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Background: falls are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in older people. Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is considered an important risk factor for falls, but longitudinal studies have failed to show a clear association. This disparity may be because conventional methods of measuring blood pressure (BP) changes are too imprecise and/or the diagnostic criteria for OH are inappropriate. Over recent years, beat-to-beat BP monitoring techniques, which enabled accurate measurement of vasodepression, have become widely used and in 2011 the American Academy of Neurology produced revised diagnostic criteria for OH. Objective: to use beat-to-beat monitoring to compare the prevalence of OH using the standard and revised diagnostic criteria and to establish which criteria are most valuable in predicting future falls. Design: two hundred and ninety-seven community-dwelling older people aged ≥65 years underwent assessment. Active stand using digital photoplethysmography was used to record postural change in BP. One hundred participants were asked to complete prospective weekly falls diaries for 12 months. Results: OH, defined according to the revised American Academy of Neurology diagnostic criteria, affected 25% of participants and was an independent predictor of falls (odds ratio 10.299, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.703-61.43, P = 0.011) and time to first fall (hazard ratio 3.017, 95% CI: 1.291-7.050, P = 0.011). OH, defined according to standard criteria, affected 80% of the population and was not associated with falls. Conclusion: OH, defined according to 2011 criteria, is associated with falls and time to first fall. These findings indicate that beat-to-beat monitoring and the 2011 criteria for OH are valuable in the clinical assessment of older fallers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) is arbitrarily defined as ≥3 s asystole or vasodepression of ≥50 mmHg in response to carotid sinus massage (CSM). Using this definition, 39% of older people meet the criteria for CSH. It has been suggested that current criteria are too sensitive. Krediet et al. [The history of diagnosing carotid sinus hypersensitivity: why are the current criteria too sensitive? Europace 2011;13:14-22] and Kerr et al. [Carotid sinus hypersensitivity in asymptomatic older persons: implications for diagnosis of syncope and falls. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:515-20] have proposed modified criteria. This population-based study aimed to compare the prevalence of CSH defined according to standard, Krediet and Kerr criteria, and to establish if CSH defined according these criteria is associated with all-cause mortality.Methods and Results: A total of 272 community-dwelling people aged ≥65 were recruited at random. Carotid sinus massage was performed for 5 s in supine and head-up positions. Heart rate and blood pressure response were recorded using an electrocardiogram and photoplethysmography. Cox regression analysis was used to examine the association between each definition of CSH and all-cause mortality. The prevalence of CSH defined according to standard, Krediet, and Kerr criteria was 39, 52, and 10%, respectively. Seventy-one participants died over a mean follow-up of 8.6 years (SD 2.1). Carotid sinus hypersensitivity defined according to standard and Krediet criteria was not associated with survival. Carotid sinus hypersensitivity defined according to Kerr criteria was associated with all-cause mortality independent of age and sex [hazard ratio (HR) 2.023 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.131-3.618) P = 0.018)]. This remained significant after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors [HR 2.174 (1.075-3.900) P = 0.009].Conclusion: Carotid sinus hypersensitivity defined according to Kerr criteria is associated with increased mortality. This raises an interesting question as to the suitability of the current criteria used to define CSH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Greater ambulatory blood pressure variability (ABPV) is associated with end-organ damage and increased mortality. Age-related changes in the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous systems make age-associated increases in ABPV likely. Cross-sectional studies support this hypothesis, showing greater ABPV among older compared to younger adults. The only longitudinal study to examine changes in ABPV, however, found ABPV decreased over 5 years follow-up. This unexpected observation probably reflected the highly selected nature of the study participants. METHODS In this longitudinal study, we assessed changes in ABPV over 10 years in a community-cohort of older people. In addition, we examined the extent to which ABPV was predicted by demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, and medication. Clinical examination and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were carried out at baseline and at 10 years follow-up in 83 people, median age 70 years. ABPV was calculated using SD and coefficient of variation (Cv). Three time periods were examined: daytime, nighttime, and 24 hours. RESULTS Daytime and 24-hour, systolic and diastolic, SD, and Cv were significantly greater at follow-up than at baseline (P < 0.001 in all cases). Mean BP did not change. CONCLUSIONS Multilevel modeling showed follow-up interval had a significant, positive effect on SD and Cv (P < 0.004), independent of age, sex, and medication. ABPV increased over a 10-year follow-up despite stable mean BP. ABPV may therefore be an additional target for treatment in older people. Future studies should examine what degree of ABPV is harmful and if control of ABPV reduces adverse outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]