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In this study, a different perspective was brought to Narayana sequences and one-, two-, three- and n --dimensional recurrence relations of these sequences were created. Then, some identities ranging from one to n --dimensions of these recurrences were created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the idea of bicomplex valued S-metric space and deduces some of its features. Additionally, for bicomplex valued S-metric spaces, some fixed point results of contraction maps are shown to meet various categories of rational inequalities. Moreover, these results generalize certain significant, well-known results. An example is provided to highlight our major result. Furthermore, a theorem guaranteeing the existence of the one and only solution to the linear system of equations was developed using our main result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a rigorous account of the equivalence between the complex-valued widely linear estimation method and the quaternion involution widely linear estimation method with their vector-valued real linear estimation counterparts. This is achieved by an account of degrees of freedom and by providing matrix mappings between a complex variable and an isomorphic bivariate real vector, and a quaternion variable versus a quadri-variate real vector. Furthermore, we show that the parameters in the complex-valued linear estimation method, the complex-valued widely linear estimation method, the quaternion linear estimation method, the quaternion semi-widely linear estimation method, and the quaternion involution widely linear estimation method include distinct geometric structures imposed on complex numbers and quaternions, respectively, whereas the real-valued linear estimation methods do not exhibit any structure. This key difference explains, both in theoretical and practical terms, the advantage of estimation in division algebras (complex, quaternion) over their multivariate real vector counterparts. In addition, we discuss the computational complexities of the estimators of the hypercomplex widely linear estimation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we give a new proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra. Our proof is algebraic. We simplify the known proof of the Fundamental Theorem considering special case of polynomials of odd degree with real coeffcients. This case allows us to apply the method of mathematical induction to get the proof in general case without using infiniteness of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two probabilistic algebras: one for classical probability and the other for quantum mechanics. Naturally, it is the relation to the object that decides, as in the case of logic, which algebra is to be used. From a paraconsistent multivalued logic therefore, one can derive a probability theory, adding the correspondence between truth value and fortuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces one unique price motion process with fractional Brownian motion. We introduce the imaginary number into the agent's subjective probability for the reason of convergence; further, the result similar to Ito Lemma is proved. As an application, this result is applied to Merton's dynamic asset pricing framework. We find that the four order moment of fractional Brownian motion is entered into the agent's decision-making. The decomposition of variance of economic indexes supports the possibility of the complex number in price movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the existing literature, the information regarding the exact solutions for free in-plane vibrations of the curved beams (or arches) carrying various concentrated elements is rare, particularly for the case with multiple attachments including eccentricities and mass moments of inertias. For this reason, this paper aims at presenting an effective approach to tackle the title problem. First of all, the un-coupled equation of motion for the circumferential displacement of an arch segment is derived. Next, based on the value of the discriminate parameter for a cubic equation, the exact solutions for the three types of roots of the un-coupled equation are determined and, corresponding to each type of roots, all displacement functions for the arch segment in terms of the real numbers (instead of the complex ones) are obtained. Finally, use of the compatible equations for the displacements and slopes together with the equilibrium equations for the forces and moments at each intermediate node and two ends of the entire curved beam, a frequency equation of the form ∣H(ω)∣=0 is obtained. It is found that the conventional approach by using the condition “∣H(ω t )∣⩽ ε” to search for the approximate value of ω t is difficult even if the convergence tolerance ε is greater than 10+3 (i.e., ε >10+3) instead of less than 10−3 (i.e., ε <10−3), however, the half-interval method is one of the effective tools for solving the problem if all coefficients of the determinant ∣H(ω)∣ are the real numbers. In addition to comparing with the existing literature, most of the numerical results obtained from the presented method are compared with those obtained from the conventional finite element method (FEM) and good agreement is achieved. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper explains a method of constructing algebras, starting with the properties of discrimination in elementary discrete systems. We show how to use points of view about these systems to construct what we call iterant algebras and how these algebras naturally give rise to the complex numbers, Clifford algebras and matrix algebras. The paper discusses the structure of the Schrödinger equation, the Dirac equation and the Majorana Dirac equations, finding solutions via the nilpotent method initiated by Peter Rowlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will prove the uniqueness theorem for 3-layered complex-valued neural networks where the threshold parameters of the hidden neurons can take non-zeros. That is, if a 3-layered complex-valued neural network is irreducible, the 3-layered complex-valued neural network that approximates a given complex-valued function is uniquely determined up to a finite group on the transformations of the learnable parameters of the complex-valued neural network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the case of many low-cycle multiaxial fatigue criteria, we encounter a mathematical problem of adding vectors of normal and shear strains. Typically, the problem of defining an equivalent strain is solved by weighting factors. Unfortunately, this ignores the fact that these vectors represent other physical quantities: the normal strain is a longitudinal strain, and the shear strain is a rotation angle. Therefore, the goal of the present work was to propose a method of combining different types of strains by adopting a system of complex numbers. The normal strain was defined as the real part and the shear strain was defined as the imaginary part. Using this approach, simple load states, such as pure bending and pure torsion, have been transformed into an expression for equivalent strain identical to the previously proposed criteria defined by Macha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]