampling frequency of the digital controller on the output of the VSI. It is shown that the low-frequency harmonic components appear in the frequency spectrum of the VSI output voltage due to sampling. As a result, the output current of digitally controlled VSI is stepped in nature. The double Fourier integral solution of the switched waveform for inner and outer integral limits has been used to derive the expression. The integral solution is obtained using Jacobi-Anger expansions. The generalized results developed in this paper are useful to investigate the sampling effect in high switching frequency DSPWM. The proposed sampling effect has been analyzed for SPWM of single-phase H-bridge inverter. The analytical results are verified using simulation and experimental results. The experimental results have been obtained with the use of field-programmable gate array (FPGA) as a digital controller. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper describes the application of polyharmonic sinc signals in devices for metal object detection. A basic problem of conventional eddy current metal detectors (induction devices in general) lies in their limited possibilities of discrimination or identification of detected objects. To better characterize the detected object, the excitation signal and the following signal processing in the detector should be done. The application of polyharmonic excitation signal and its processing could bring an opportunity to improve the determination ability. This paper is focused on the polyharmonic sinc signal. Spheres of different diameters and from different ferrous and non-ferrous materials were used as specimens. Experimental measurements were processed in frequency-domain amplitude, and phase spectra were calculated and presented. As part of the work, classifications of ferrous and non-ferrous materials were done based on measured data as well as the classification of individual ferrous, including non-ferrous materials and estimation of the size of the classified object. Support vector classifier was primarily used for data classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the design and testing of an interior permanent-magnet (IPM) machine that exhibits advanced features. It adopts fractional-slot (FS) nonoverlapped coil windings that reduces the end winding length, i.e., the Joule losses and machine cost. As a consequence, higher rated current can be supplied so that higher torque density and higher efficiency in a wide operating region can be reached. The rotor saliency increases the performance in flux-weakening operating region and the fault-tolerance capability. In order to decrease the torque ripple, it is important to minimize the interaction between the magnetomotive force (MMF) harmonics due to the stator currents and the rotor anisotropy. To do that, the winding has been optimized so as to minimize the MMF harmonics, taking advantage from the higher degree of freedom of the four-layer winding. However, the so-called slot-harmonics cannot be minimized by rearranging the winding coils. Hence, the rotor geometry has been designed so as to minimize the impact of such slot-harmonics. A 12-slot 10-pole IPM FS machine has been designed and manufactured. The experimental tests confirm the expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of a general correlation between measured interharmonics and measured lamp flicker would be very significant. Present measurement and emission limitation standards for voltage fluctuations are based exclusively on the 60 W incandescent lamp's response to amplitude modulation of the power frequency. As use of incandescent lamps declines, the need increases to broaden voltage fluctuation quantification beyond lamp flicker. Amplitude modulation of the power frequency is mathematically equivalent to interharmonics summed with the power frequency. This, with the existence of international standards for measuring interharmonics, has suggested interharmonics as a possible basis for characterizing voltage fluctuations more broadly. Moreover, interharmonic measurements may be inherently extendable to quantify the effects of voltage fluctuations on devices other than incandescent lamps. However, any new method that offers advantages in broadening voltage fluctuation measurement must be capable of matching the results of present practices. Therefore, interharmonic measurements must first be demonstrated to be generally correlated to currently accepted flicker severity measurements. The correlation between these measurements is explored in this paper. It is concluded that by using the techniques in this paper, measured lamp flicker and measured interharmonics are correlated to a large extent for most industrial loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problems concerning electrical power quality and especially estimation of costs required for reduction of higher harmonics in power network voltage and current time waveforms have been considered in the paper. The application of active power filters to reduction of higher harmonics has been analysed taking into account, in particular, the necessary investment costs. Two goal functions have been used to solve the underlying optimization problem - the first one that enables direct cost minimization and the second one based on the cost-effectiveness approach used by economists. Such approach is substantially different from solutions proposed by other authors who concentrate rather on theoretical issues and do not take into consideration the economical market-based reality. In the paper, theoretical analysis has been followed by an example of optimal allocation of active power filters in a large supply system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a simplified phasor model for predicting harmonics present at the point of common coupling between a voltage-source power converter and the utility network. It employs the frequency coupling matrix (FCM) modeling technique. The FCM is experimentally determined without requiring access to converter internal details, such as control and output filter parameters, which are generally not available for converters used in distributed generation systems. Experimental measurements are conducted on a commercially available two-stage, three phase, grid-tied photovoltaic inverter to assess the accuracy of experimentally determined FCMs to predict the harmonic behavior of grid-connected converters. This paper considers two grid conditions for the experimental analysis: 1) when the grid is stiff and contains only background voltage harmonics and 2) when the grid contains harmonic grid impedances as well as background voltage harmonics. In all cases, a close match between the results predicted by the FCM approach and experimental measurements is achieved, thus demonstrating the practical viability of using experimentally determined FCM models for harmonic predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this paper is to provide a robust solution for fault detection in the induction motor. The structure of nonlinear unknown input observer is investigated for observer design in this paper. Recently, rotor defect is considered as the most important non-electric fault in induction motors. One of the challenges in rotor fault detection is the uncertainty in the mechanical load of the motor and the harmonics in the electric power. Accordingly, these cases are considered as disturbances for unknown input observer and their effects on the residual signal are eliminated. The results of the simulation show the performance of the observer to diagnose the induction motor rotor fault in different scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a fascinating connection between the physics of music and the famous chord in the dissonant rhythmic section of Stravinsky’s The Rite of Spring (1913). The analysis of Stravinsky’s chord will draw from the physics of harmonics, musical intervals, mathematics, and cognitive psychology. This highly interdisciplinary approach will especially appeal to students typically found in a physics course for non-majors. A video accompanies this paper so that readers and students can hear the construction of Stravinsky’s dissonant chord as well as an orchestra performing an excerpt of The Rite of Spring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a method of adaptation of the original second order Prony's method for applications in low-cost digital measurement systems with low computing performance. The presented method can be used in measuring systems where it is important to obtain in real time the values of amplitude, frequency, initial phase and damping coefficient of a single sinusoidal component of an analysed signal. The paper presents optimized, in terms of the number of mathematical operations, implementation of the method in selected embedded devices as well as the calculation times of the method for each platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the nonlinear response of digital phase-shifting profilometry (PSP), phase errors are inevitable in the retrieved 3-D profiles and result in negative impacts on the measurement accuracy of the PSP system. A novel method is presented in this paper to reduce the impact. Instead of compensating phase errors in the retrieved 3-D profile, specific harmonics are superimposed upon the initial fringe pattern actively to adjust the amplitudes of the harmonics in the captured fringe image with the intention to suppress the phase error, and all nonlinear response of the PSP system can be compensated in theory. Furthermore, it does not consume additional time in the 3-D profile reconstruction process. Experimental results are shown to demonstrate the validity of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, the Halbach permanent magnet array with 2 segments per pole is selected for analysis. The harmonics that the harmonic numbers for the lx-and ly-direction in local coordinate system are equal to each other are set as a pair for transformation. Then the expressions of the magnetic flux density distribution of the Halbach array in global coordinate system are derived. The dimensions of the coil are parameterized. The force and torque exerted on the Halbach array by a coil are calculated by Lorentz force law. The first three harmonics are chosen for real time control by analyzing the ratio of each harmonic in the total harmonics. The harmonic model has good performance on torque by comparing with the models used before. As for the force, the errors can be significantly reduced by optimizing the parameterized dimensions of coil because of the cosine or sine form error figures. The optimized model has good precision on both force and torque. The same method can be applied on the Halbach permanent magnet array with different segments per pole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multilevel voltage-source inverter (VSI) topology of the series multicell converter developed in recent years has led to improved converter performance in terms of power density and efficiency. This converter reduces the voltage constraints between all cells, which results in a lower transmission losses, high switching frequencies and the improvement of the output voltage waveforms. This paper proposes an improved topology of the series multicell inverter which minimizes harmonics, reduces torque ripples and losses in a variable-speed induction motor drive. The flying capacitor multilevel inverter topology based on the classical and modified phase shift pulse width modulation (PSPWM, MPSPWM) techniques are applied in this paper to minimize harmonic distortion at the inverter output. Simulation results are presented for a 2-kW induction motor drive and the results obtained demonstrate reduced harmonics, improved transient responses and reference tracking performance of the voltage in the induction motor and consequently reduced torque ripples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilevel converter plays an important role in high- and medium-power applications, such as renewable energy generation systems and power transmission. One of the most known problems of power electronics converter is harmonics. Furthermore, optimization algorithms can solve complex issues in electrical engineering such as the harmonics in power converters. In this paper, the optimization of total harmonic distortion using genetic algorithm is performed for three-phase three, five, seven, and nine levels inverter for several numbers of switching angles and different modulation index values. The best values of the total harmonic distortion of the three-level inverter were less than 23.60% and about 5% for the nine levels inverter in this study. The results obtained in the optimization process have been applied to a neutral point clamped multilevel inverter. Another challenge for this inverter is the DC-link capacitors voltage unbalance; thus, the multilevel boost DC–DC converter is proposed as a solution. The proposed system is validated experimentally using a three-phase three-level neutral point clamped inverter and four-Level (or two-Level) DC–DC boost converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If nongrain-oriented rotor laminations are punched and stacked in a uniform direction, magnetic asymmetry is present in the rotor core due to the nonideal magnetic anisotropy. In this paper, it is shown that the influence of rotor core anisotropy can be misinterpreted as rotor faults in two-pole induction motors when performing motor current signature analysis. A detailed analysis of the influence of rotor core anisotropy shows that components produced by the rotor fault and rotor anisotropy interact, making reliable fault detection difficult. It is also shown that offline testing is currently the only available means of detecting the fault, and online monitoring of the space harmonics-induced current components is proposed as a viable solution for providing reliable rotor fault detection for two-pole motors with rotor anisotropy. The analysis and conclusions presented in this paper are verified through testing on custom-built lab motors and on 3.3-kV motors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, an analysis of techniques of digital signal processing used for estimating the motor slip and rotational speed of an induction motor operating in stationary or nonstationary condition by using rotor slot harmonics observed in the stator current waveform is presented. The novelty of this paper is related with three topics. First, zoom short time Chirp-Z transform was used to find the fundamental supply frequency intending to improve accuracy without increasing computational complexity. Second, it presents a tool that can be used to identify whether a motor is capable or not of producing principal slot harmonics. Finally, an algorithm was developed to find an optimal window length using rotational speed maximum relative deviation. The use of this approach was analyzed when the motor was powered by a frequency converter driving a variable load and operating in strongly nonstationary conditions. The correctness of the method has been confirmed by experimental test results. Finally, the proposed method was implemented in a conventional sucker-rod pumping unit (25D-67-36-American Petroleum Institute), to estimate the rotational speed and slip when the motor is powered by a frequency converter. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper deals with a modified technique for the recognition of single stage and multiple power quality (PQ) disturbances. An algorithm based on Stockwell's transform and artificial neural network-based classifier and a rule-based decision tree is proposed in this paper. The analysis and classification of single stage PQ disturbances consisting of both events and variations such as sag, swell, interruption, harmonics, transients, notch, spike, and flicker are presented. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is also applied on multiple PQ disturbances such as harmonics with sag, swell, flicker, and interruption. A database of these PQ disturbances based on IEEE-1159 standard is generated in MATLAB for simulation studies. The proposed algorithm extracts significant features of various PQ disturbances using S-transform, which are used as input to this hybrid classifier for the classification of PQ disturbances. Satisfactory results of effective recognition and classification of PQ disturbances are obtained with the proposed algorithm. Finally, the proposed method is also implemented on real-time PQ events acquired in a laboratory to confirm the validity of this algorithm in practical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Multilevel inverters with dodecagonal (12-sided polygon) voltage space vector structure have advantages, such as complete elimination of fifth and seventh harmonics, reduction in electromagnetic interference, reduction in device voltage ratings, reduction of switching frequency, extension of linear modulation range, etc., making it a viable option for high-power medium-voltage drives. This paper proposes two power circuit topologies capable of generating multilevel dodecagonal voltage space vector structure with symmetric triangles (for the first time) with minimum number of dc-link power supplies and floating capacitor H-bridges. The first power topology is composed of two hybrid cascaded five-level inverters connected to either side of an open-end winding induction machine. Each inverter consists of a three-level neutral-point-clamped inverter, which is cascaded with an isolated H-bridge making it a five-level inverter. The second topology is for a normal induction motor. Both of these circuit topologies have inherent capacitor balancing for floating H-bridges for all modulation indexes, including transient operations. The proposed topologies do not require any precharging circuitry for startup. A simple pulsewidth modulation timing calculation method for space vector modulation is also presented in this paper. Due to the symmetric arrangement of congruent triangles within the voltage space vector structure, the timing computation requires only the sampled reference values and does not require any offline computation, lookup tables, or angle computation. Experimental results for steady-state operation and transient operation are also presented to validate the proposed concept. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The ultrafast electronic dynamics of pyrazine (C4N2H4) were studied by time-resolved photoelectron imaging (TRPEI) using the third (3ω, 4.7 eV) and fifth harmonics (5ω, 7.8 eV) of a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser (ω). Although the photoionization signals due to the 5ω - 3ω and 3ω - 5ω pulse sequences overlapped near the time origin, we have successfully extracted their individual TRPEI signals using least squares fitting of the observed electron kinetic energy distributions. When the 5ω pulses preceded the 3ω pulses, the 5ω pulses predominantly excited the S4 (ππ*, ¹B1u+¹B2u) state. The photoionization signal from the S4 state generated by the time-delayed 3ω pulses was dominated by the D3(²B2g) ω S4 photoionization process and exhibited a broad electron kinetic energy distribution, which rapidly downshifted in energy within 100 fs. Also observed were the photoionization signals for the 3s, 3pz, and 3py members of the Rydberg series converging to D0(²Ag). The Rydberg signals appeared immediately within our instrumental time resolution of 27 fs, indicating that these states are directly photoexcited from the ground state or populated from S4 within 27 fs. The 3s, 3pz, and 3py states exhibited single exponential decay with lifetimes of 94 ± 2, 89 ± 2, and 58 ± 1 fs, respectively. With the reverse pulse sequence of 3ω - 5ω, the ultrafast internal conversion (IC) from S2(ππ*) to S1(nπ*) was observed. The decay associated spectrum of S2 exhibited multiple bands ascribed to D0, D1, and D3, in agreement with the 3ω-pump and 6ω-probe experiment described in our preceding paper [T. Horio et al., J. Chem. Phys. 145, 044306 (2016)]. The electron kinetic energy and angular distributions from S1 populated by IC from S2 are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-skewed asymmetrical rotors bars can be used to eliminate the slot harmonic fields and the resulting noise and vibration in cage induction motors. However, it is difficult to determine the spatial distribution of the asymmetrical rotor bars and the slot combinations, which can affect the loss and the air gap force significantly. With a 5.5 kW, 4-pole induction motor as an example, this paper studies the influence of the above factors on the loss and the air gap force by time-stepping finite element method, and the experiments are performed to validate the calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eccentricity is a common fault during the operation of electrical machines due to manufacturing error and effect of rotor deflection. Therefore, eccentricity fault has been a research hotspot in recent decades for the reliable running of machines. The monitoring signals for detecting eccentricity have been proposed in many published papers. However, the effects of rotor slot number on the magnitudes of characteristic signals are seldom investigated. Thus, this paper presents the relationship between the number of rotor slots and the monitoring signals under static, dynamic and mixed eccentricity on the basis of the previous papers. The theoretical analysis shows that not all electrical machines generate the principal slot harmonics in the stator current. But these harmonics in the air-gap magnetic field are easily detected for all machines when the machines are under static or dynamic eccentricity. Moreover, the effect of rotor slot number on the low-frequency components under mixed eccentricity is also predicted. Detailed simulations are presented for a high voltage submersible motor with 40, 41, 42, 43 and 44 rotor slots under various conditions. And these results well verify the theoretical predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring physiological signs in animal testing is crucial for the development of new therapeutic strategies and better understanding of diseases. This paper exploits Doppler radar and nonlinear phase demodulation effect to achieve noncontact measurement of both displacements and frequencies of a laboratory rat’s cardiorespiratory activities. The implementation of displacement acquisition method relying on demodulation-generated harmonics is described, and this paper provides a guideline of implementing the acquisition method. Demodulation-generated harmonics are analyzed, and the effect of vibration-generated harmonics is studied. To demonstrate the effectiveness, a 60-GHz radar is used that shows good correlation with the instrument-recorded data. Average errors of respiration rate and heart rate (HR) are 0.057% and 0.33%, respectively, using three test subjects. In addition, two drug tests are performed to verify the monitoring function with controlled raised/dropped HR. By observing the time periods before, during, and after drug injection, results of rat’s physiological response to drugs reveal the drug efficacy and body reaction over time. The measured cardiorespiratory variations can provide useful information without using implant devices, and the implementation could be an improvement over current invasive methods. The result presented in this paper is believed to be the first reported simultaneous measurements of both frequencies and displacements of both respiration and heartbeat movements of a laboratory animal using microwave radar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control methods of a stand-alone doubly fed induction generator mostly use either proportional-integral regulators in multiple synchronous reference frames or proportional-integral-resonant regulators in a stationary reference frame. These control schemes work well when the plant model is not complex and system decoupling is implemented into the control algorithm. However, when the control system contains multiple resonant terms in order to compensate high harmonics of load current, tuning of many regulators in different coordinate systems becomes problematic. The paper presents the application of a linear-quadratic regulator and a rotor position observer in sensorless control of a stand-alone doubly fed induction generator supplying nonlinear and unbalanced loads. Cooperation of the observer and state controller has been validated in the laboratory experiment. An anti-windup mechanism has been implemented into the resonant terms, and it has been shown that the anti-windup structure is crucial for high performance of the state controller with resonant terms. Further, research on observers based on a model reference adaptive system scheme is done in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents an analysis of low space order of the air-gap radial Maxwell pressures in surface permanent magnet synchronous machines with fractional slot concentrated windings. The air-gap Maxwell pressures result from the multiplication of the flux density harmonics due to magnetomotive forces and permeance linked to the magnet, the armature, and the stator slots and their interactions. One low space order is selected, and different approaches are compared to determine the origin of this pressure. First, an analytical prediction tool analytical calculation of harmonic force orders (ACHFO) is used to calculate the space and time orders of these magnetic pressure harmonics while identifying their origin in terms of interactions between magnet, armature, and teeth effects. In addition, the analytical prediction of ACHFO is compared with the flux density convolution and finite-element approaches. The main advantage of our tool is the speed of computation. Finally, an experimental operational deflection shape measurement is performed to show the deflection shape of the low space order selected. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A theoretical comparison of the fundamental limitations on the output power and the third-order distortion of balanced diode mixers and even harmonic mixers is described in this paper. In the authors’ previous work, formulas for the output power limitations of the mixers in a modulator operation were described. Using the described formulas, the output power and the third-order distortion of the mixers are calculated for a mixer operation and are represented as universal charts. Further, the closed-form formulas for the output power at a 1 dB gain compression and the intercept point of the third-order intermodulation products are presented. As mixers in a modulator operation, it is clarified that even harmonic mixers have a lower output power capability than balanced diode mixers. All the derived formulas were confirmed with experimental investigations at 100 MHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent wireless communications, spectrally flexible transmissions such as carrier aggregation and cognitive radio pose severe challenges for the high-efficient radio-frequency power amplifier (PA) design. The non-linear characteristics of PAs may yield substantial unwanted emissions that can violate the emission limits, thus interfere with other communication systems within the frequency vicinity. Furthermore, in frequency-division duplexing systems, if the unwanted emissions happen to fall into the intended receiver band, it may cause severe receiver desensitisation. In this paper, we present a novel digital predistortion (DPD) technique based on a frequency selective architecture, which is aimed at reducing the unwanted harmonic emissions at any pre-specified frequency and linearising the fundamental signal at the same time. The method can simplify the predistortion structure compared with the whole spurious suppression DPD method and thus reduce the computational complexity of the predistortion process. Furthermore, the identification of the DPD coefficients is based on a breeding particle swarm optimisation algorithm, which can enhance the calculation flexibility as well accelerate the convergence speed compared with traditional gradient methods. Both simulation and measurement results demonstrate sufficient spur suppression at the target frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce a new class of harmonic convex functions with respect to an arbitrary non-negative function, which is called the strongly general harmonic convex function. We discuss some characterizations of strongly general harmonic convex functions. Relationship with other classes of convex functions are also discussed. Some special cases are discussed as applications of the main results. The ideas and techniques of this paper may be starting point for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the use of the concept of classical and predictive direct power control for shunt active power filter function. These strategies are used to improve the active power filter performance by compensation of the reactive power and the elimination of the harmonic currents drawn by non-linear loads. A theoretical analysis followed by a simulation using MATLAB/Simulink software for the studied techniques has been established. Moreover, two test benches have been carried out using the dSPACE card 1104 for the classic and predictive DPC control to evaluate the studied methods in real time. Obtained results are presented and compared in this paper to confirm the superiority of the predictive technique. To overcome the pollution problems caused by the consumption of fossil fuels, renewable energies are the alternatives recommended to ensure green energy. In the same context, the tested predictive filter can easily be supplied by a renewable energy source that will give its impact to enhance the power quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major part of the adjustable speed drive system is the converters fed by switched-mode power supplies with a bridge pulse topology. This bridge produces in the supply network currents with harmonic components. Thus, it is mandatory to map the time-varying harmonic distortion index caused by the controllers. This paper analyzes through computational simulations the influence of a sensor-less field-oriented control system in the generation of harmonics in time. Through the sliding window recursive-discrete, Fourier Transforms currents were decomposed into harmonic time-varying harmonics signals. Total time-varying harmonic distortions were calculated according to the IEEE 1459 standard. The total harmonic distortion function was obtained applying a curve fitting technique. Total harmonic distortion varying in time of grid currents showed values of less than 3%. The harmonic distortion increases in stator currents due to the action of the torque controllers. Engineers and researchers can use this total time-varying harmonic distortions to improve adjustable speed drive control systems minimizing the injection of harmonics the electric power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates both the fundamental and harmonic losses of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in conjunction with inverter losses for a wide range of switching frequencies (SFs) and different direct-axis currents (Ids) under full power range. The effects of SFs and Ids on the total losses, including fundamental loss and harmonic loss in the windings and lamination core, conduction loss, and switching loss in IGBTs, are described through analytical models. Meanwhile, the loss models of the motor are modified and validated by the 2-D finite-element analysis. Furthermore, the efficiency improvement of the overall PMSM-inverter system for different operation conditions benefits from an artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm proposed in this paper. The optimal SF and Id, in terms of PMSM-inverter overall efficiency, are preferred for every operation point, thanks to the proposed ABC and the precise calculation of losses. Experimental results validate the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Spatial harmonic magnetrons (SHMs) are effective microwave oscillation sources in short millimeter and terahertz regions. This paper presents the development of a miniaturized $W$ -band SHM, which features small size, lightweight, high power, and high reliability. In the design of this SHM, the first backward spatial harmonic wave of $\pi /2 - 1$ mode was used for beam–wave interaction. Then particle-in-cell code was employed to analyze its characteristics, including dispersion, mode separation, field distribution, and electron spokes. Based on the simulation results, a prototype of the miniaturized $W$ -band SHM was fabricated. The test data showed the device was able to deliver an output power of $\sim 2.0$ kW. Note that this magnetron has a dimension of only 36 mm $\times \,\, 36$ mm $\times \,\, 80$ mm and a weight of less than 270 g with magnets. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents a new and simple finite-control set model predictive control strategy to reduce the torque ripple in permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). The method is based on minimizing a cost function that considers the flux linkage torque harmonics obtained from a discrete-time model of the machine. The power converter switching state that minimizes this cost function is selected and applied during a whole sampling period. Additionally, it is proposed to mitigate the other source of torque ripple, known as cogging-torque, using a feed-forward signal applied to the torque control loop. A hybrid method that uses the output information from an observer and look-up table is presented to obtain a good cogging-torque estimation and thus an accurate mitigation of this disturbance torque at low rotational speed. Experimental results demonstrate the good performance of the torque ripple compensation methods presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]