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Environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring methods have played a significant role in improving fisheries management decisions. Yet, their impact to date has been rather limited in Canada, where eDNA sampling and analyses are only beginning to be used to inform management and conservation decisions, practices, and policies. Studies investigating hurdles to the incorporation of eDNA evidence into fisheries management decisions generally focus on technical challenges (i.e., risks of false-positive and false-negative detections). We set out to identify challenges that eDNA researchers and conservation practitioners must overcome to fully unlock the benefits of eDNA sampling for fish management in the Canadian context. We discuss aspects of the broad and heterogeneous geography, preponderance of regions located far from densely populated areas, complex political landscape, and cultural diversity of Canada that may complicate the design of reliable eDNA monitoring tools or restrict their use if not adequately addressed. To advocate for the wider use of eDNA sampling, we outline a number of action items that would facilitate the broad adoption of eDNA sampling as a monitoring tool at the Canadian scale. Key words: monitoring, fishery management, species detection, qPCR, metabarcoding, Introduction Canada has approximately 20% of the world's surface freshwater resources (the highest in the world), including 60% of all freshwater lakes (Messager et al. 2016) and 25% of the [...]

The gender breakdown in higher education in Canada and other western countries has switched from an imbalance in favour of men to an imbalance in favour of women over the last two decades. Programs to attract women into higher education have worked very well. At the University of Guelph for example, 70% of the students are women. Should educators be concerned about this phenomenon? Are there short- and long-term negative effects of gender imbalance? If so, what can and should educators do about the imbalance? Should programs to attract men into higher education be implemented? What accessibility steps can be taken to create a gender balance in higher education? This article explores the changes in the gender profile at universities and colleges in Canada, the United States, and other countries. Potential economic, social, and political causes and effects of gender imbalance are proposed. Accessibility techniques that could be used to create gender balance in university and college programs are explored.

The use of an emissions tax to reduce pollution levels rests on the government's having full information regarding abatement costs. Otherwise, the target emissions tax levels associated with the target level of abatement cannot be determined. However, an iterative adjustment process for the tax based on the gap between actual emissions and the target level can side-step this issue. A non-cooperative differential game wherein firms manipulate the tax according to their agendas is presented to analyze the performance of a tax adjustment mechanism.

An examination of taxation policy relating to nonrenewable resources monopolists revealed that when the state followed the incremental surplus subsidy scheme with an exit tax (ISSET), monopolists chose efficient paths of extraction. ISSET was a nonlinear rule which enabled the state to tax monopolists efficiently despite possessing little information about reserves or costs. Schemes such as the incremental surplus subsidy (ISS) and the ISSET continued to function even if variables, such as the effort made to extract nonrenewable resources, were not observed by the state.

The article examines the empirical significance of Harold Hotteling's rule on the economics of exhaustible resources. The author provides an intuition and additional background on the rule and discusses the empirical evidence on market prices for non-renewable resources. He also looks into the literature of empirical test of the Hotelling rule and draws conclusion on its significance.