Search

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first emerged in China in November 2019. Most governments have responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by imposing a lockdown. Some evidence suggests that a period of isolation might have led to a spike in alcohol misuse, and in the case of patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD), social isolation can favour lapse and relapse. The aim of our position paper is to provide specialists in the alcohol addiction field, in psychopharmacology, gastroenterology and in internal medicine, with appropriate tools to better manage patients with AUD and COVID-19,considering some important topics: (a) the susceptibility of AUD patients to infection; (b) the pharmacological interaction between medications used to treat AUD and to treat COVID-19; (c) the reorganization of the Centre for Alcohol Addiction Treatment for the management of AUD patients in the COVID-19 era (group activities, telemedicine, outpatients treatment, alcohol-related liver disease and liver transplantation, collecting samples); (d) AUD and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Telemedicine/telehealth will undoubtedly be useful/practical tools even though it remains at an elementary level; the contribution of the family and of caregivers in the management of AUD patients will play a significant role; the multidisciplinary intervention involving experts in the treatment of AUD with specialists in the treatment of COVID-19 disease will need implementation. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly leading addiction specialists towards a new governance scenario of AUD, which necessarily needs an in-depth reconsideration, focusing attention on a safe approach in combination with the efficacy of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitiligo is a kind of refractory, autoimmune locally, or systemically generalized depigmentation spots caused by the disappearance of melanocyte function in the skin. Acupuncture and related therapies are extensively utilized for treating vitiligo in China. The objective of this study is to succinctly encapsulate and meticulously assess the methodological and reporting caliber of systematic reviews (SRs) pertaining to acupuncture and associated therapeutic approaches, while concurrently offering an all‐encompassing body of evidence elucidating their efficacy and safety in the treatment of vitiligo. Methods: We performed an electronic literature search in eight databases to identify SRs that evaluated the efficacy of acupuncture therapy for vitiligo. The Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2) tool was used to evaluate the methodological and reporting quality of these SRs. The preferred reporting items for SRs and meta‐analyses were followed according to PRISMA (2020) guidelines. Additionally, the risk of bias in systematic reviews (ROBIS) was assessed to evaluate potential bias. The quality of evidence for outcome measures was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. Results: This study included 10 SRs and assessed a total of 13 outcome measures, all of which were published before June 2023. Acupuncture therapy was more effective than control conditions for the treatment of Vitiligo. The AMSTAR‐2 results indicated a critical deficiency in the methodological quality of all SRs, with items 7 and 16 demonstrating notably low quality. The reporting quality of the included SRs according to PRISMA was deemed unsatisfactory, with significant reporting flaws identified in the areas of Protocol and registration, Risk of bias across studies, Study selection, and Limitations. According to the ROBIS assessment, 5 out of the total number of SRs (50.00%) were found to have a high risk of bias. Out of the total of 62 outcomes evaluated using the GRADE framework, 9 outcomes (14.51%) exhibited high‐quality evidence, 20 outcomes (32.26%) demonstrated moderate‐quality evidence, 19 outcomes (30.65%) presented low‐quality evidence, while 14 outcomes (22.58%) indicated very low‐quality evidence. Conclusions: This overview shows that Acupuncture therapy was more effective than the control treatment for Vitiligo. Nevertheless, given the subpar methodological quality of the reviews, we recommend conducting studies with stricter designs, larger sample sizes, and improved methodological and reporting quality to yield more robust evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Welfare for the disabled is becoming an important issue in China and care for people with intellectual disability is challenging because of the inadequacies in formal support and the social service system. Material and Method Based on ethnographic research in two villages in North China, this paper analyses the dilemmas of family care for people with intellectual disability. The essential data is the ethnographic record of three cases. Results Rural families strive to provide care through a set of arrangements and bear tremendous stress in the process. Conclusion Family care for people with intellectual disability in rural China has been increasingly challenged by the forces of labour migration, demographic changes and the ever-growing processes of commoditization. The role of the state has to be strengthened in welfare provision to balance the weakened family care ethos in transforming societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiac pheochromocytoma is extremely rare. Previous papers usually are reports of a single case. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) offers a useful option, but the features of cardiac pheochromocytoma on TTE have not been favorably reported. In this study, the findings of cardiac pheochromocytoma on TTE in nine cases were presented. Methods: TTE images (especially two-dimensional ultrasound) of nine patients with cardiac pheochromocytomas were analyzed retrospectively and compared with the findings from surgery. Results: Among the nine patients with cardiac pheochromocytomas identified in Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) clinical and echocardiographic database, TTE identified one cardiac tumor in seven cases (77.8%), two cardiac tumors in one case (11.1%), and a false-negative result in another (11.1%). Cardiac pheochromocytomas were usually located on the base of the heart, near the origin of great arteries. The tumors were usually round or ovoid, ranging from 1.4 cm to 7.7 cm in diameter, with homogeneous and moderate echoes and low activity. They could press or invade surrounding cardiac structures and influence hemodynamics. In this study the majority of cardiac pheochromocytoma seemed marginated and appeared to be encapsulated on TTE. Apical four-chamber view and parasternal short-axis view of the aortic valve were most effective in identifying cardiac pheochromocytomas. The findings on TTE were similar to those from surgical procedures. Conclusion: Cardiac pheochromocytomas presented characteristic TTE appearances in aspect of location, size, texture, and shape of tumors. Understanding of these characteristics on TTE can help correctly recognize this extremely rare disease. (Echocardiography 2012;29:153-157) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Postoperative delirium is a common mental complication that is often neglected by medical professionals. This survey aimed to determine the current opinions regarding postoperative delirium in anesthetists from Chinese university affiliated hospitals. Methods: A paper-based survey was administrated during an anesthesia forum held in Wuhan, China. A total of 320 copies of the questionnaire were distributed to the attendees from university affiliated hospitals. Results: Two hundred and twenty-five (70.3%) valid responses were collected. Postoperative delirium was regarded as a serious problem by 82.2% of respondents; 70.9% and 64.7%, respectively believed that regular assessment and active intervention should be implemented. However, 36.4% underestimated the incidence of postoperative delirium. Only 7.7% of respondents knew the exact diagnosis criteria according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, and less than half were aware that haloperidol could treat delirium. As to assessment practices, 86.1% respondents had never assessed delirium or performed assessments occasionally. Over 60% had never heard of the commonly applied delirium screening instruments. Discussion: An obvious disparity was found between the perceived significance and current practice of postoperative delirium among the population of anesthetists in Chinese university hospitals, suggesting that further education regarding postoperative delirium is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research and utilization of medicinal insects in China is introduced briefly in this paper. Medicinal insects have been used to treat human diseases from ancient times. There are approximately 300 medicinal insects species distributed in 70 genera, 63 families and 14 orders at present. An estimated 1700 traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions include medicinal insects or insect-derived crude drugs. Many insect-derived compounds have been studied and show efficient therapeutic functions. Techniques for mass rearing and cultivation of medicinal insects have been developed in order to have sufficient quantities of medicinal insects. Suggestions are made towards the uses of medicinal insects and it is proposed that insects will be a main resource for the future discovery of new drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports two cases in Hong Kong involving two native Chinese adolescent cancer patients (APs) who were denied their rights to consent to necessary treatments refused by their parents, resulting in serious harm. We argue that the dynamics of the ‘AP-physician-family-relationship’ and the dominant role Chinese families play in medical decision-making (MDM) are best understood in terms of the tendency to hierarchy and parental authoritarianism in traditional Confucianism. This ethic has been confirmed and endorsed by various Chinese writers from Mainland China and Hong Kong. Rather than giving an unqualified endorsement to this ethic, based more on cultural sentimentalism than rational moral reasoning, we warn that a strong familism in MDM, which deprives ‘weak’ family members of rights, represents the less desirable elements of this tradition, against which healthcare professionals working in this cultural milieu need to safeguard. Specifically for APs, we suggest that parental authority and family integrity should be re-interpreted in terms of parental responsibility and the enhancement of children's interests respectively, as done in the West. This implies that when parents refuse to consent to necessary treatment and deny their adolescent children's right to consent, doctors, as the only remaining advocates of the APs' interest, have the duty to inform the state, which can override parental refusal to enable the doctors to fulfill their professional and moral obligations. In so doing the state exercises its ‘parens patriae’ power to defend the defenseless in society and the integrity of the medical profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present paper was to compare the efficacy and safety of duloxetine with paroxetine in the acute treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). In a randomized, double-blind trial of 8 weeks active treatment, patients with non-psychotic MDD were randomized to duloxetine 60 mg ( n = 238) or paroxetine 20 mg ( n = 240) once daily. Efficacy was primarily measured on change in the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD17) using a non-inferiority test with a margin of 2.2. Secondary efficacy measures included the HAMD17 subscales, Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, Clinical Global Impressions–Severity, Patient Global Impressions–Improvement, Somatic Symptoms Inventory and Visual Analog Scales (VAS) for pain. Safety measures included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE), vital signs, weight, laboratory analyses and electrocardiograms. Non-inferiority of duloxetine to paroxetine was demonstrated because the upper bound of the confidence interval for mean difference in HAMD17 change (0.71) was less than the non-inferiority margin. Secondary efficacy end-points did not differ significantly between treatments with the exception of VAS back pain, where the pooled mean was lower in the duloxetine group (17.1) compared with the paroxetine group (20.3, P = 0.048). No significant differences were observed in the number of early discontinuations and overall TEAE. However, significantly greater proportions of patients in the duloxetine group experienced nausea and palpitations. No clinically relevant changes in laboratory values, vital signs, weight or electrocardiograms were observed with either treatment. The present study verifies the utility of duloxetine as an efficacious and safe treatment for both emotional and physical symptoms of MDD in this predominantly Asian patient sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcopenia is the age‐related loss of skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength or physical function. It is most common in elderly individuals. Due to its high incidence, insidious onset, and extensive impact on the body, it has a huge impact on the family medical burden and the social public health expenditure in China. The understanding of sarcopenia in China is still lacking, and the recommendations for prevention, control, and intervention are not clear and unified. The purpose of this consensus report is to standardize the prevention, control, and intervention methods for sarcopenia in elderly patients in China; improve the efficacy of intervention; reduce complications during the intervention process; and reduce the risk of falls, fractures, disability, hospitalization, and even death in elderly individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has a long history of pig rearing, and it currently raises and consumes approximately half of the pigs in the world. Major improvements have been made in pig farming in China in the last four decades with the growing application of new livestock farming technologies. Among the new improvements, the use of antibiotics in pig farming is a common but not well‐documented practise. In order to understand the behaviour of the farmers regarding antibiotic use in pig farming, we conducted a household survey in four townships of L County in Yunnan Province, China, during August 2014 and April 2015. In this survey, 404 farmer households were interviewed using a questionnaire. Among the farmers interviewed, 89% reported easy access to antibiotics, 83.7% reported experience of self‐purchasing antibiotics, and 40.3% reported that they often used antibiotics in pig farming mainly for the prevention and treatment of pig diseases. These farmers identified 20 antibiotics that they had used in pig farming 6 months before the survey. Of these, 11 and 8 antibiotics have been categorised under 'critically important' and 'highly important' antimicrobial groups, respectively, by the World Health Organization (WHO), and 12 and 8 have been categorised under the 'Watch' and 'Access' groups, respectively, as per the 2019 WHO AWaRe classification of antibiotics. Factors associated with the behaviour of self‐purchasing antibiotics included types of farms, sources of antibiotics, and previous experiences of pig diseases: those who were smallholders, buying antibiotics from veterinary drugstores and village vets, and whose pigs had suffered diseases previously were more likely to self‐purchase antibiotics for their pigs. Farmers who cleaned their pigsties less frequently and those whose pigs had suffered from diseases used antibiotics more frequently as compared to their peer farmers. This survey conducted in a county in Yunnan Province of China finds out that 83.7% of the farmers reported 'self‐purchasing' antibiotics for their pigs and 40.3% of the farmers expressed that they 'often' use antibiotics in pig farming with the major purposes being prevention and treatment of pig diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of corn silk decoction on lipid profile in patients with angina pectoris. PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Google Scholar, Chongqing VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang database were searched up to January 2019 for randomized controlled trials that assessed the impact of corn silk decoction on total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with angina pectoris. Study evaluation and synthesis methods were in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook, and data were analyzed using Review Manager (version 5.3) software. Random effects model was applied in this systematic review and meta-analysis to compensate for potential heterogeneity among the included studies. A total of four randomized controlled trials were eligible for meta-analysis. Pooled results of these studies indicated that corn silk decoction might improve high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and reduce total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with angina pectoris. Subgroup analyses showed that corn silk decoction or modified corn silk decoction plus conventional pharmaceutical treatment could have favorable effects on blood lipids. However, the lack of blinding in most studies may have led to overestimation of these effects. Further studies with better design are needed to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though multiple factors are involved in the high fluctuation of voriconazole (VCZ) plasma concentration, little is known regarding the influence of proinflammatory cytokines on VCZ concentration. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of proinflammatory cytokines, namely, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐18, interferon‐γ, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 on VCZ trough concentration (VCZ‐Cmin) in Chinese patients with different forms of hematologic disorders. A total of 250 plasma samples from 113 patients were analyzed for VCZ‐Cmin and proinflammatory cytokines using a validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay methods, respectively. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics were obtained from hospital records. VCZ‐Cmin was significantly correlated with IL‐18 in acute myeloid leukemia (r = 0.456; P ˂.0001), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (r = 0.317; P =.019), and chronic myeloid leukemia (r = 0.737; P =.004) while VCZ‐Cmin and TGF‐β1 were correlated (r = 0.436; P ˂.001) in acute myeloid leukemia patients only. VCZ‐Cmin at different concentration range showed significant inhibitory effect of IL‐6. A backward multiple linear regression model revealed patient age (coefficient [β] = 0.025; P =.04), gamma‐glutamyl transferase (β = 0.003; P =.023), IL‐6 (β = –0.001; P =.024), proton pump inhibitor coadministration (β = 1.518; P =.002), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 polymorphism as predictors of VCZ‐Cmin; however, these factors explained only 29% of VCZ‐Cmin variation. In conclusion, IL‐18 and TGF‐β1 have correlation with VCZ‐Cmin in Chinese patients with leukemia. Apparently, VCZ may have an inhibitory effect on IL‐6 levels. Furthermore, patient age, gamma‐glutamyl transferase, IL‐6, PPI coadministration, and cytochrome P450 2C19 polymormorphism partially predicted the VCZ‐Cmin. Therapeutic drug monitoring of VCZ in Chinese patients is highly encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the psychometric testing using Rasch analysis of a test in Mandarin developed from the Claim Evaluation Tools database. Methods: We translated selected MCQs from the IHC Claim Evaluation Tools database to Mandarin and created a test including 24 MCQs covering 11 key concepts. We used purposeful sampling and surveyed children and adults in the Lanzhou area. In total 389 responses were entered into the analysis. We evaluated the psychometric properties of the test using Rasch analysis and the RUMM2030 software, testing for internal construct validity (multidimensionality), invariance of the items (item‐person interaction), and item bias (differential item functioning). Results: Overall, the psychometric properties of the test were found to be satisfactory. Based on findings from the Rasch analysis, we deleted three MCQs with suboptimal fit. Conclusions: The resulting test includes 21 MCQs and can be used in school and other teaching settings, in randomized trials evaluating outcomes of educational interventions, or in cross‐sectional studies in Mandarin‐speaking populations in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: BAY 81‐8973 (Kovaltry®) is a full‐length, unmodified recombinant human factor VIII approved in China for prophylaxis and on‐demand treatment in patients with haemophilia A. Limited access to FVIII prophylaxis in China has historically led to this population being undertreated. This subanalysis of LEOPOLD II investigated whether the efficacy and safety of BAY 81‐8973 varied between Chinese and non‐Chinese patients. Aim: To evaluate BAY 81‐8973 efficacy and safety in Chinese patients. Methods: LEOPOLD II enrolled males aged 12‒65 years with severe haemophilia A who were receiving on‐demand treatment. Patients were randomly assigned to receive BAY 81‐8973 as low‐dose prophylaxis (20‒30 IU/kg twice‐weekly), high‐dose prophylaxis (30‒40 IU/kg 3 times weekly) or on‐demand for 1 year. Results: Data were available from 23 Chinese and 57 non‐Chinese patients; Chinese patients had a higher prestudy bleeding rate and were more likely to have target joints than non‐Chinese patients. 74% of patients were assigned to prophylaxis. Annualized bleeding rates (ABRs) in Chinese and non‐Chinese patients receiving prophylaxis were significantly lower compared to patients treated on‐demand. Median ABRs for all bleeds in the last 6 months of the study were 2.0 and 1.0 for Chinese and non‐Chinese patients, respectively, in the combined prophylaxis groups, and 61.3 and 58.5 in the on‐demand group. A treatment‐related adverse event occurred in 1 Chinese patient; no patients developed FVIII inhibitors. Conclusion: BAY 81‐8973 prophylaxis was efficacious and well tolerated in Chinese patients with severe haemophilia A, with ABRs comparable to those in non‐Chinese patients receiving prophylaxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bronchiectasis is a rare complication in patients with thymic neoplasm. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and radiological manifestations, laboratory tests, pathologic features, and outcome of treatment of bronchiectasis in patients with thymic neoplasm. Methods: From January 2000 to January 2018, 20 patients with a diagnosis of thymic neoplasm and bronchiectasis were hospitalized at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Clinical data was retrospectively analyzed. Results: The prevalence of bronchiectasis in thymic neoplasms in our cohort was 1.56% (20/1279). Eighteen patients were diagnosed with thymoma, while two patients were diagnosed with thymic carcinoid. The duration from diagnosis of thymic neoplasm to bronchiectasis varied. Distributions of bronchiectasis were bilateral in 17 patients and unilateral in three patients. Four patients were previously diagnosed with diffuse panbronchiolitis and another two were suspected with diffuse panbronchiolitis. Twelve patients had various parathymic syndromes, including Good syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and aplastic anemia. Thymectomy was performed in all of these patients. Macrolide antibiotics were administered to 10 patients, and the symptoms improved in 8. Conclusion: Bronchiectasis is a complication in thymic neoplasms, although prevalence is low. There may be multifactorial etiologies for bronchiectasis in patients with thymic neoplasms. Comprehensive treatment should be carried out to ensure optimal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to evaluate combined effects of MESSAGE communication strategy and group reminiscence therapy (GRT) on elders with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in long-term care facilities in Changchun, China.Methods: This study is a nonrandomized controlled trial. Subjects included 60 elders with MCI. Participants were divided into intervention (MESSAGE communication strategy combined with GRT) and control groups (without any intervention). Primary outcomes comprised cognitive function and quality of life of elderly people, as measured by the Beijing version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Chinese (mainland) version of Short-Form 36 Health Survey assessment.Results: We observed significant changes in cognitive function with mean difference of 1.962 after 12 weeks (P = .000; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.341, 2.582), delayed memory dimension of 1.115 (P = .003; 95% CI = 0.417, 1.813). The intervention group exhibited the following improvements: general health of 14.731 (P = .000; 95% CI = 8.511, 20.951), mental health of 21.038 (P = .000; 95% CI = 17.301, 24.776), role-emotional of 26.925 (P = .003; 95% CI = 10.317, 45.533), and vitality of 14.231 (P = .000; 95% CI = 10.084, 18.377).Conclusions: Using a sample of Chinese elderly people with MCI and residing in long-term care facilities, we concluded that application of MESSAGE communication strategy combined with GRT resulted in improved cognitive function and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To estimate the long-term cost-effectiveness of exenatide twice daily vs insulin glargine once daily as add-on therapy to oral antidiabetic agents ( OADs) for Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes ( T2DM). Methods The Cardiff Diabetes Model was used to simulate disease progression and estimate the long-term effects of exenatide twice daily vs insulin glargine once daily. Patient profiles and treatment effects required for the model were obtained from literature reviews (English and Chinese databases) and from a meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials comparing exenatide twice daily with insulin glargine once daily add-on to OADs for T2DM in China. Medical expenditure data were collected from 639 patients with T2DM (aged ≥18 years) with and without complications incurred between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2015 from claims databases in Shandong, China. Costs (2014 Chinese Yuan [¥]) and benefits were estimated, from the payers' perspective, over 40 years at a discount rate of 3%. A series of sensitivity analyses were performed. Results Patients on exenatide twice daily + OAD had a lower predicted incidence of most cardiovascular and hypoglycaemic events and lower total costs compared with those on insulin glargine once daily + OAD. A greater number of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs; 1.94) at a cost saving of ¥117 706 gained was associated with exenatide twice daily vs insulin glargine once daily. (i.e. cost saving of ¥60 764/ QALY) per patient. Conclusions In Chinese patients with T2DM inadequately controlled by OADs, exenatide twice daily is a cost-effective add-on therapy alternative to insulin glargine once daily, and may address the problem of an excess of medical needs resulting from weight gain and hypoglycaemia in T2DM treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Little has been reported about the demographic and clinical features of major depressive disorder (MDD) with comorbid dysthymia in Chinese patients. This study examined the frequency of comorbid dysthymia in Chinese MDD patients together with the demographic and clinical correlates and prescribing patterns of psychotropic drugs. Methods Consecutively collected sample of 1178 patients with MDD were examined in 13 major psychiatric hospitals in China. Patients' demographic and clinical characteristics and psychotropic drugs prescriptions were recorded using a standardized protocol and data collection procedure. The diagnosis of dysthymia was established using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Medications ascertained included antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and mood stabilizers. Results One hundred and three (8.7%) patients fulfilled criteria for dysthymia. In multiple logistic regression analyses, compared to non-dysthymia counterparts, MDD patients with dysthymia had more depressive episodes with atypical features including increased appetite, sleep, and weight gain, more frequent lifetime depressive episodes, and less likelihood of family history of psychiatric disorders. There was no significant difference in the pattern of psychotropic prescription between the 2 groups. Conclusions There are important differences in the demographic and clinical features of comorbid dysthymia in Chinese MDD patients compared with previous reports. The clinical profile found in this study has implications for treatment decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We designed a jaundice colour card that could be used by the parents of neonates and validated it by comparing it with total serum bilirubin levels.Methods: There were 106 term Chinese neonates in the study. The majority weighed between 2500 g and 3499 g (63%) and had a gestational age of 37-40 weeks (77%). The jaundice colour card and photometric determination were used to screen for neonatal jaundice and compared with serum bilirubin.Results: The bilirubin levels were measured by mothers using the jaundice colour card, and 67% of the measurements were taken at 11-20 days (range 3-30). The measurements at the infant's forehead, cheek and sternum showed strong correlations with total serum bilirubin. The mean differences between the total serum bilirubin and the jaundice colour card measurements from the forehead, cheek and sternum were 1.9 mg/dL, 0.3 mg/dL and 1.5 mg/dL, respectively. When total serum bilirubin >13 mg/dL was used as the cut-off point, the areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves were 0.934 for the forehead, 0.985 for the cheek and 0.966 for the sternum.Conclusion: We established the validity of the jaundice colour card as a parental measurement tool for jaundice in Chinese neonates, and the cheek was the best measurement site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Worldwide, people who use drugs (PWUD) are among the populations at highest risk for HIV infection. In China, PWUD are primarily sentenced to compulsory detainment centres, in which access to healthcare, including HIV treatment and prevention services, is limited or non-existent. In 2008, China's 2008 Anti-Drug Law encouraged the development and use of community-based drug dependence rehabilitation, yet there is limited evidence evaluating the efficacy and challenges of this model in China. In this study, we explore these challenges and describe how cooperation between law enforcement and health departments can meet the needs of PWUD. Methods In 2015, we conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews with all four staff members and 16 clients of the Ping An Centre No. 1 for community-based drug treatment, three local police officers and three officials from the local Centre for Disease Control. Interviews explored obstacles in implementing community-based drug dependence treatment and efforts to resolve these difficulties. Transcripts were coded and analyzed with qualitative data analysis software (MAXQDA 11). Results We identified three challenges to community-based drug treatment at the Ping An Centre No. 1: (1) suboptimal coordination among parties involved, (2) a divergence in attitudes towards PWUD and harm reduction between law enforcement and health officials and (3) conflicting performance targets for police and health officials that undermine the shared goal of treatment. We also identified the take-home methadone maintenance treatment model at the Ping An Centre No. 1 as an example of an early successful collaboration between the police, the health department and PWUD. Conclusions To overcome barriers to effective community-based drug treatment, we recommend aligning the goals of law enforcement and public health agencies towards health-based performance indicators. Furthermore, tensions between PWUD and police need to be addressed and trust between them fostered, using community-based treatment centres as mediators. The preliminary success of the take-home methadone maintenance treatment pilot can serve as an example of how collaboration with the police and other government agencies can meet the needs of PWUD and contribute to the success of community-based treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease has become the leading cause of death and constitutes a serious public health issue in China. Faced with the burgeoning epidemic of cardiovascular disease and the huge burden and economic losses it causes, the Chinese government has attached the utmost importance to cardiovascular research, increasing funding to support basic and clinical studies, integrating resources and recruiting outstanding talent from overseas. The continued and growing support from the government has yielded substantial changes in terms of new discoveries, scientific publications and drug research and development within the last decade. In spite of the advances in cardiovascular research, China still faces significant challenges ahead in encouraging innovation, developing the prevention-oriented health policies and strengthening international collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linked Articles: This article is part of a themed section on Chinese Innovation in Cardiovascular Drug Discovery. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-23. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of osteoprotegerin ( OPG) gene therapy on alveolar bone resorption caused by experimental periodontitis in rats, thus forming a foundation for potential clinical applications of OPG gene therapy in the treatment of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Material and Methods To study the effects of OPG on alveolar bone protection, an experimental periodontitis model was used by placing a bacterial plaque retentive silk ligature in the gingival sulcus around the maxillary second molar tooth, injection of Porphyromonas gingivalis and high carbohydrate diet. A total of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, with 10 rats in each group: group I (control) was treated with 10 μL normal saline injection; group II with 10 μL mock vector; and group III with 10 μL local OPG gene transfer by transfection with in vitro constructed pcDNA3.1- human OPG (pcDNA3.1-hOPG). A subperiosteal injection was done adjacent to the second molars on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. Four weeks later, all animals were killed and radiographic, histological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed. Statistical analysis included ANOVA and LSD-Bonferroni test. Results Group III ( OPG gene therapy) had significantly enhanced ( p < 0.05) integrated optical density of OPG, had significantly decreased alveolar bone resorption volume and active osteoclast number ( p < 0.05) through descriptive histological examination when compared with the other two groups at week 4. Conclusion Local recombinant OPG plasmid-mediated gene therapy suppresses osteoclastogenesis in vivo and inhibits alveolar bone height reduction caused by experimental periodontitis in rats. OPG gene therapy may be beneficial in preventing progressive periodontal bone loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Perineal soaking is of crucial importance for skin preparation before the male urethral open operation; however, soaking solutions vary across the world. The aim of this research was to explore the bacteriostasis efficacy of the different soaking solutions in perineal skin preparation before the operation. Thirty-six patients were randomly divided into three groups. In Group A, 0·1% povidone iodine was used to soak the 12 patients' perineum to reduce the bacterial load of the skin preparation before the operation. Similarly, combination of 0·1% povidone iodine and 1·6% saline for Group B and 1·6% saline for Group C was used. Bacteria samples were collected in four sites of the patients' perineum, before soaking, 1 d after soaking and 2 d after soaking, respectively. No serious adverse reactions were observed. There was a significant lower bacteria load in Group C after soaking ( P = 0·032). For penoscrotal junction, there were significant lower bacteria loads after soaking in both Group A and Group B compared with Group C ( P = 0·009), and there was significant lower bacteria load after soaking in Group A ( P = 0·001) and Group B ( P = 0·017). Similar with penoscrotal junction, bacteria load at the bottom of the scrotum decreased significantly in Group A ( P = 0·001) and Group B ( P = 0·002) and there were significant lower bacteria loads after soaking in both Group A and Group B compared with Group C ( P = 0·041). In the middle of the penis, still, there were significant lower bacteria loads after soaking in both Group A and Group B compared with Group C ( P = 0·019), and there was significant lower bacteria load after soaking in Group A ( P = 0·012) and Group B ( P = 0·006). In conclusion, combination of 0·1% povidone iodine and 1·6% saline solution for the preoperative skin preparation of male open urethral operation is safe and efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To evaluate the effects of non-equilibrium plasma in the treatment of ligature-induced peri-implantitis in beagle dogs. Materials and Methods Six beagles received 12 implants installed in the position of the fourth mandibular premolars. Ligature-induced peri-implantitis was initiated at 3 months post-implantation. When approximately 40% of the supporting bone was lost, the ligatures were removed. The implants were subjected to the muco-periosteal scaling and chlorhexidine irrigation with or without plasma irrigation. Three months later, clinical, radiographic and microbiological analyses were performed. Block biopsies were prepared for micro- CT and histomorphometric analysis. The primary outcome was the difference in bone healing of peri-implant sites, and the secondary outcomes included changes in clinical parameters ( SBI, PD) and bacterial detection. Results At baseline, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. At 3 months post-treatment, the plasma group showed a significantly higher bone level than the control group ( p < 0.05), a significantly decreased detection of bacteria ( Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia) ( p < 0.05), and a significant improvement in clinical examination ( p < 0.05). Conclusions Within the limits of this study, non-equilibrium plasma treatment as an adjunct to the conventional therapy is a feasible approach for the treatment of peri-implantitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim This study was to investigate the correlation between ovarian chocolate cysts and serum carbohydrate antigen ( CA)-125 levels and to demonstrate the effect of ultrasound-guided interventional sclerotherapy ( UGIS) on serum CA-125 levels. Methods Based on the serum CA-125 level, as determined by chemiluminescence detection prior to UGIS, 105 patients with ovarian chocolate cysts were divided into the normal group ( CA-125 ≤ 35 U/mL, 45 patients) and the abnormal group (35 U/mL < CA-125 ≤ 200 U/mL, 60 patients). There were six clinical indicators including age, disease duration, dysmenorrhea history, child-bearing history, abortion history and surgical history. The ultrasonography characteristics were cyst diameter, cyst wall thickness and the side on which the cyst occurred. The correlations between serum CA-125 levels pretreatment and the clinical indicators and ultrasonography characteristics was analyzed. The serum CA-125 levels pretreatment, 3 months post-treatment and 6 months post-treatment were compared. Results The pretreatment serum CA-125 levels of the 105 patients positively correlated with disease duration ( r = 0.3932, P = 0.0040), dysmenorrhea history ( r = 0.2351, P = 0.0111), cyst diameter ( r = 0.3415, P < 0.0001) and cyst wall thickness ( r = 0.4263, P < 0.0001). Compared with the pretreatment level, the mean serum CA-125 level in the abnormal group at 3 months post-treatment was significantly lower ( P < 0.01), and at 6 months post-treatment, the mean serum CA-125 level had decreased to a normal level ( P < 0.01). Conclusion UGIS significantly decreased abnormal serum CA-125 levels in patients with ovarian chocolate cysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The present article aimed to explore and evaluate the epidemiology and determine the status of hypertension awareness, treatment and control in Henan province, China. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Thirty counties in Henan province of China. Participants There were 18 772 randomly selected 15-74 years old. Main outcome measures The distribution of blood pressure and prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension based on automated electronic monitor and questionnaire. Results The crude prevalence of hypertension was 24.9%, and the standardised rate was 26.6%, meaning about 25 million were hypertensive in Henan province. Of which, 46% were aware of their hypertension diagnosis, 35.7% were having antihypertensive medicine, only 10.4% had their blood pressure controlled less than 140/90 mmHg, and 29.1% were being controlled when they were having antihypertensive medicine. Conclusions Hypertension is highly prevalent in Henan province, but the levels of hypertension awareness, treatment and control are low. Therefore, necessary actions including prevention, detection and treatment must be taken to keep the situation from worsening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Carbendazim has been used in the control of Fusarium head blight ( FHB) for more than 30 years in China. Thus, carbendazim-resistant ( CarR) populations of Gibberella zeae have developed in some areas. In this study, 9341 G. zeae isolates were collected from the ten main wheat-producing regions of China in the period from 2008 to 2012, and sensitivity to carbendazim was detected. RESULTS A high frequency of CarR isolates was observed in Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces. CarR isolates were recovered from Anhui and Henan provinces in 2009 and 2012, respectively, but were not detected in the other six regions. Available ( F167Y, E198Q and F200Y) and newly developed ( E198L and E198K) allele-specific PCR assays were used to genotype field CarR isolates. The β-tubulin variants harbouring point mutation F167Y or E198Q accounted for >95% in CarR populations. Quantitative allele-specific real-time PCR assays were developed to determine the frequencies of five different β-tubulin variants present in populations of perithecia sampled from rice stubble. CONCLUSION CarR populations of G. zeae develop rapidly under the selection pressure of carbendazim. Real-time PCR assays detecting the resistance frequencies in populations of perithecia would provide useful information for FHB control and management of resistance. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective Systemic macrolide antibiotic administration has been shown to result in the elimination or reduction cyclosporine A-induced gingival overgrowth. Roxithromycin ( ROX) is known to have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and tissue reparative effects. This study was to evaluate the effect of adjunctive ROX therapy on cyclosporine A-induced gingival overgrowth and interleukin ( IL)-1β, transforming growth factor ( TGF)-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) levels in gingival crevicular fluid of renal transplant patients. Material and Methods Thirty-one patients with clinically significant overgrowth and 16 periodontally healthy subjects were included in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study. Patients received scaling and root planing ( SRP) at baseline and randomized to take either ROX or placebo for 5 d. The clinical parameters, including plaque index, papillary bleeding index, probing depth and gingival overgrowth scores, were recorded. The amounts of IL-1β, TGF-β1 and VEGF in gingival crevicular fluid were detected by ELISA. Periodontal parameters as well as gingival crevicular fluid biomarker levels were evaluated at baseline and at 1 and 4 wk post-therapy. Results Following SRP plus ROX and SRP plus placebo therapy, significant improvements in clinical periodontal parameters of both study groups were observed ( p < 0.025). In the ROX group, adjunctive ROX therapy resulted in a greater gingival overgrowth scores reduction compared with those in the placebo group at 4 wk ( p < 0.017). Initial amounts of IL-1β, TGF-β1 and VEGF for both the ROX and placebo groups were significantly higher than those for healthy subjects ( p < 0.017), with no statistical difference between the two study groups. At 1 and 4 wk post-therapy, significant decreases in the amounts of IL-1β, TGF-β1 and VEGF were observed in both study groups when compared with baseline ( p < 0.025), but there was no difference in the levels of IL-1β and VEGF between the two study groups. The amount of decrease in TGF-β1 levels for the ROX group was statistically significant compared to that for the placebo group at 4 wk after treatment ( p < 0.017). Conclusion Our study indicated that combination of ROX with non-surgical therapy improves gingival overgrowth status and decreases gingival crevicular fluid TGF-β1 levels in patients with severe gingival overgrowth. The reduction of gingival crevicular fluid TGF-β1 following ROX therapy suggests an anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory effect of ROX on the treatment of cyclosporine A-induced gingival overgrowth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of 25, 100, and 150 mg equivalents (eq.) of paliperidone long-acting injection in Chinese subjects with schizophrenia. Methods This was an open-label, randomized, parallel group, multicenter study. A total of 48 patients were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to one of three groups. Sequential blood samples were collected immediately before injection on day 1 and up to 210 days after the first injection. The plasma paliperidone concentrations were determined by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. Results A total of 47 patients received at least one injection of the study medication, and 43 completed the study. The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, such as time to maximum concentration, t1/2, and CL/F, were comparable across the three treatment groups ( p = 0.935, 0.349, and 0.794, respectively). The differences in maximum plasma concentration, AUC (035 days), AUC (0-210 days), and AUC (0-∞) were significant ( p < 0.001) and dose proportional. The inter-individual variation of PK parameters was large. The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events were prolactin level increasing, injection site pain, tremor, dry mouth, and constipation. Conclusions The pharmacokinetics of paliperidone palmitate are linear with respect to time in Chinese subjects with schizophrenia at injections from 25 to 150 mg eq. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction This study examined the validity and reliability of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 ( PHQ-9) and Patient Health Questionnaire-2 ( PHQ-2). The optimal cutoff score when screening for depression among Chinese college students was also determined. Methods A total of 959 participants completed the PHQ-9 and the Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI) questionnaire. The Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders was used to diagnose depression. Statistical tests were performed to determine the reliability, validity, and receiver operating characteristic curve of the data. The concurrent validity was tested by examining associations between PHQ-9 and BDI. The sensitivity and specificity, as well as the positive and negative predictive values, were calculated for different cutoff scores of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2. Results The internal consistency values of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 were 0.854 and 0.727, respectively. The test-retest reliability values of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 were 0.873 and 0.829, respectively. The scores of PHQ-9 ( r = 0.790) and PHQ-2 ( r = 0.651) were significantly associated with that of BDI. PHQ-9 had an optimal cutoff score of 11, which indicated a sensitivity of 0.89 and a specificity of 0.97, with an area under the curve of 0.977 (95% confidence interval: 0.966-0.988). The PHQ-2 demonstrated satisfactory sensitivity (0.81) and specificity (0.96) at the cutoff score of 3, and its area under the curve was 0.939. Discussion The PHQ-9 and the PHQ-2 are valid and reliable tools to screen depression in Chinese college students. For screening purposes, cutoff scores of 11 and 3 are recommended for PHQ-9 and PHQ-2, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review investigated drug utilization for depression and assessed trends in prescriptions in China. Major Western and Chinese electronic databases were searched without language restriction for studies reporting defined daily doses. A total of 76 studies published between 2000 and 2010 reporting data on prescriptions for depression in China between 1996 and 2008 were included. All studies were published in Chinese. Most trials were conducted in urban areas in south and east China. Twenty-nine drugs were reported as antidepressants. On the basis of defined daily doses, melitracen/flupentixol combination, fluoxetine, and paroxetine were the most frequently prescribed compounds. According to published evidence, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have become the most commonly prescribed class of antidepressant drugs in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on acupuncture, one of the "alternative" and "complementary" therapies from China. It mentions the use of acupuncture on erectile problems such as premature ejaculation (PM) on men, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and chronic prostatitis. Moreover, it features the insights of people related to acupuncture such as Joseph Alban and Jillian L. Cappodice .

There is a growing interest about psychological therapy and training in Asian countries. However, there is a paucity of information on how psychological therapy is practiced in Asia. In this article, we discussed 3 methods of psychological therapy in the management of anxiety and depression in Chinese patients - mindfulness meditation, Chinese Taoist cognitive psychotherapy ( CTCP) and brief integrative psychological therapy ( BIPT). The CTCP for generalized anxiety disorders was a multi-site randomized study conducted in China. It was found that CTCP reduced symptoms more slowly than anxiolytics but the effect of CTCP was still significant at 6-month follow-up. The mindfulness meditation study examined the outcome of a community training program on the management of mild anxiety. We found that overall mental well-being and anxiety symptoms were significantly improved during the period of the training course. The BIPT project was a naturalistic study of elderly people with depression at an outpatient psychiatric clinic. Results from this study indicated that BIPT was as effective although the onset of recovery was slower compared with BIPT combined with an antidepressant. In the 3 methods discussed, cultural issues are explored with affirmation of cultural values and reinforcement of culturally sanctioned coping pattern. Brief therapy and integration are the psychotherapeutic zeitgeist of the 21st century in Asia and we hope that there will be more studies on psychological therapy from different Asian countries in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2011 Background. Caries in children younger than 72 months is called early childhood caries (ECC). Sixty-six per cent of Chinese children younger than 5 years old have dental decay, and about 97% of them are untreated. Aims. This in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the remineralization effects of the casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) crème on the artificial early enamel lesions of the primary teeth and to assess its caries-prevention efficiency. Design. Enamel specimens with artificial early lesions were produced and were then randomly divided into Group A: distilled and deionized water, DDW, as negative control; Group B: CPP-ACP crème, test group; Group C: 500 ppm NaF solution, as positive control. The enamel surface microhardness (SMH) was measured before, after demineralization, and 30 days after remineralization. The results were analysed with the SPSS 13.0 software package. The enamel specimens were analysed by the scanning electron microscope. Results. The CPP-ACP crème increased SMH of the eroded enamel significantly more than 500 ppm NaF solution did. The morphology of the enamel was different in each group. Conclusions. The CPP-ACP crème is effective in remineralizing early enamel lesions of the primary teeth, a little more effective than 500 ppm NaF and can be used for the prevention of ECC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the availability and quality of emergency obstetric care (EmOC) received by women in a rural Chinese province.Methods: The study was conducted in 7 rural counties and townships in Shanxi Province, China. Data sources included interviews with 7 hospital leaders, 5 maternal and child health workers, and 7 obstetricians; 118 records of complicated delivery were audited, 21 Maternal and Child Health Annual Reports analyzed, and observations conducted of facilities and advanced labor care.Results: The number of comprehensive EmOC facilities was adequate in all counties. Three counties had fewer basic EmOC facilities than recommended and only 4 counties reached the recommended level. Most of the existing township hospitals did not provide birthing services. All the county hospitals could perform cesarean deliveries with rates from 6.8%-40.8%. The management of complications was not evidence-based. For example, women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia were given too little magnesium sulfate; women were not closely monitored for hemorrhage after birth and the partograph was used incorrectly with consequences for obstructed labor.Conclusion: Basic EmOC facilities are not adequate and township hospitals should be upgraded to provide birthing services. The quality of EmOC is poor and needs improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tropical Medicine & International Health is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents a qualitative study of the subjective experiences of 24 Chinese adolescents and young women who have been suffering from anorexia nervosa and who have received family treatment from a university-based family treatment centre in Hong Kong. In-depth post-treatment interviews were conducted and have been transcribed and thematised using content analysis. The narratives that have emerged have facilitated hearing the clients' and their family members' voices, especially in the areas of (a) perceived concepts of family therapy, (b) the perceived therapeutic relationship and its linkage to positive change, (c) perceived intervention strategies as employed in family treatment and (d) the participants' own role in problem-solving. The study has enabled the author to refine the family treatment model, which has been adapted from the Micucci's (1998) model, with additional components introduced by the author to enhance family treatment in a Chinese context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of eradicating Helicobacter pylori on dyspeptic symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia in China. Data sources: Randomized controlled trials conducted in China and those published between 1989 and April 2007. Review methods: The articles were retrieved from Chinese biomedicine Web database and Chinese scientific Journals database using proper MESH headings and assessed by two independent investigators according to established inclusion criteria. The characteristics of chosen articles were displayed for further analysis, and summary odds ratio were calculated to determine the overall effect of H. pylori eradication. All the data were entered and analyzed usingreview manager 4.1, and p < .05 was defined as statistically significant in all analysis. Results: Seven qualified trials were enrolled, and the summary odds ratio for improvement in dyspeptic symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia in whom H. pylori was eradicated was 3.61 (95%CI: 2.62, 4.98, p < .00001). The difference in the follow-up period did not influence the final outcomes. Conclusions: An improvement in dyspeptic symptoms occurred among Chinese patients with functional dyspepsia in whom H. pylori was eradicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The use of music as intervention for relieving pain has increased in recent years, prompting its growing use among the people of the western world. However, among Asians, music has long been used for this purpose and continues to be so today. Despite this common knowledge, Asians have not generally written about the therapeutic effects of music. Consequently, most of the published research studies supporting this claim were conducted in western settings using western music. PURPOSE: To describe the use of music as intervention in painful conditions as experienced by people in five Asian countries: China, Thailand, Philippines, South Korea and Taiwan. METHOD: Descriptive survey of studies using music as intervention for painful conditions conducted in selected five Asian countries. FINDINGS: Twelve studies including theses and dissertations, published and unpublished, were found; however, only nine met the inclusion criteria. Data were categorized according to research design, sample size, gender, age, duration of music, frequency of music intervention, types of pain and instruments used to measure pain, conceptual or theoretical frameworks and statistical significance of the study. Five of the nine studies declared significant decrease in pain, while three reported mixed results. Fundamentally, the findings of the studies suggested that with music, relief of pain was possible. IMPLICATIONS: The mixed results imply the need for further investigation of the effects of music in painful conditions. Thus, the authors suggest continuing studies on the effects of music as intervention in painful conditions, and encourage increasing global dissemination of these studies, particularly in international journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To review advances in burns care in Hong Kong over the past five years and compare these with global advances. Methods: Global advances have been summarized from literature reviews and current practices detailed from published and ongoing local studies. Results: Hong Kong is providing a world class burns service and makes a significant contribution to evolving clinical practice on a global scale. Conclusions: Burns care is continually evolving and survival per se is not the significant challenge it was in previous decades. The emphasis remains on burns prevention but in the event of injuries occurring, quality of survival is the key issue which involves prompt and appropriate acute care, effective reconstruction and holistic rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TOPIC: Filial therapy as a therapeutic intervention to promote parent–child interaction and improve child's behavior across culture. PURPOSE: To review the state of the science of filial therapy and explore whether filial therapy would be an effective parenting program in China. SOURCES: Four research articles related to the impact of filial therapy, used with Chinese immigrants, Koreans, and Native Americans, were located in a search of nursing, medical, psychological, and social science literature. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated that filial therapy is a culturally sensitive and effective intervention. The overall limitations, some recommendations for future research, and the discussion of efficacy of filial therapy in China were provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this exploratory study was to describe the type and nature of psychosocial nursing interventions provided for cardiac clients in Hong Kong's Community Rehabilitation Centres (CRNs). DESIGN/METHODS: Using a two-phase case study design data were collected from nurses, cardiac clients and their caregivers. The initial phase focused on identifying the types of psychosocial interventions provided. These data were obtained by observing nursing activities and the keeping of daily journals by the nurses. The second phase acquired data from structured telephone interviews, that reviewed clients' perceptions of the psychosocial interventions provided by the nurses and face-to-face interviews with clients and their caregivers. FINDINGS: These findings revealed that the nurses' interpersonal skills of information giving, social support and counselling were highly valued by cardiac clients and their caregivers. Both clients and caregivers outlined a concern about the lack of individual care and this was reflected in the focus of the CRN on group processes. CONCLUSION: Recommendations for psychosocial cardiac care are made for public health nurses and nurses working in community settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAims: Many treatment trials for Helicobacter pylori have been reported but few have evaluated treatment in terms of both cost and effectiveness. It is important to find a therapy with a high eradication rate and low cost, especially in China. The aim of the study is to assess the efficiency of therapy for duodenal ulcers, including ulcer healing, H. pylori eradication and ulcer recurrence. Methods: Ninety-six consecutive patients with duodenal ulcers and H. pylori infection were randomly allocated into two groups: AMT group (amoxycillin + metronidazole + tagamet); OA group (omeprazole + amoxycillin). Side-effects were recorded during the treatment period. Endoscopic examinations were repeated at the 7th or 8th week to assess ulcer healing. Patients were followed up for 6 months and repeat endoscopy was performed. Ulcer healing rate, H. pylori eradication rate and ulcer recurrence rate were compared. All costs were recorded and a cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted. Results: In the AMT and OA groups, the ulcer healing rate was 83.7 and 93.5%, respectively (P = 0.27). The eradication rate of H. pylori was 65.1 and 69.6%, respectively and was significantly higher in patients with an ulcer diameter ≤ 1 cm compared with those with an ulcer diameter > 1 cm, irrespective of treatment group. There was no difference in recurrence rate, duration of pain or the time lost because of the disease. Moderate or severe side-effects were found in 8.9% in AMT group and 6.5% in OA group. The cost of treatment for ulcer healing, H. pylori eradication and reduction in ulcer recurrence were all lower in the AMT group than in the OA group. Sensitivity analysis supported the result that AMT was more cost effective than OA. Conclusions: The AMT therapy was more effective and less costly than the OA therapy, especially in patients with H. pylori-related duodenal ulcers < 1 cm diameter. © 1999 Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study describes tooth mortality levels and pattern of prosthetic treatments in a sample of 1744 Chinese aged 20-80 yr who are residents of Beijing area. Complete edentulousness was rarely seen before the age of 60 yr. Beyond this age up to 26% were edentulous, depending on age and sex. The mean number of teeth present ranged from 10.0 to 29.7 depending on age, sex, and area of residence. Below the age of 60 yr very few persons had experienced extensive loss of teeth but thereafter the number of teeth missing was substantially increased. Prosthetic treatments in the form of partial dentures, crowns, and bridges were frequently observed even in the younger age groups. In all age groups the number of teeth exhibiting caries lesions involving the pulp was much higher than the number of teeth exhibiting extensive mobility. Although many people retain a high number of teeth even late in life our findings indicate a substantial need for, in particular, relief of pain services. Concurrently, emphasis must be placed on preventive programs aiming at interfering with ongoing disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses endodontic treatment in China. According to the author, recordings of dental disease can be found in China by the period 1400-1100 B.C. The oracle bone inscription excavated from ruins of the Ying Dynasty showed the character meaning "caries." During that time people in China thought that caries was caused by the invasion of "worms" into teeth. Therefore the character "caries" was composed of a worm on top of a tooth. In "Nei-jing," the earliest known medical book in China, paragraphs about using acupuncture for the treatment of dental caries, especially for relieving pain, can be found.

A letter to the editor is presented which addresses research regarding the management of novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC)-related bleeding in frail elderly adults in China, and it mentions renal function degeneration, low body weight, and other bleeding-related risks.