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This study combines field structural analysis with thin‐section petrography, U‐Pb dating, and strontium, carbon and oxygen isotopic analysis of calcite fracture fills to constrain the evolution of the 2‐5 km scale paleofluid system around the faulted, plunging fold nose comprising the southern termination of the Gypsum Valley salt wall in the Paradox Basin, U.S.A. Brittle deformation in this region began with the formation of a down‐to‐the‐northeast, counter‐regional fault and then progressed into jointing and faulting in a radial pattern, followed by jointing in a concentric pattern. Coupled with increases in fracture abundance toward the faults, multiple stages of mineralization suggest that the faults served as efficient and long‐lived conduits for vertical fluid migration. Although fracture cement textures and calcite colour are variable throughout the area, the distribution of these characteristics does not correlate with fracture orientation, relative age, stratigraphic or structural position. Irrespective of the type of calcite comprising the fracture cements, δ13C values average near −7‰ (VPDB), whereas δ18O values cluster into groups whose averages are roughly 6‰ apart, with the more negative grouping stratigraphically restricted to fracture cements in Jurassic rocks. The stratigraphic segregation of δ18O values suggests the paleofluid system contained two distinct paleofluids, a more recent one comprised of meteoric waters and an older one comprising brine that originated in Pennsylvanian strata. 87Sr/86Sr ratios in fracture‐filling calcite cements indicate that the older fluid underwent fluid‐rock interaction with Permian strata and that this evolved fluid migrated upwards along the faults until the Triassic or Jurassic. Thereafter, fluid migrating along the faults was more meteoric and appears to have migrated downward along the faults, where it interacted with Permian strata. Consistent U‐Pb dates from carbonates precipitated from the older fluid suggest this stage of the paleofluid system was active around 240 Ma. Local burial history models and published temperatures for fracture cements elsewhere in the basin suggest the younger stage of the paleofluid system occurred during the Latest Cretaceous to Oligocene. This study highlights the spatial and temporal complexity of fluid systems in the vicinity of salt structures and emphasises the need to interpret them through careful integration of high resolution stratigraphic and structural data in the context of evolving salt tectonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell size is an important variable in the study of cellular growth, metabolism, and the cell cycle. The large size of Amoeba proteus and the ease with which it can be collected and cultured have made it a star in biology education—and it was a model for research on cell biology before the introduction of molecular genetic methods. Measuring the cytoplasmic density of a single amoeba without modern instrumentation seems like a difficult task, but this was done with supreme accuracy in the 1940s. The solution was based on the familiar Cartesian diver that is used to demonstrate Archimedes's principle. It required the fabrication of a tiny diver that would respond to the additional mass of a cell. Experiments using this method allowed investigators to study changes in size and density associated with feeding, starvation, and cell division. This research is an illustration of the ingenuity of cell biologists in the pre-molecular genetic era of their field, which is often overlooked by contemporary scientists. The consideration of the mass, density, and buoyancy of free-living amoebas encourages a new hypothesis about the evolution of testate amoebas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karl Rahner completed his in 1951 but did not receive permission to publish it from his Jesuit superiors. The work appeared in 2004, twenty years after Rahner's death. This essay examines his work on the Assumption and the censors' objections. Rahner's publication of 1947, "On the Theology of Death," was appended to the Marian treatise as an "excursus" but laid the foundation for the later work. Rahner interpreted the Assumption as an anticipation of the resurrection of the dead. This essay focuses on three speculations by Rahner: on the relation of the soul to the body, on the maturation of the soul after death, and on the final resurrection as the world's transformation. The censors criticized Rahner's theology of death as too speculative and his Mariology as too minimal. Yet 's treatment of Mary as a sign of hope until the second coming vindicated Rahner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay traces the history of the Karl Rahner Society between the years 1998 and 2019. It lists the achievements of the society's coordinators, many of the books and articles about Rahner published by members of the society, and the role played in the society by Presidents of the Catholic Theological Society of America. The essay also identifies three persistent themes of the society: Rahner and his contemporaries, Rahner and the Catholic Church, and Rahner and ecumenism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We combine insights from subsurface studies and published numerical models to propose a three-phase conceptual model that considers the potential deformation patterns that form during the emplacement, evacuation and welding, and post-welding phases of tertiary weld formation. The proposed model aims to: 1) help establish the timing of deformation adjacent to a tertiary weld based on the geometry of deformation patterns, and 2) serve as a guide for future work that examines deformation adjacent to tertiary welds and beneath allochthonous salt. We apply the model, along with new, 1:10,000 scale geological mapping and mesostructural analysis of deformation patterns along the Kingston tertiary salt weld and contiguous Witchelina-Breaden Hill salt canopy in the Willouran Ranges of South Australia to constrain the evolution of the allochthonous salt system and the style, extent, and timing of adjacent deformation. Deformation near the weld is dominated by opening mode fractures that exhibit spatial heterogeneity in their orientation both along the strike of allochthonous salt and in suprasalt versus subsalt strata. A halokinetic drape fold, decimeter to decameter scale folding, and localized debris flow deposits are present in subsalt strata, whereas no evidence of thrust imbricates, or laterally continuous shear and/or rubble zones was observed anywhere below the canopy-weld complex. We hypothesize that remnant evaporite distribution and the juxtaposition of units exert the primary, largest-scale control on the hydrological behavior of tertiary welds. The influence of deformation occurs at a much smaller scale and is more heterogeneous and difficult to predict. Higher resolution models and additional field studies are required to identify and rank the many variables that control this deformation. Highlights • 1:10,000 scale field mapping and mesostructural analysis characterize a canopy-weld complex in the Willouran Ranges. • Tertiary welds evolve in three phases: (1) salt emplacement, (2) evacuation and welding, and (3) post-welding/reactivation. • The Kingston weld formed from the evacuation of a former salt canopy that was created when two sheets sutured together. • The weld has spatially varying brittle deformation patterns, which likely formed in the late welding or post-welding phase. • Spatially varying deformation is a critical, yet insufficiently understood, control on weld hydrological behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted numerical simulations of coupled fluid and heat transport in an offshore, buried salt diapir environment to determine the effects of advective heat transport and its relation to the so-called “salt chimney effect.” Model sets were designed to investigate (1) salt geometry, (2) depth-dependent permeability, (3) geologic heterogeneity, and (4) the relative influence of each of these factors. Results show that decreasing the dip of the diapir induces advective heat transfer up the side of the diapir, elevating temperatures in the basin. Depth-dependent permeability causes upwelling of warm waters in the basin, which we show to be more sensitive to basal heat flux than brine concentration. In these model scenarios, heat is advected up the side of the diapir in a narrower zone of upward-flowing warm water, while cool waters away from the diapir flank circulate deeper into the basin. The resulting fluid circulation pattern causes increased discharge at the diapir margin and fluid flow downward, above the crest of the diapir. Geologic heterogeneity decreases the overall effects of advective heat transfer. The presence of low permeability sealing horizons reduces the vertical extent of convection cells, and fluid flow is dominantly up the diapir flank. The combined effects of depth-dependent permeability coupled with geologic heterogeneity simulate several geologic phenomena that are reported in the literature. In this model scenario, conductive heat transfer dominates in the basal units, whereas advection of heat begins to affect the middle layers of the model and dominates the upper units. Convection cells split by sealing layers develop within the upper units. From our highly simplified models, we can predict that advective heat transport (i.e., thermal convection) likely dominates in the early phases of diapirism when sediments have not undergone significant compaction and retain high porosity and permeability. As the salt structures mature into more complex geometries, advection will diminish due to the increase in dip of the salt-sediment interface and the increased hydraulic heterogeneity due to complex stratigraphic architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the directional semivariogram is deployed to investigate the spatial variability of map-scale fracture network attributes in the Paradox Basin, Utah. The relative variability ratio ( R ) is introduced as the ratio of integrated anisotropic semivariogram models, and R is shown to be an effective metric for quantifying the magnitude of spatial variability for any two azimuthal directions. R is applied to a GIS-based data set comprising roughly 1200 fractures, in an area which is bounded by a map-scale anticline and a km-scale normal fault. This analysis reveals that proximity to the fault strongly influences the magnitude of spatial variability for both fracture intensity and intersection density within 1–2 km. Additionally, there is significant anisotropy in the spatial variability, which is correlated with trends of the anticline and fault. The direction of minimum spatial correlation is normal to the fault at proximal distances, and gradually rotates and becomes subparallel to the fold axis over the same 1–2 km distance away from the fault. We interpret these changes to reflect varying scales of influence of the fault and the fold on fracture network development: the fault locally influences the magnitude and variability of fracture network attributes, whereas the fold sets the background level and structure of directional variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaction between lithium indenyl and a chlorine substituted alpha diimine of the form [{Cl(NPh) 2 }C)] 2 unexpectedly yielded the corresponding NH rearranged derivative [PhN(H)C(C 9 H 6 )] 2 ( 1 ) rather than the predicted symmetrical α-diimine. This compound 1 was characterised by 1 H NMR, 13 C{ 1 H} NMR and mass spectrometry, and additionally by X-ray diffraction. It was found that 1 was the first indene-substituted and symmetric secondary amine which was also highly fluorescent in DMSO. The reactivity of 1 towards simple inorganic and organometallic transition metals precursors based on the MX 2 fragments, where M = Group 10 metals and X = halides or methyl groups, has been investigated. Surprisingly, the reaction with [PtMe 2 (COD)] led to the coupling reaction between the indenyl groups incorporated at the C–C ligand backbone and a new ligand ( 2 ) was discovered, in an attempt to synthesise the metal-linked diamine. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies confirm this compound 2 to feature coupled indenyl residues and delocalised C–C bonds in the solid state. Structural authentication by X-ray crystallography showed compound 2 to be a very rare example of flat and extended aromatic organic molecule and mass spectrometry, IR and NMR spectroscopy were carried out to gain further insight into the solid state and solution phase structures. Further experiments to synthesise analogues of [PhN(H)C(Ind)] 2 aiming to shift a likely equilibrium in favour the imine tautomer, by introducing bulky ortho substituents onto the benzene ring (R = Me, iPr) showed the presence of the imine tautomer to be increasingly favoured in 1 H NMR spectra, with an increase in the steric bulk of the ortho substituents. However, the enamine tautomer is still observed to a minor extent even with isopropyl substituents and yields of these desired compounds were low on steric grounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karl Rahner and Hans Urs von Balthasar differed in their approaches to Christian soteriology, especially in their understandings of redemption and the cross. These differences stem in part from Rahner’s emphasis on the Trinity in history (the economic Trinity) and Balthasar’s focus on the Trinity’s inner life (the immanent Trinity). While Balthasar’s soteriology better reflects the Church’s official descending Christology, Rahner’s ascending Christology (with its view of Jesus as the fullness of God united to human nature) is the more profound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of tons of fungal spores are dispersed in the atmosphere every year. These living cells, along with plant spores and pollen grains, may act as nuclei for condensation of water in clouds. Basidiospores released by mushrooms form a significant proportion of these aerosols, particularly above tropical forests. Mushroom spores are discharged from gills by the rapid displacement of a droplet of fluid on the cell surface. This droplet is formed by the condensation of water on the spore surface stimulated by the secretion of mannitol and other hygroscopic sugars. This fluid is carried with the spore during discharge, but evaporates once the spore is airborne. Using environmental electron microscopy, we have demonstrated that droplets reform on spores in humid air. The kinetics of this process suggest that basidiospores are especially effective as nuclei for the formation of large water drops in clouds. Through this mechanism, mushroom spores may promote rainfall in ecosystems that support large populations of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic basidiomycetes. Our research heightens interest in the global significance of the fungi and raises additional concerns about the sustainability of forests that depend on heavy precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distinctive shapes of basidiomata in the bird's nest fungi reflect differences in the mechanism of splash discharge. In the present study, peridiole discharge was examined in Nidularia pulvinata using high-speed video. Nidularia pulvinata produces globose basidiomata that split open at maturity to expose 100 or more peridioles within a gelatinous matrix. Each peridiole contains an estimated 7 million spores. The impact of water drops splashed the peridioles horizontally from the fruit body, along with globs of mucilage, at a mean velocity of 1.2 m s −1 . Discharged peridioles travelled for a maximum horizontal distance of 1.5 cm. This launch process contrasts with the faster vertical splashes of peridioles over distances of up to one metre from the flute-shaped fruit bodies of bird's nest fungi in the genera Crucibulum and Cyathus . Peridioles in these genera are equipped with a funicular cord that attaches them to vegetation, placing them in an ideal location for ingestion by browsing herbivores. The absence of cords in N. pulvinata and its use of a sloppy discharge mechanism suggest that it is more likely to be dispersed by animals feeding on the forest floor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karl Rahner's transcendental Christology examined the conditions for the possibility of faith in Christ and presented human nature as developing in response to God's grace. This article affirms Rahner despite the critiques of Michel Henry, Roger Haight, John McDermott, Patrick Burke, and Donald Gelpi. Rahner's Christology is not a phenomenology (Henry) but a theology that affirms God's presence in history. To be sure, some critics have attacked Rahner for emphasizing God's initiative and diminishing human responsibility (Haight) and for uncritically accepting Greek metaphysics (Gelpi). Yet Rahner rightly depicted Christ as a sacrament of the Father's will, an event in history with consequences for all time. Other critics have accused him of obscuring the distinction between God and humanity (McDermott) and suggesting that there are two conscious subjects in Christ (Burke). This article accepts Rahner's view of Jesus as both the presence of God's Word and the human response to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the effects of surface-bulk coupling is a key challenge in exploiting the topological nature of the surface states in many available three-dimensional topological "metals." Here we combine an effective-model calculation and an ab initio slab calculation to study the effects of the lowest order surface-bulk interaction: hybridization. In the effective-model study, we discretize an established low-energy effective four-band model and introduce hybridization between surface bands and bulk bands in the spirit of the Fano model. We find that hybridization enhances the energy gap between bulk and Dirac surface states and preserves the latter's spin texture qualitatively, albeit with a reduced spin-polarization magnitude. Our ab initio study finds the energy gap between the bulk and the surface states to grow upon an increase in the slab thickness, very much in qualitative agreement with the effective-model study. Comparing the results of our two approaches, we deduce that the experimentally observed low magnitude of the spin polarization can be attributed to a hybridization-type surface-bulk interaction. We discuss evidence for such hybridization in existing ARPES data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent muon spin-rotation (μSR) measurements on SrPtAs revealed time-reversal-symmetry breaking with the onset of superconductivity [Biswas et al., Phys. Rev. B 87, 180503(R) (2013)], suggesting an unconventional superconducting state. We investigate this possibility via the functional renormalization group and find a chiral (d + id)-wave order parameter favored by the multiband fermiology and hexagonal symmetry of SrPtAs. This (d + id)-wave state exhibits significant gap anisotropies as well as gap differences on the different bands, but only has point nodes on one of the bands at the Brillouin zone corners. We study the topological characteristics of this superconducting phase, which features Majorana-Weyl nodes in the bulk, protected surface states, and an associated thermal Hall response. The lack of extended nodes and the spontaneously broken time-reversal symmetry of the (d + id)-wave state are in agreement with the μSR experiments. Our theoretical findings, together with the experimental evidence, thus suggest that SrPtAs is an example of chiral d-wave pairing and a Weyl superconductor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The bird's nest fungi (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) package millions of spores into peridioles that are splashed from their basidiomata by the impact of raindrops. In this study we report new information on the discharge mechanism in Crucibulum and Cyathus species revealed with high-speed video. Peridioles were ejected at speeds of 1–5 m per second utilizing less than 2 % of the kinetic energy in falling raindrops. Raindrops that hit the rim of the basidiome were most effective at ejecting peridioles. The mean angle of ejection varied from 67 to 73° and the peridioles travelled over an estimated maximum horizontal distance of 1 m. Each peridiole carried a cord or funiculus that remained in a condensed form during flight. The cord unravelled when its adhesive surface stuck to a surrounding obstacle and acted as a brake that quickly reduced the velocity of the projectile. In nature, this elaborate mechanism tethers peridioles to vegetation in a perfect location for browsing by herbivores. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The iron-based superconductors allow for a zoo of possible order parameters due to their orbital degrees of freedom. These order parameters are often written in an orbital basis for a microscopic analysis and a comprehensive symmetry classification. Unlike in standard single-band superconductors, where electrons of the same band--and hence, energy--are paired, a general order parameter in such a multi-orbital system also contains pairing of electrons belonging to different bands. As this corresponds to pairing of electrons of different energy, such order parameters are energetically less stable. Here, we present a simple criterion for a stability analysis of the orbital part of the gap function based on the basic principle that electrons of equal energy are paired in the superconducting state. This not only allows us to find the most stable states, but also to identify the terms in a (tight-binding) Hamiltonian suppressing any given superconducting state. Our approach thus allows us to identify the minimal Hamiltonian necessary to compare competing instabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major question in Fe-based superconductors remains the structure of the pairing, in particular whether it is of unconventional nature. The electronic structure near a vortex can serve as a platform for phase-sensitive measurements to answer this question. By solving the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations for LiFeAs, we calculate the energy-dependent local electronic structure near a vortex for different nodeless gap-structure possibilities. At low energies, the local density of states (LDOS) around a vortex is determined by the normalstate electronic structure. At energies closer to the gap value, however, the LDOS can distinguish an anisotropic s-wave gap from a conventional isotropic s-wave gap.We show within our self-consistent calculation that in addition, the local gap profile differs between a conventional and an unconventional pairing.We explain this through admixing of a secondary order parameter within Ginzburg-Landau theory. In-field scanning tunneling spectroscopy near a vortex can therefore be used as a real-space probe of the gap structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rashba spin-orbit coupling together with electron correlations in the metallic interface between SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 can lead to an unusual combination of magnetic and orbital ordering. We consider such phenomena in the context of the recent observation of anisotropic magnetism. Firstly, we show that Rashba spin-orbit coupling can account for the observed magnetic anisotropy, assuming a correlation driven (Stoner type) instability toward ferromagnetism. Secondly, we investigate nematicity in the form of an orbital imbalance between dxz/dyz orbitals. We find an enhanced susceptibility toward nematicity due to the van Hove singularity in the low-electron-density regime. In addition, the coupling between in-plane magnetization anisotropy and nematic order provides an effective symmetry breaking field in the magnetic phase. We estimate this coupling to be substantial in the low-electron-density regime. The resulting orbital ordering can affect magneto transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Growing macroscale fold structures are one of the most dynamic and complex systems in geology, where during fold growth pore fluid pressure, fluid temperature, and fluid composition (PTX) conditions do not remain static but instead vary continually at all points within the deforming fold such that no two points within the fold will have the same deformation or fluid history. These PTX conditions in turn directly affect fluid storage and mobility as well as rock strength, which has direct feedback on the mechanical development of the fold. In this review, we first outline the research methodologies that have yielded significant insights, and review four examples of well-constrained fold-related fluid systems. We then discuss the fluid-related, fold-related, and mesoscopic deformation processes that are relevant to fold-related fluid systems. Finally, we close by presenting several conceptual models for fold-related fluid system structure, and highlighting key areas for future work. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We discuss possible pairing symmetries in the hexagonal pnictide superconductor SrPtAs. The local lack of inversion symmetry of the two distinct conducting layers in the unit cell results in a special spin-orbit coupling with a staggered structure. We classify the pairing symmetry by the global crystal point group D3d, and suggest some candidates for the stable state using a tight-binding model with an in-plane, density-density type pairing interaction. We may have some unconventional states such as s + f wave and a mixture of chiral d wave and chiral p wave. The spin-orbit coupling is larger than the interlayer hopping, and the mixing between spin-singlet and spin-triplet states can be seen in spite of the fact that the system has a global inversion center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Many basement-involved fault-related folds are thought to form by reactivation of pre-existing faults. Although oblique slip is expected on such structures it is often difficult to identify because the underlying faults are blind, paleomagnetic records are ambiguous, and mesoscopic deformation patterns in the associated monoclines are often incompletely exposed or difficult to interpret. This study seeks to establish a relationship between oblique slip on a basement reverse fault and the deformation patterns in the overlying folded rock layers. Using scaled physical models of wet clay overlying a rigid basement, we create a suite of Laramide-style folds over basement faults with variable obliquity. Precise displacements and strains on the surface of the clay are recorded using close-range photogrammetry. We use these measurements to predict deformation patterns that we would expect to find in analogous natural structures. The results of our models show that there are three general strain zones that form in monoclines that form above oblique-slip faults. The upper-hinge region of the monocline is dominated by extension, the lower-hinge region by contraction, and the middle of the fold limb is dominated by shear strains. The boundaries of these three zones, as well as the magnitude of strain in each of the zones vary with the amount of oblique slip and fault throw. Deformation should be dominated by joints and extensional faults in the extensional zone, by contractional faults and cleavage in the contractional zone, and may contain extensional, contractional, or strike-slip faults along with joints and cleavage arranged in Riedel style geometries in the shear strain dominated zone. At fault obliquities above 45° there is significant overlap of the different strain zones and deformation patterns in these regions can consequently be very complex, involving reactivation or overprinting of earlier structures, or the formation of mixed-mode structures. Displacements on the surface of our model monoclines suggest that previous paleomagnetic interpretations of vertical axis rotations on natural monoclines may need to be re-evaluated. Although such rotations increase with increasing fault obliquity, the magnitude of these rotations will vary significantly with position across a monocline. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Symmetry of the crystal lattice can be a determining factor for the structure of Cooper pairs in unconventional superconductors. In this study we extend the discussion of superconductivity in noncentrosymmetric materials to the case when inversion symmetry is missing locally, but is present on a global level. Concretely, we investigate the staggered noncentrosymmetricity within a regular sublattice structure, in some analogy to the discussion of superconductivity in antiferromagnetic systems. Three crystal structures are analyzed in detail as illustrative examples for the extended classification of Cooper-pairing channels. One of the cases may be relevant for the class of iron-pnictide superconductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by recent experiments on high-Tc cuprate superconductors pointing toward intra-unit-cell (IUC) order in the pseudogap phase, we investigate three distinct intra-unit-cell-ordering possibilities: nematic, nematic-spin- nematic, and current-loop order. The first two are Fermi-surface instabilities involving a spontaneous charge and magnetization imbalance between the two oxygen sites in the unit cell, respectively, while the third describes circulating currents within the unit cell. We analyze the three-band Emery model of a single CuO2 layer including various on-site and nearest-neighbor interactions within a self-consistent mean-field approach. We show how these on-site and further-neighbor repulsions suppress or enhance particular IUC orders. In particular, we show that the attractive interactions necessary for nematic and nematic-spin-nematic orders in one-band models have their natural microscopic origin in the O-O on-site and nearest-neighbor repulsions in the three-band model. Finally, we find that while the nematic and nematic-spin-nematic orders cannot coexist in this framework, the loop-current order can coexist with nematic order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented on the development of leadership in catholic pastors. It offers information on the ecclesial documents that describes skills of the leadership development and examines various aspects of the leadership treatment within the Church's official documents regarding the formation of priests. It informs that needs of pastoral formation is mostly discussed by the U.S. Bishops in their Program of Priestly Formation (PPF).

Abstract: Viscous drag causes the rapid deceleration of fungal spores after high-speed launches and limits discharge distance. Stokes’ law posits a linear relationship between drag force and velocity. It provides an excellent fit to experimental measurements of the terminal velocity of free-falling spores and other instances of low Reynolds number motion (Re<1). More complex, non-linear drag models have been devised for movements characterized by higher Re, but their effectiveness for modeling the launch of fast-moving fungal spores has not been tested. In this paper, we use data on spore discharge processes obtained from ultra-high-speed video recordings to evaluate the effects of air viscosity predicted by Stokes’ law and a commonly used non-linear drag model. We find that discharge distances predicted from launch speeds by Stokes’ model provide a much better match to measured distances than estimates from the more complex drag model. Stokes’ model works better over a wide range projectile sizes, launch speeds, and discharge distances, from microscopic mushroom ballistospores discharged at <1ms−1 over a distance of <0.1mm (Re<1.0), to macroscopic sporangia of Pilobolus that are launched at >10ms−1 and travel as far as 2.5m (Re>100). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Active discharge of basidiospores in most species of Basidiomycota is powered by the rapid movement of a droplet of fluid, called Buller’s drop, over the spore surface. This paper is concerned with the operation of the launch mechanism in species with the largest and smallest ballistospores. Aleurodiscus gigasporus (Russulales) produces the largest basidiospores on record. The maximum dimensions of the spores, 34×28μm, correspond to a volume of 14pL and to an estimated mass of 17ng. The smallest recorded basidiospores are produced by Hyphodontia latitans (Hymenochaetales). Minimum spore dimensions in this species, 3.5×0.5μm, correspond to a volume of 0.5fL and mass of 0.6pg. Neither species has been studied using high-speed video microscopy, but this technique was used to examine ballistospore discharge in species with spores of similar sizes (slightly smaller than A. gigasporus and slightly larger than those of H. latitans). Extrapolation of velocity measurements from these fungi provided estimates of discharge distances ranging from a maximum of almost 2mm in A. gigasporus to a minimum of 4μm in H. latitans. These are, respectively, the longest and shortest predicted discharge distances for ballistospores. Limitations to the distances traveled by basidiospores are discussed in relation to the mechanics of the discharge process and the types of fruit-bodies from which the spores are released. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Gilled mushrooms are produced by multiple orders within the Agaricomycetes. Some species form a single array of unbranched radial gills beneath their caps, many others produce multiple files of lamellulae between the primary gills, and branched gills are also common. In this largely theoretical study we modeled the effects of different gill arrangements on the total surface area for spore production. Relative to spore production over a flat surface, gills achieve a maximum 20-fold increase in surface area. The branching of gills produces the same increase in surface area as the formation of free-standing lamellulae (short gills). The addition of lamellulae between every second gill would offer a slightly greater increase in surface area in comparison to the addition of lamellulae between every pair of opposing gills, but this morphology does not appear in nature. Analysis of photographs of mushrooms demonstrates an excellent match between natural gill arrangements and configurations predicted by our model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Christologie: Systematisch und exegetisch was published in 1972 by Karl Rahner and Wilhelm Thüsing. When in 1980 the translation appeared as A New Christology, it did not include Rahner's five chapters from the 1972 volume, but inserted three essays by Rahner whose German originals were unidentified. The present essay identifies the source of the three chapters. It also reveals that Rahner's original five chapters were published a second time in the 1976 Grur:dkursdes Glaubens, although in a different form, and in 1978 were accurately translated in the sixth chapter of Foundations ofChristian Faith. The present essay concludes by tracing the genesis of Rahner's transcendental Christology from its 1969 origins to its 1972 publication to its 1978 translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study uses fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite veins to characterize the fracture-controlled paleohydrology of a map-scale, evaporite-cored detachment fold in the Sierra Madre Oriental of northeastern Mexico. Field observations indicate that the veins are tectonic in origin, and that they formed in a general sequence that corresponds to four broad stages of progressive folding. We collected samples from each vein stage in various structural and stratigraphic positions across the fold. After determining the mineral paragenesis and origin of inclusions in each sample, we used standard microthermometric techniques to measure the homogenization temperatures (Th ), salinities and eutectic temperatures of the available two- and three-phase aqueous inclusions. Neither Th , salinity nor eutectic temperature varied systematically with inclusion origin or mineral type. The data are also not significantly correlated with structural position or vein type, but are strongly partitioned by stratigraphy, suggesting that the area was a vertically stratified hydrologic system consisting of three regional paleohydrostratigraphic units. An upper unit comprised the Indidura Formation through Difunta Group, and is characterized by Th near 150°C and salinity <5wt% NaCl equivalent. A middle unit comprised the Taraises and Cupido Formations, and is characterized by Th near 150°C and salinities near 12 or 22wt% NaCl equivalent. The lower unit comprised the Zuloaga and La Casita Formations, and is characterized by an average Th near 225°C and salinities in three groups near 12, 22 or 36wt% NaCl equivalent. The preservation of multiple, distinct fluid types in many veins suggests that fracture development during folding and uplift created a second paleohydrologic system that overprinted the vertically stratified system. Fracture-controlled fluid migration in this second system occurred in periodic, repeated, and spatially variable pulses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Do the assertions of Karl Rahner (1) that the soul does not exist for its own sake but is a "principle" of being, and (2) that one must reject anthropological dualism in order to consider the body and soul a unity, endanger the traditional doctrines of the soul's independence and immortality? Rahner's Christology says no. As a principle of being, the soul "causes" the body to realize its potential for immortality. United with the body, the soul is the seat of human (distinct from animal) nature, capable of spiritual growth. Immortality and independence reflect the divine Word's entrance into human nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical models have been widely used to study geological structures for more than one hundred years. The greatest benefit of physical models is that with proper scaling of model dimensions and materials, researchers can directly observe structural or tectonic processes that take millions of years to occur naturally. Despite this benefit, however, use of physical models is not widespread because their construction and analysis is commonly labor-intensive work that yields largely qualitative information on structural geometry and limited quantitative information on displacement and strain. This paper describes how close-range photogrammetry can be used to obtain quantitative information on the geometry, displacement, and strain patterns in an evolving physical model. The technique is an inexpensive, high-resolution, noninvasive, and efficient method that uses standard commercial software and a digital camera to determine the x, y, z positions of high-contrast markers placed on the model surface. The model geometry at any given time is defined by the positions of all the markers, whereas strain and displacement are obtained by comparing, or tracking, the positions of the markers at different times during an experiment. We present as an example application of the technique, an analysis of scaled physical models of monoclimes that form above basement-involved reverse faults with differing displacement distributions. Using close-range photogrammetry, we are able to link fault displacement and lateral propagation history to unique, evolving, three-dimensional (3-D) geometries and deformation patterns that are unlikely to be revealed by other analysis techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many ascomycete fungi spurt their spores from asci pressurized by osmosis. This paper explores the details of this process in the coprophilous species Ascobolus immersus, through a combination of biomechanical and biochemical experiments, and mathematical modeling. A. immersus forms large asci that expel 8 spores as a single, mucilage-embedded projectile. Measurements of ascus turgor using a microprobe attached to a strain gauge showed a pressure of 0.3 MPa or 3 atm. Analysis of ascus sap using GC/MS identified glycerol as a major osmolyte, accounting for 0.1 MPa of the osmotic pressure within the ascus sap. A mathematical model indicated that a pressure of 0.2 MPa would be sufficient to propel the cluster of ascospores over the distance measured in previous studies. The difference between the measured and predicted pressures is ascribed to loss of pressure as the spores are forced through the tip of the open ascus. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Investigates Bcl-2 expression in mucous cells induced by a neutrophilic or eosinophilic inflammatory response. Inflammatory cells in airways of rats instilled with saline or lipopolysaccharide; Mucosubstances in rats instilled with saline or lipopolysaccharide; Bcl-2 immunopositive mucous cells in rats instilled with saline or lipopolysaccharide.

Provides information on a study which investigated Bcl-2 expression in mucous cells induced by a neutrophilic or eosiniphilic inflammatory response. Materials and methods; Results; Discussion.

Presents results of models for fracture evolution in folds that form when sedimentary strata drape over basement-involved reverse faults. Use of fault-bend in predicting the characteristics of joint networks; Impact of the timing of jointing during folding on spatial variation in joint orientations; Characteristics of fold-related joint sets.

Explore the relative domain orientation in a two-domain fragment from the protein barley lectin. Measurement of anisotropic spin interactions; Determination of order tensors for each domain from residual 15N-1H dipolar couplings; Possibility of a specific association between one domain and the lipid bicelles comprising the liquid crystal solvent.

Argues that poroelastic behavior is responsible for the unusually high horizontal stress (Sh) in the overpressured parts of sedimentary basins. Correlation between Sh and pore pressure (Pp); Definition of the theory of poroelasticity; Demonstration of poroelastic behavior.

Measures the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation of additional nuclei on each peptide plane, allowing for the observation of anisotropic local motions. Information on three dimensional structures which dictate the functions of proteins; What causes NMR relaxation.

Presents information on the measurement of NMR relaxation parameters for the peptide-plane carbonyl and nitrogen nuclei. Identification of tensor components; Information on nonaxial chemical shift; Indication of materials and methods; What experiments were conducted.

Traditionally, in three dimensions, the only symmetries essential for superconductivity are time reversal (T) and inversion (I). Here, we examine superconductivity in two dimensions and find that T and I are not required, and having a combination of either symmetry with a mirror operation (Mz) on the basal plane is sufficient. By combining energetic and topological arguments, we classify superconducting states when T and I are not present, a situation encountered in several experimentally relevant systems, such as transition metal dichalcogenides or a two-dimensional Rashba system, when subject to an applied field, and in superconducting monolayer FeSe with Néel antiferromagnetic order. Energetic arguments suggest interesting superconducting states arise. For example, we find a unique pure intraband pairing state with Majorana chiral edge states in Néel-ordered FeSe. Employing topological arguments, we find when the only symmetry is the combination of I with Mz, the superconducting states are generically fully gapped and can have topologically protected chiral Majorana edge modes. In all other cases, there are no chiral Majorana edge states, but the superconducting bulk can have point nodes with associated topologically protected flatband Majorana edge modes. Our analysis provides guidance on the design and search for novel two-dimensional superconductors and superconducting heterostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike the mechanism of ballistospore discharge, which was not solved until the 1980s, the operation of asci as pressurized squirt guns is relatively straightforward and was understood in the nineteenth century. Since then, mycologists have sought to understand how structural adaptations to asci have allowed the ascomycetes to expel spores of different shapes and sizes over distances ranging from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters. These modifications include the use of valves at the tips of asci that maintain ascus pressure and expel spores at the highest speeds, and gelatinous appendages that connect spores after release and create larger projectiles with greater momentum than single spores. Clever experiments in the twentieth century coupled with meticulous microscopic studies led investigators to understand how asci with complicated apical structures worked and mathematical models produced estimates of launch speeds. With the recent application of high-speed video microscopy, these inferences about ascus function have been tested by imaging the motion of spores on a microsecond timescale. These experiments have established that ascospore discharge is the fastest fungal movement and is among the fastest movements in biology. Beginning with the history of the study of asci, this review article explains how asci are pressurized, how spores are released, and how far spores travel after their release. We also consider the efficiency of ascospore discharge relative to the mechanism of ballistospore discharge and examine the way that the squirt gun mechanism has limited the morphological diversity of ascomycete fruit bodies. • Ascospore discharge is the fastest fungal movement. • Early ascus research inspired the most ingenious experiments in mycological history. • Ascospore and ballistospore discharge share the same underlying chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coupling a many-body-localized system to a dissipative bath necessarily leads to delocalization. Here, we investigate the nature of the ensuing relaxation dynamics and the information it holds on the many-body-localized state. We formulate the relevant Lindblad equation in terms of the local integrals of motion of the underlying localized Hamiltonian. This allows us to map the quantum evolution deep in the localized state to tractable classical rate equations. We consider two different types of dissipation relevant to systems of ultracold atoms: dephasing due to inelastic scattering on the lattice lasers and particle loss. Our approach allows us to characterize their different effects in the limiting cases of weak and strong interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterostructures utilizing topological insulators exhibit a remarkable spin-torque efficiency. However, the exact origin of the strong torque, in particular whether it stems from the spin-momentum locking of the topological surface states or rather from spin-Hall physics of the topological-insulator bulk, remains unclear. Here, we explore a mechanism of spin-torque generation purely based on the topological surface states. We consider topological-insulator-based bilayers involving ferromagnetic metal (TI/FM) and magnetically doped topological insulators (TI/mdTI), respectively. By ascribing the key theoretical differences between the two setups to location and number of active surface states, we describe both setups within the same framework of spin diffusion of the nonequilibrium spin density of the topological surface states. For the TI/FM bilayer, we find large spin-torque efficiencies of roughly equal magnitude for both in-plane and out-of-plane spin torques. For the TI/mdTI bilayer, we elucidate the dominance of the spin-transfer-like torque. However, we cannot explain the orders of magnitude enhancement reported. Nevertheless, our model gives an intuitive picture of spin-torque generation in topological-insulator-based bilayers and provides theoretical constraints on spin-torque generation due to topological surface states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a tetragonal material, order parameters of px and py symmetry are related by rotation and hence have the same Tc at a mean-field level. This degeneracy can be lifted by a symmetry-breaking field, such as (uniaxial) in-plane strain, such that at Tc, the order parameter is only of px or py symmetry. Only at a lower temperature also the respective other order parameter condenses to form a chiral p-wave state. At the mean-field level, the derivative of Tc with strain is discontinuous at zero strain. We analyze the consequences of (thermal) fluctuations on the strain-temperature phase diagram within a Ginzburg-Landau approach. We find that the order-parameter fluctuations can drive the transition to be weakly first order, rounding off this discontinuity. We discuss the possibility of a second-order transition into a nonsuperconducting time-reversal-symmetry-breaking phase and consequences for the spin-triplet superconductor Sr2RuO4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]