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The traditional movement toward educational reform at the beginning of the last century emphasized the individual child and his or her experiential world. The current paper addresses the question why reform schools such as Rudolf Steiner’s Waldorf schools could easily be incorporated in the National-Socialist political movement in the thirties of the last century. After the Second World War the crucial issue for pedagogues and educators was how children could be guided to become less susceptible to the ideological temptations of Nazism and of totalitarianism in general. The initiators of the Frankfurter Schule (Horkheimer, Adorno) focussed on psychoanalytic determinants of vulnerability for this totalitarian seduction and introduced the concept of ‘the authoritarian personality’. Instead of psychoanalysis we use here Piaget’s and Kohlberg’s theory and research on moral development to address this same question of susceptibility to anti-democratic racist, sexist, militarist and nationalist movements, following pathf inding work of the second generation Frankfurters Habermas and Lempert. Social-psychological experiments and cultural anthropological studies are consulted to examine what role social-cultural context plays. In most social settings people can be easily nudged into conformism and thus triggered into uncritical acceptance of authoritarian leadership. Individuals with some resilience against such pressures might be characterised with a high level of moral reasoning. Some studies linking moral argumentation to political orientation suggest ways in which a ‘political pedagogy’ might contribute to harnessing such findings for anti-fascist educational applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I explain the difference between the notions possessive dative and possessive accusative as used by me and other linguists like Vandeweghe (e.g. 1986 and 1987) and the notions dative and accusative inalienable possessors as used in Broekhuis et al. (2015). It is not so much the difference in the descriptive system I want to focus on, but the difference in aim. Broekhuis et al. want to specify the syntactic encoding of 'inalienable possession' and come to the conclusion that the possessor of the inalienable possession is always the referent of an indirect object, be it on different syntactic levels. I want to explain why this is the case. This can be done by showing that the complex predicates in inalienable possession constructions are comparable to the dative verbs in constructions with a regular indirect object, due to the fact that they contain a constituent referring to inalienable possession. Our descriptions have much in common and if we see them as complementary, they can profit from each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-leadership in meetings: A multimodal discourse analytical study In the last decade, leadership has been increasingly studied from a discursive perspective and attention has been drawn to how this process of influencing others towards achieving organizationally relevant goals, takes place in real life. Yet, not many studies have looked at (1) the way in which co-leadership constellations are negotiated in interaction, and (2) how this process takes place by means of verbal as well as non-verbal resources. In this paper, we integrate a multimodal perspective into our discourse analytical approach and analyze the co-leadership practices taking place during a scouting group meeting. In our analyses, we draw on the concepts of proximal and distal deontic status and stance to investigate these leadership processes in interaction, while also drawing attention to the role of epistemics in relation to how these deontic rights are enacted. From these analyses, we conclude that (1) in this co-leadership constellation, deontic rights are neatly divided, sometimes also in relation to the participants' epistemic statuses; and (2) in spite of some ostensive challenges to the exertion of proximal and distal deontic claims, only claims that are congruent with the speakers' statuses turn out to be influential in the interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both Dutch and (West) Frisian make use of the exclamative particle wat ('how'), that adds an element of surprise about a high degree of something to the semantics of the sentence. In this paper I will first show the similarities between the use of the particle in the two languages. I will demonstrate that, in Dutch, its use is largely confined to constructions that are semantically scalable, whereas in Frisian this restriction is far less strict. I will explain the difference by showing that Dutch wat is a syntactic amplifier of lexical phrases, whereas Frisian wat has developed into a pragmatic amplifier of the core predicate. I will try to account for that difference by showing how homophonous words absent in Dutch are likely to have influenced the use of Frisian wat, and how Dutch prosody strengthens the connection between wat and the amplified lexical phrase, whereas Frisian prosody weakens it. Finally, I will show that the system described as 'Frisian' is occasionally found in varieties of Dutch too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the two 'international' or ecumenical associations of athletes and artists in the Roman empire, the so-called xystic and thymelic synods. These associations played a key role in the world of Greek competitive festivals (agones). They not only provided practical assistance to their members and protected their professional and economic interests, they also contributed to the organisation of the competitions and supported the central authorities in keeping up an official festival calendar. Hence, they were not merely a side effect of the expansion of Greek festivals across the Roman empire, they were an important factor in making this expansion possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I point out remarkable similarities between the Orestes myth and the Arabic story of al-Zir. In addition to the parallels adduced by the Egyptian critic Louis 'Awad (1968) and in my earlier study 'Blood on the Wedding Bed' (2017), I argue here that the killing of a she-camel which ignited the Arabic Basus War is a parallel to Agamemnon's killing of a sacred deer on the eve of the Trojan War. I propose five criteria to distinguish between weak and strong parallels, and argue that there are not only similarities between single episodes from the Orestes myth and the story of al-Zir, but that the main plot line of both stories is also conspicuously similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the concept of credibility as a focal point, this article explores inclusive and decolonised classroom dynamics in the Dutch universities. Though much has been written on diversity and decolonisation in higher education, from curricula to epistemology to recruitment, there is a dearth in the discourse when it comes to decolonisation of classrooms. Drawing on Sally Haslanger's conceptualisation of 'credibility' in classroom dynamics (2014), I focus on the intricate ways of classroom interaction which can usher those present in retracting from participating and engaging in class due to micro-aggressions, intimidation, or oppression in any form. As class participation and engagement are pivotal to success in the current format of academia that values individual participation and visibility, especially so in the Humanities, special attention to credibility addresses how classrooms can be transformed into inclusive teaching environments for all. The main question of this paper is: how are inclusive classrooms, in which every attendee feels credible as a knowledge producer, created and sustained? Classroom dynamics are complicated when both visibly and invisibly 'marked' attendees join the classroom, as power dynamics, inherent biases, and (micro-) aggressions can become hurdles in the learning process. It is the coloniality (Quijano & Ennis, 2000) of the classroom and the overrepresentation of Man (McKittrick, 2014) which I first analyse to demonstrate the need for decolonisation of the classroom. Then, I show the innovative investigative lens that the concept of credibility can offer in analysing classrooms through an illustration. Based on this exploration of classroom credibility, tools to evaluate the coloniality of classrooms and strategies to decolonise the classroom may be formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dutch canon offers 50 short texts that teach Dutch students about important parts of Dutch culture and history. Those texts are provided at three levels of complexity. The first part of this paper presents an automatic analysis of the linguistic features that have been modified in simplifying the texts. The versions differ most in word complexity and frequency, concreteness, syntactic complexity and cohesion. Smaller effects are found for human interest, and none for connectives. Correlations show that lexical and syntactic simplifications go hand in hand with increased cohesion. Given the text topic, syntax and cohesion are shown to vary more widely than word frequency and especially concreteness. The second part of the paper tests the comprehension effects of a particular medium-level simplification, concerning a text on the First World War. The main stylistic revisions concern lexical complexity and cohesion; furthermore, the revision ads headings. The experiment used a 2x2 design with stylistic level and headings (yes/no) as factors. 234 students from grades five, eight and nine answered comprehension questions. Across the board, we find higher comprehension scores for the stylistic revision; no heading effects are found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first overviews the results of eight experiments that examined the effects of school health communication about alcohol and tobacco on low educated adolescents. Overall, it was found that there was a short term knowledge increase but only among adolescents with less knowledge. Also, the attitude became more negative towards alcohol among adolescents who were more positive towards alcohol at baseline. All of these effects disappeared within a month. There were no effects on intention. Importantly, the format of the health communication did not matter. Results were largely identical for print and audiovisual versions, as well as for informational and narrative versions. Adding testimonials of adolescents to the print and audiovisual informational formats did not make a difference. The second part of this paper focuses on a ninth experiment that tested the effects of connectives in alcohol health education. Studies on school education texts suggested that texts are easier interpretable if sentences are linked by connectives, but so far this has not been tested on health education texts for low educated adolescents. Overall, we found no differential effects on knowledge, attitude, and intention between a condition with connectives and a condition without connectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the question how salience, i.e. the perceptual and cognitive prominence of language features (Kerswill & Williams 2002:63), can be studied and explained. Within language change studies, the concept of salience is often called upon to explain why certain language features are more prone to change than others, but empirical data to substantiate claims of salience are often lacking or non-convincing. In this paper, an overview is offered of ways in which salience can be studied empirically, building on the insights of recent perceptual dialectological research. It will be argued that a combination of techniques should be strived at, as this allows to combine the strengths of each approach. Subsequently, by offering an overview of existing hypotheses, the question will be addressed how salience can be explained. The formulated insights will be illustrated and tested by means of a multi-methodological salience experiment conducted in Flanders. This case study clearly shows (1) the advantage of an approach combining dialect imitation data and several types of interview data and (2) that salience is influenced by a variety of factors, such as the linguistic background of the listener and the context in which the feature occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a quasi-experimental study in two fifth grade classes, the effect of using the computer program ‘Snappet' on the growth in spelling ability was evaluated. Snappet consists of an application for use in primary education to instruct pupils in language, arithmetic and other subjects. Two classes with a total of 46 pupils participated in the study. Results show that pupils using the Snappet application showed a significantly smaller learning gain in spelling ability than students working with pencil and paper. It is concluded that teaching spelling with the Snappet application seems less efficient for the pupils in our sample than teaching spelling with pencil and paper and that further research is needed to ascertain what causes the negative effect of the application use with fifth grade pupils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the field of historical sociolinguistics and gives a brief impression of the advances made during the last three decades. Furthermore, the relationship between local and international perspectives is stressed, while discussing the papers in the present Taal & Tongval issue. Finally, new research perspectives and the importance of using original archive sources come to the fore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The legitimacy of climate policy is a necessary condition for the broad acceptance of government interventions and civic participation. News media are an important source of information for public perceptions and beliefs concerning climate change and climate policy, which people will use to grant or deny legitimacy. In this article we apply the theoretical perspective of media framing to analyse Dutch newspaper coverage of climate change and climate policy during April and May 2019, by means of systematic manual content analysis. We use these empirical findings to further reflect on their potential significance for policy legitimacy as experienced by their readership. Overall, the newspapers pay little attention to climate change as a contested phenomenon and to humanity's contribution to its cause and solution. In the fight to reduce CO2-emission, the Dutch government is portrayed as the principal agent. The responsibility of individual citizens is less often highlighted. Hence, newspaper coverage does not seem to challenge the fight against climate change as a legitimate policy goal. It does, however, pay ample attention to specific policy interventions to reduce CO2-emission and the controversies that surround them. In line with, or as a reflection of these findings, differences within public opinion are to be expected concerning the legitimacy of policy interventions, both with regard to their desirability on paper (input) and their actual (side) effects (output). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to a fossil fuel free society is expected to affect the way we live considerably. As part of Dutch Climate Agreement (Klimaatakkoord) which aims to reduce CO2 emissions, the Dutch government has expressed the ambition to gradually move towards a 'natural-gas-free' built environment in 2050. This decision will eventually affect all citizens in the Netherlands, both home owners and tenants. In this paper we study the extent of public support for this policy ambition. We aim to unravel differences between groups, and factors explaining those differences. Data were collected in the LISS-panel, with an online questionnaire, in May 2019 (Verkenning Energietransitie 2019; VET'19). We performed data analyses in this large population study of Dutch residents, using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results show significant differences by financial position, education, age, and gender, with higher support in those financially better off, with a higher level of education, younger adults (18-34 years), and women. These associations could be partly explained by psycho-social and contextual factors included in the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite his growing popularity, the Dutch writer Auke Hulst (1975), whose oeuvre ranges from multimedia travel books to science fiction-like novels, has remained under-researched in academic scholarship. This paper provides an introduction to this author and an analysis of his work, examining Hulst's self-presentation, his poetics, his (non-)fictional books and his place within contemporary Dutch literature. The image of the outsider, which is of vital importance for Hulst's authorship, runs as a continuous thread throughout the discussion. The first section uses several assertions made in interviews, public talks and forewords to elaborate on Hulst's 'autobiographical' poetics and to elucidate how the author often presents himself as a 'literary' outsider (positioning himself outside the constraints of Dutch literature) and as a 'social' outcast (in relation to his traumatic childhood). The second section deals with Hulst's travel books, in which he conjures up the image of a solitary traveler, who flees from the burdens of home and society in search for freedom, authenticity, insight and connectedness. The third section discusses Hulst's novels, which are centered on outcasts, the (inner and outer) worlds they find refuge in, and the obstacles they are confronted with. In the final section, Hulst's outsider position in Dutch literature is critically revisited by connecting his oeuvre with twenty-first-century literary trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The (extended) pragma-dialectical argumentation theory assumes that people engaged in argumentative discourse manoeuvre strategically. In argumentative reality, the strategic manoeuvring is carried out within specific argumentative activity types. In this paper it is argued that pragma-dialectics offers a fruitful approach to study political debate. The approach and its added value are discussed and illustrated on the basis of a specific type of political debate in a specific argumentative activity type: the plenary debate in the Second Chamber of Dutch Parliament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

-- The so-called refugee crisis has triggered manifold responses in the field of European art and literature. This paper discusses two works by the Dutch writer Ilja Leonard Pfeijffer as examples of Dutch 'refugee crisis literature': his highly acclaimed novel La Superba (2013) and the short-story 'Fatou yo' that was published in the text-collection Gelukszoekers (2015), but that is actually also a fragment from the aforementioned novel. I start my comparative discussion of these two texts by exploring the challenges and pitfalls in representing refugees in literature more in general, focusing on the seemingly inescapable trope of refugee victimhood and the humanitarian and empathic mind-set that 'refugee crisis literature' mostly requires from its reader. Then I embark on an analysis of the two texts and of the way in which, as I will demonstrate, the texts position and, ultimately, manipulate their empathic reader. I will argue that the discomfort that results from this manipulation is considerably more effective within the frame-work of La Superba than within the Gelukszoekers-collection, despite the latter's explicitly activist agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The relevance of professional youth work for prevention Professional youth work is one of the social work professions. Dutch municipalities need insight into the contribution of professional youth work to prevention and reduction of youth care. In this paper we analyze data collected between 2011-2015 on the functioning and results of four classic youth work methods: 'Group work', 'Detached Youth Work', 'Information and Advice' and 'Counselling Services'. The studies were explorative and have been analyzed with descriptive statistics. We conclude that the contribution of professional youth work can be: (1) to form an alternative for a significant other and/or positive peer groups in the neighborhood; (2) to strengthen the self-awareness and forethought of young people; (3) to strengthen the societal and economic participation of young people; and (4) to target institutions. Effect-research is needed to determine the actual contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the current state of knowledge on food supply to the Roman Limes, vici and towns in the Netherlands – based on archaeobotanical and archaeozoological research – and the role of the local countryside. For the first century AD, several areas of origin for the food can be established. Cereals were imported, but also supplied from the regions adjacent to the Rhine; pulses and oil seeds may have been sourced locally. Cattle were both imported and obtained locally. Population density in the countryside was low and farmers were not used to structurally producing surplus food. In the earliest phase, the army probably requisitioned cattle and raised pigs and chickens. From the late first century, supply was organised better and the local farmers supplied more of the cereals and meat required by the army, vici and towns. However, certain cereals were still imported. Orchards and vegetable gardens were located near the towns, where chickens were also raised. Throughout the Roman period, wild fruits and hazelnuts could be gathered and game, wild birds and fish hunted by consumers. Saltwater fish and seashells indicate trade with coastal regions. Wine, olive oil, fish sauce, preserved fruits, pine nuts, preserved meat and fish were imported from other provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the early forties AD the Roman army built several timber auxiliary forts on the southern bank of the Lower Rhine. Remains of nine timber forts and a fortlet, sometimes well preserved, have been found in the western part of the Netherlands, in the Rhine delta: at Vechten (Bunnik), Utrecht, De Meern, Woerden, Bodegraven, Zwammerdam, Alphen aan den Rijn, Leiden-Roomburg and Valkenburg (South Holland) and the fortlet at Valkenburg-Marktveld. There also are indications of military presence further upstream, but there are hardly any traces to be found. The Rhine has destroyed most of the evidence, except for dredge finds and some structures in Arnhem-Meinerswijk and Herwen-De Bijland. Wood was available in the surroundings and it was used for building the forts. In the last quarter of the second century AD most of these auxiliary forts were partly rebuilt in stone. This paper gives an overview of the recent thoughts on the Roman forts on the Lower Rhine in the Netherlands in their political context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the second century AD the Roman Empire reached its largest extent. By that time the military infrastructure at the periphery of the Empire stretched over thousands of kilometres, across the three continents surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. Rome had to exert its power in very different climates and landscapes, and deal with external threats varying from the highly developed Parthian Empire to hardly organised nomadic groups. The military infrastructure at its boundaries was therefore quite diverse, but nevertheless the military installations show many similarities across the Empire, due to the frequent displacements of army units and their commanders. This paper provides a concise overview of the frontier sections on all three continents and a brief discussion of differences and similarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a pattern in which a finite verb is preceded by a locative PP which combines with an initial or final occurrence of the adverb dan ('then') and which may look like a violation of the V2 constraint. The paper is relevant in the context of how to handle what look like exceptions to the V2 pattern, a point that is sometimes neglected in the formal literature, though Zwart (2008a) draws attention to the importance of also capturing such recalcitrant data. Based on standard arguments for constituency, it will be shown that the adverb, which has a non-temporal reading, and the associated PP form one constituent. Thus, a pattern that might at first appear to be a violation of V2 in fact is shown to be in line with the constraint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acquisition of word stress in perspective This paper reflects on the acquisition of Dutch word stress reported in Nederlandse Taalkunde 1 (1996), where I argued that children systematically build up a grammar for word stress that fits a parameter framework without assuming innate knowledge. In the past 25 years this work has been praised and criticized because (a) the theoretical framework changed to Optimality Theory, (b) the proposed stages did not always adequately fit the data, and (c) new evidence from infant speech perception suggested that children know the word stress system before they start speaking. To fully understand how children acquire word stress, the next 25 year requires researchers from various disciplines to join forces to study representations and perception-production processes in tandem, the mechanisms that cause learning, and the interaction of word stress with other linguistic subdomains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expect the unexpected. About the different ways in which the Dutch and the Flemish use er In this paper I report experimental data I have ignored for almost ten years because I did not know what to do with them. I still don't know exactly, but the 25th anniversary of this journal is a key occasion to share them, if only because they fittingly illustrate that the syntax of Netherlandic and Belgian Dutch are diverging. The new data demonstrate that contrary to categorical Netherlandic intuitions that er is ungrammatical in sentences with a fronted locative (such as Op de envelop zat een postzegel), er is not only grammatical, but also beneficial to the Dutch language user. Compared to Belgian Dutch, however, the principal beneficiary of er's processing advantage no longer is the subject noun phrase, but anything that follows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconciling with the prepositional object. On the influence ofVandeweghe (2011) In this paper I argue for the positive aspects of the claim in Vandeweghe (2011) that there are two types of prepositional object: a primary and a secondary type, which have a different relationship to the predicate. The most discussed consequence of this theory is that it allows a simple sentence to contain two prepositional objects provided that they have a different hierarchical status. Here I focus on sentences with only one possible secondary prepositional object and no other objects. These sentences show that a fixed preposition is not a sufficient condition for a PP to be considered a secondary prepositional object; the preposition should also be used in a non-literal, abstract way. When it is difficult to decide whether this is the case, other semantic properties have to be taken into account, such as the reciprocal character of the predicate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First-constituent-deletion in Dutch. What topic drop is and what it is not This paper discusses the phenomenon of pronoun deletion in Dutch. In the position before the finite verb a 3rd person pronoun may be deleted. The deletion of the pronoun is constrained by the recoverability condition, which requires that its referential features can be reconstructed from the context. It will be argued that only the deletion of a d(emonstrative)-pronoun is 'topic drop', which is typical for spoken Dutch. Deleted topic d-pronouns are subject to the same syntactic conditions as overt topic d-pronouns (Van Kampen 2010). Like the overt topic d-pronoun, the deleted d-pronoun refers to the focus constituent of the preceding sentence. A deleted p(ersonal)-pronoun, by contrast, does not have a uniquely determined antecedent and therefore it cannot be analyzed as discourse topic drop. In written texts, it solely maintains the preceding subject referent. I will further discuss the deletion of 1st person pronouns and the deletion of d-pronouns in imperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is still no dictionary of particles, although particle research is on-going This paper seeks to explain why there is (still) no comprehensive descriptive work of the particles of Dutch. It does so by focusing on a number of particles that appear to go against common wisdom concerning Dutch sentence structure, in particular V2-violations and wide scope particles that are deeply embedded in complex phrases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the different possibilities of verbal complementation of the Dutch verb proberen 'try' and its Afrikaans cognate probeer 'try'. In Dutch, proberen can take three complement types: an om te infinitive, a te infinitive and a bare infinitive. In Afrikaans, probeer can only take two complements: an om te infinitive and a bare infinitive. There are no semantic differences among the complementation patterns. We conducted a corpus study for both languages to investigate which factors influence the choice of the complement. In Dutch there is a clear influence of region (Netherlandic Dutch versus Belgian Dutch). Furthermore, the length of the object and the type of clause (main or embedded) have a significant influence on the choice of the complement. In the Afrikaans data the presence of the object as well as its length significantly influence the choice between an om te and a bare infinitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the 250-year status of their language as an oral language (but see below the reference to Georg Brandes [1888]) the only hard evidence we have just what the Doukhobors' language was like, are the interviews conducted with Doukhobor elders in the 1960's, i.e., those speakers who had brought the language with them in their mass migration to Canada in 1899. Some glimpses can also be gained by the study of their ritual texts (psalms, prayers, and hymns) that fortunately had been collected and written down in the early 20th century by the Bolshevik Russian land surveyor in a book called Životnaja Kniga duxoborcev (Bonč-Bruevič, Vladimir. 1909 [1954].) There is a debate as to how the title of this book is best translated into English, The Book of Life or The Living Book. I believe that The Living Book currently has the edge. Before being collected and written down, this book was also oral, and much of the language reflected the spoken practice (Schaarschmidt 1995). At all times, the illiterate Doukhobors had access to members of their community that performed the written tasks for them, such as dealing with the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire. And because of their forced move from the Crimea to Transcaucasia, the Doukhobors' previous exclusive contacts with South Russian now faced Russian-Turco-Tataric bilingualism. The latter can still be traced rather easily: of the ever decreasing number of elders in their seventies and up, many remember bits and pieces of Turco-Tartaric words and expressions that are published in a series of articles in the Doukhobor monthly Iskra by a former and now retired Russian-language teacher in the Doukhobor area of British Columbia (see, for example, Popoff 2013). In addition, many Doukhobor surnames show Turco-Tataric influence. What is often not so clear is whether the Turco-Tartaric words came into Standard Russian before the contact of Doukhobor Russian with Turco-Tartaric, and it is our role as etymologists to determine that on the basis of multi-volume dialect dictionaries or field work in the still extant Doukhobor oral language area within Georgia. For any moribund language that in the past had multiple functions there arises the question of the relationship between language death and the preservation of culture, a largely unresolved issue in sociolinguistics. On the one hand, there are cases of large-scale language loss with the retention of at least some elements of culture (to wit, Ukrainian in Canada, Sorbian in Germany, many First Nations in North America, and, as will be demonstrated in the present research article, Doukhobor Russian in Canada and Georgia). The present paper will deal with a small subtopic in this large field, i.e., the loss of "special" languages, such as the "ritual language" as used by the Doukhobors as well as their oral language that they brought with them to Canada in 1899 and that was partially recorded by linguists, such as Harshenin (1961; 1964; 1967). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilingualism and modern language teaching in the 16th century: the interjection hola as a possible case of language contact in the Colloquia, et dictionariolum In this paper, we explore the semantic-pragmatic functions of the interjection hola in the Dutch, French and Spanish versions of the Colloquia, et dictionariolum, printed in Antwerp, as a possible case of language contact. The Colloquia, et dictionariolum, first printed in the 16th century, are parallel language textbooks designed for acquiring basic skills in up to eight languages. The first edition of the Colloquia was bilingual Dutch-French; Spanish was among the first languages added to the textbook. At the core of the textbook are dialogues related to everyday situations, such as shopping at the market or participating in a family dinner. Although these dialogues are commonly regarded as early sources of spoken forms of European languages, they are in fact instances of conversational mimesis i.e. they are representations of spoken language, intended for didactic purposes and, most importantly, adapted and translated over time by various authors. In our case study, we analyse first (h)ola's semantic-pragmatic function(s) from a contrastive perspective. Subsequently, we explore a possible case of semantic-pragmatic extension in Spanish due to language contact. Generally speaking, (h)ola can fulfil a requestive function in Dutch, French and Spanish (cf. typology by Poggi 2009), viz. it was used to attract someone's attention, a function that can be attested for the three languages in the Colloquia. Moreover, the dialogues of the Colloquia provide an example for (h)ola in a requestive-cessative function, used to tell someone to stop or slow down. This function has been described for both Dutch and French hola (also in English and German) but has, up until now, not been attested for the Spanish counterpart. A first explorative analysis of hola in the 16th-century Spanish CORDE-corpus does not yield any cessative occurrences either. Consequently, the cessative function of Spanish hola in the Colloquia might be due to the possible interference from Dutch or French (or both). However, in order to provide a more conclusive answer, a detailed study of the semantic-pragmatic functions of hola in the Germanic and Romance languages involved will be necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of language and gender in negative reviews: an experimental study on perceived credibility and consumer behaviour This paper explores the impact of language and gender on the perceptions of a negative online review and its writer. We set up an experiment with a 2 (language errors vs. no errors) x 2 (Standard Dutch vs. tussentaal, lit. 'in-between-language') x 2 (female vs. male reviewer) x 2 (female vs. male respondents) between-subjects design. 298 participants were asked to rate one scenario with a negative review on text credibility, usefulness, emotion, source intelligence, consumer intention and WOM-intention. The results show that both gender and language have a significant impact on the perceptions of the respondents. The perceived text credibility, intelligence of the reviewer, usefulness of the review and consumer intention are significantly lower when the negative review contains language errors and/or tussentaal features and when the reviewer is female. The Standard Dutch scenario without mistakes of the male reviewer generates the highest scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to ground the research paradigm of public engagement within the field of landscape and heritage. Both the European Landscape Convention and the Faro Convention, major international agreements that shape both these dimensions, stress the need to reinforce the democratic nature of projects. This participation needs to go beyond informing stakeholders and formal hearings, and community values and ideas should be included in the planning process. This entails addressing the complexities of stakeholder deliberation and the solution of thorny problems. The present study examines in detail four case studies from the Netherlands, Slovenia and Denmark, in which public participation was crucial in different stages of the project development. The methodologies employed, as well as the effect that such engagement had on the general results, will be highlighted. Finally, the discussion of results will evaluate the findings through the lens of deliberative democracy within territorial planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across Europe, landscape is recognised as a frame through which societal values are defined and embedded. The European Landscape convention and wider research has drawn attention to the need for integrating a diverse range of stakeholders to ensure landscape sustainability. Archaeology is increasingly recognised as having an important place in integrated landscape management but often remains relatively peripheral. This paper examines the place of archaeology in specific European regions and the potential ways of integrating archaeological heritage in landscape management. Emerging from a project funded by the Joint Programme Initiative on Cultural Heritage (Resituating Europe's FIrst Towns (REFIT): A case study in enhancing knowledge transfer and developing sustainable management of cultural landscapes), we explore the place of a set of common European heritage assets, Iron Age oppida, in the management of the landscape they are a part of and how they might be used better to engage and connect stakeholders. Using four case studies, we review the present integration of archaeology within landscape management and how this operates at a local level. From this we explore what challenges these case-studies present and outline ways in which the REFIT project has sought to develop strategies to respond to these in order to enhance and promote co-productive management of these landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with reflections on conducting participant observation among a group of migration officials in the Netherlands who are in charge of ensuring the voluntary and forced departure of undocumented migrants. In particular, I discuss the many difficulties associated with the ethnographer’s dual role of becoming both an insider, while still remaining a critical outsider. The essay first of all touches upon issues of how to (if at all) gain a value-free outlook of the lifeworld of highly politicized officials, especially if they seem to hold ideologies contradictory to your own. At the same time, the paper discusses the dangers of becoming an insider, particularly if this means losing sight of one’s critical viewpoint. I discuss some contentious moments during my fieldwork and analysis of data, which almost led me to going native. The paper argues for the importance of detachment from your informants and ends with some suggestions on how to deal with the aforementioned issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Belgian Dutch (BD) and Netherlandic Dutch (ND) are known to exhibit phonetic and lexical differences, but national variation in the syntax of Dutch has often been claimed to be quasi non-existent. This view is rooted in the fact that both laypersons and researchers are oblivious to national divergences in the grammar of Dutch (unless they are categorical and/or heavily mediatized), but also in the undisputed belief that BD and ND are different surface manifestations of 'the same grammatical motor'. As a result, only a few syntactic phenomena have hitherto been shown to be sensitive to national constraints. In this paper we illustrate a computational bottom-up approach (pioneered in Bannard & Callison-Burch 2005) to cast the net as widely as possible. Building on statistical machine translation and a parallel corpus of Dutch translations of English subtitles, we identify plausible mappings between English n-grams and their Dutch translations. We do this in order to obtain paraphrases, i.e., stretches of interchangeable Dutch text that carry approximately the same meaning. In a first case study, we found corroborating evidence among the discovered paraphrases for many syntactic variables that have previously been attested in Dutch, including complementizer variation, existential er-variation, word order phenomena, and inflection variation. Crucially, we also discovered a number of alternations we had not anticipated as interesting variables. In order to detect national constraints on the newly found variables, we carried out a second experiment with a smaller corpus of Belgian and Netherlandic subtitles: the two variables we investigated in this light - deictic strength variation and subordination variation - did indeed manifest national sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we revisit earlier analyses of the distribution of er 'there' in adjunct-initial sentences to demonstrate the merits of computational upscaling in syntactic variation research. Contrary to previous studies, in which major semantic and pragmatic predictors (viz. adjunct type, adjunct concreteness, and verb specificity) had to be coded manually, the present study operationalizes these predictors on the basis of distributional analysis: instead of hand-coding for specific semantic classes, we determine the semantic class of the adjunct, verb, and subject automatically by clustering the lexemes in those slots on the basis of their 'semantic passport' (as established on the basis of their distributional behaviour in a reference corpus). These clusters are subsequently interpreted as proxies for semantic classes. In addition, the pragmatic factor 'subject predictability' is operationalized automatically on the basis of collocational attraction measures, as well as distributional similarity between the other slots and the subject. We demonstrate that the distribution of er can be modelled equally successfully with the automated approach as in manual annotation-based studies. Crucially, the new method replicates our earlier findings that the Netherlandic data are easier to model than the Belgian data, and that lexical collocations play a bigger role in the Netherlandic than in the Belgian data. On a methodological level, the proposed automatization opens up a window of opportunities. Most important is its scalability: it allows for a larger gamut of alternations that can be investigated in one study, and for much larger datasets to represent each alternation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the themes of Plato's Symposium and the general functions of the first five speeches. It also discusses the importance of the person of Socrates as a subject of the dialogue and his connexion to eros. Eros and Socrates together form the focus of the Symposium. The second part of this article analyses the speech of Aristophanes in detail. This funny speech has several functions: Plato uses the speech to develop a general notion of eros which is interesting and worthwhile to reflect upon. The myth offers an explanation for the three kinds of sexual identity, but also for things like promiscuity, the function of sexuality and the feeling that eros is more than just sex. Eros is a force regulating human life. At the same time, his speech is a defence of homosexual love, a rather strange position for someone who usually paints a very negative picture of homosexuality in his comedies. The article aims to demonstrate that Aristophanes is ridiculing himself in the Symposium. The things he says in his speech are the opposite of his own ideas. In fact, Plato treats Aristophanes in the same way as the poet of comedies treated Socrates in the Clouds. So this speech, too, is related to Socrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Dollard, a brackish embayment of the Ems estuary, German and Dutch fishermen used to go out on the tidal flats to collect shrimps and other fish caught in simple fykenets. German fishermen payed little attention to the since 1723 existing border. In 1911, Dutch fishery act came in force, limiting the German fishers to their territory. This paper describes how fishermen and authorities initially maintained their positions, but after some time reached a conditional compromise. After 1945, the conflict faded away due to the mechanization of shrimp fishing and nature protection measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In The Netherlands, around 80 castle ruins are preserved. In 1997, a book was dedicated to the castle ruin. A year later, one of the authors of this paper investigated castle remains as part of a historical geographical inventory. In 2012, the Dutch State Heritage Agency wrote a practical guide for the conservation and development of castle ruins. In this article, the authors describe the development of ruins in the past 20 years. They tried to investigate the development of the castle ruins since the late nineties and tried to categorize this. Rebuilding of the castle, partly or totally, appeared in almost 10% of all ruins. In other cases, there was attention for the touristic infrastructure around the ruin. In most cases however (68%), the ruins stayed more or less intact, with sometimes careful consolidation or restoration. Sometimes, the surroundings of the ruin changed dramatically with the development of housing, infrastructure or other forms of urbanization. In other examples, historical gardens were restored or reconstructed. There are however several plans for the rebuilding or reconstruction of ruins. These plans often provide the new castle with functions, from wedding location to hotel or office-space. This could be a good development for castles destroyed relatively short ago, i.e. in the Second World War or in de postwar period. Many ruins are however destroyed centuries ago. Given the limited amount of ruins in The Netherlands and the sometimes centuries old development of the landscape and the ruin itself, the authors plea for more attention for the castle ruins as such. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that formal-theoretical -- in particular generative -- and quantitative-statistical approaches to language variation are highly complementary. The latter have sophisticated means of dealing with large and highly variable data sets, while the former introduce hypotheses and analyses that can guide the interpretation of the statistical results. We illustrate this claim on the basis of two case studies of morphosyntactic variation in Dutch dialects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues in flavour of studying processes of random cultural change in the humanities. Studies of cultural change are of limited value if they are not embedded in or contrasted with a formalized and systematic theory of random change. To situate the discussion, this article first provides a brief overview of historical and more recent accounts of random cultural change. While quantitative, cultural evolutionary studies have for long considered random copying to be fundamental to cultural change, it has received hardly any attention in the humanities literature. Accounts of cultural change in the humanities typically concentrate on informal, narrative descriptions of non-random factors of change, and downplay, reject or simply ignore random change as an alternative explanation. The paper reflects on several reasons pertaining to this lack of attention and highlights the benefits of an integrated quantitative framework of chance for the study of cultural change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resulting in the largest speech corpus of Dutch (+/- 9 million words), the construction of the Spoken Dutch Corpus (CGN) can be considered a unique project. Financed by the Dutch and the Flemish Government the CGN was successfully completed in 2004. This paper presents an overview of the CGN, from the beginning of the project in 1998 until now. First the project background -- motivation and project organisation -- will be described. Then a detailed description of the corpus contents will be presented, followed by an introduction to the corpus exploitation software Corex. A small-scale Corex experiment is carried out for further illustration. Besides, an overview of divergent corpus-based research using the CGN is given. The paper concludes with practical information about distribution by the TST-centrale, and future perspectives such as an online web version of the corpus and the additional JASMIN-CGN project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper revisits Neuckermans's (2008) proposal concerning the geographic distribution and diachronic genesis of different functions of the particle en, a remnant of Jespersen's Cycle in the Southern Dutch dialects, and addresses van der Auwera's (2009) claim that en may in some dialects of Dutch have developed into a non-negative marker of clausal subordination at the end of the cycle. Based on a 400,000-word corpus of spontaneous dialect speech data from 65 locations in the southern Dutch dialect area (with an emphasis on West and East Flemish ones) as well as on historical data from the literature, it is concluded that Neuckermans's implicational hierarchy (a) needs to be revised and (b) cannot not be a reflex of a diachronic retraction scenario, and that (c) an analysis of non-negative en as a marker of subordination as proposed by van der Auwera cannot be confirmed for the Southern Dutch dialects more generally. Instead, it is argued that the observable distribution points to the synchronic coexistence of several layers of change that have affected en since Middle Dutch, and have led to it having become co-opted as a mirative strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a rule, chronicles are never finished. Chronicle texts were continued, expanded and altered, and are in this way the very essence of text variation. Chroniclers could and did mould existing text material, altering historical narratives to better fit into their present needs and those of their intended audience(s). The chronicle material from Mechelen is no exception to this rule. T his paper focuses on a sixteenth-century manuscript in which a fifteenth-century chronicle text, the ‘ Cronike van die scone ende heerlijke stadt van Mechelen', has been continued and heavily altered by two contributors. The manuscript seems to have functioned for both as a type of ‘work in progress', and is the autograph of their alterations and additions. The aim of this essay is to disentangle the complex text formation process within this manuscript. Doing so provides an improved insight into early modern authorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medieval codex fostered textual mutability as opposed to the ‘fixed text' made possible by print. Yet, the Middle Ages resisted change in and for itself. This paper explores the delicate balance between stability, on the one hand, and transformation, on the other in medieval vernacular literature. Only a culture that saw no contradiction in promulgating an omnipotent, unchanging divinity, which was at the same time a dynamic principle of construction and transformation could have managed the paradox of ‘mutable stability'. While this principle operates in a number of domains – not least in the myriad art forms known as ‘Romanesque' – this paper focuses on manuscript transmission of vernacular literature. In particular, it examines the concepts of ‘sameness' and ‘resemblance' that shaped the concepts of vision in the Roman de la Rose , and thus manuscripts transmission. Using the idea of generative or regenerative transformation of the text, the paper illustrates a basic principle of stability, namely, ‘the ability of an object to adjust to load changes without any reduction in performance'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper discusses the VP-topicalization and the mirror effect. According to the Syntax of Dutch (Broekhuis & Corver 2016), these two tests can make a reliable, non-intuitive distinction between the postfield and the afterthought, as well as between the middle field and the postfield, which is often not noticeable in main clauses with only a finite verb. Although these tests seem valuable indeed, even to non-generative studies, there are also some limitations, and especially for prepositional phrases (PPs) which can be either placed in the middle field or in the postfield. Furthermore, this paper also aims at refining the motivations of extraposition, and more particularly extraposition of PPs. We therefore rely on empirical corpus-based research, which can fine-tune the theoretical framework of extraposition in the Syntax of Dutch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introductory paper outlines the different trends and movements that have in recent years led to a marked increase in the number of linguistic studies that combine a construction-based theoretical outlook on grammar with a dedicated interest in issues of synchronic and/or diachronic language variation. In addition, it gives an overview of the papers included in this thematic issue and links them with broader tendencies in the fields of cognitive linguistics and construction grammar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the debate about the Iraq War of 2003, both opponents and supporters of this war invoked the authority of the Athenian general and historian Thucydides to legitimize their point. This paper examines the use of quotes from Thucydides' The History of the Peloponnesian War in opinion pieces that appeared in American newspapers before and during the Iraq War. An analysis of thirty such pieces shows which analogies between the Peloponnesian War and the Iraq War were the most popular (and which of those make the most sense). The paper explains why the ancient historian Thucydides is seen as a relevant political commentator for 21st century conflicts. It also shows the flexibility or, to put it less mildly, sloppiness with which Thucydides' work is applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contribution to the research on the intersection of argumentation theory and computer science, in this paper a formal approximation is developed of the discussion model that is at the core of the pragma-dialectical analytical method. The aim of the project is to prepare a foundation for the development of software to support the pragma-dialectical analysis of texts. The formal approximation takes the form of a dialogue game for critical discussion. The dialogue game is systematically developed by starting from a simplified foundation to which more complexity is cumulatively added. In the current paper a basic dialogue game for critical discussion is presented to serve as the simplified foundation. After an introduction of the overarching research project, the simplifications are explained that form the starting point of the basic dialogue game. Next, the dialogue game rules for starting and ending a dialogue are specified, as well as the rules for the available moves, the sequences in which these can be made, and the resulting commitments. Finally, the dynamics of the basic dialogue game are illustrated by visualising the sequential structure, and by discussing an example dialogue in accordance with the rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]