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Based on the current shortage of genuine/false authentication and quality evaluation in the molecular identification, and the weak functional gene research in the establishment of two-dimensional molecular markering methods for Chinese materia medica, the authors proposed a new method, the bimolecular marking methods (BIMM) for Chinese materia medica, combining DNA marker and metabolomics marker, that could simultaneously research the species and quality differences at the molecular level at the present stage. The authors introduced the concept, principle, methods, and technical process of BIMM, and summarized the technical advantages in this paper. Meanwhile, the application of BIMM in the identification of multiple sources of Chinese materia medica, years-identification, different locations, elite germplasm research, discovery of new drugs resources, protection of new varieties was also discussed. As a supplement of two-dimensional molecular markering method for Chinese materia medica, BIMM would not only expand connotation of identification of Chinese materia medica but also provide another effective way for quality evaluating.

The genus Bambusa belongs to the subtribe Bambusinae and the subfamily Bambusoideae. The subgenera of Bambusa has not been satisfactorily circumscribed, and this remains a major taxonomic issue. Simultaneously, genera such as Dendrocalamus and Gigantochloa have not been confidently assigned to Bambusa. Here, the phylogenetic relationships among subgenera were investigated using five chloroplast DNA markers (rpl32-trnL, rpl16, matK, rbcL, and trnH-psbA) for a sample of 50 ingroup and 16 outgroup species. A total of 186 key morphological descriptors were studied for the 50 ingroup species. The results indicated that five chloroplast DNA markers were possible to distinguish Bambusa species from other species and divide them into several clusters. Phylogenetic analyses conducted using morphological descriptors and a combined marker (rpl32-trnL+rpl16) revealed three and five distinct lineages, respectively, among the currently recognized Bambusa species. The branching pattern of the dendrogram was not completely consistent with the classical taxonomic classification of Bambusa. In addition, not all varieties and cultivars were clustered with McClure classifications. As the maximum parsimony topology and morphological analyses were inconsistent, some clustering results overlapped. Overall, the results obtained here do not support the current classification of the Bambusa subgenera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We explore the phylogeography of Himalayan wolves using multiple genetic markers applied on a landscape‐scale dataset and relate our findings to the biogeographic history of the region. Location: Himalayas of Nepal, the Tibetan Plateau of China and mountain ranges of Central Asia. Taxon: Himalayan wolf (also called the Tibetan wolf), Canis lupus chanco. Methods: We present a large‐scale, non‐invasive study of Himalayan wolves from across their estimated range. We analysed 280 wolf scat samples from western China, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan at two mtDNA loci, 17 microsatellite loci, four non‐synonymous SNPs in three nuclear genes related to the hypoxia pathway, and ZF genes on both sex chromosomes. Results: Our results corroborate previous studies showing that the Himalayan wolf forms a distinct lineage adapted to high altitudes in excess of 4,000 m elevation. We found a correlation between hypoxia adaptation and the divergent Himalayan wolf mtDNA haplotype found across the Tibetan Plateau of Qinghai, the Tibetan Autonomous Region and the Nepalese Himalayas. We identified a region of admixture between Himalayan and grey wolves at the boundary of their distributions, where the Tibetan Plateau elevation gradually drops. Main Conclusion: Based on multiple genetic markers, the Himalayan wolf forms a reciprocally monophyletic lineage with a unique adaptation to high altitude. We propose that the divergence of the lineage is related to past uplift of the region, and that the lineage maintains its high‐altitude niche, in part, by means of its genetic adaptation to hypoxia. We conclude that the Himalayan wolf merits taxonomic recognition and designation as an evolutionary significant unit (ESU). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]