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In this paper, Teaching Expertise in Three Countries project is used as an example to show the significance and contribution of international comparative research and to think about the possible implications for policy in early childhood education. The project studied the development of expertise in preschool teaching in Japan, China, and the United States by employing 'video-cued multivocal ethnography' to explore how teaching expertise is defined in each of these countries and what processes help teachers acquire advanced teaching skills. This project has shown similarities and culturally specific notions, in what the participants have to say about characteristics of less and more experienced teachers. These research findings raise issues and challenges in early childhood education that resonate with the situation not only in the three countries but also possibly in other countries, such as problematizing the role of remembering and reflection in professional practice and the value of experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mr Chiang Kai-shek is a key historical figure of twentieth century China. The studies of his life and thought have attracted many scholars' attention during his lifetime as well as after his death in 1975. In recent years, along with the opening of the archives of Academia Historica, the Chronological Events (Shilue gaoben), and the Diary of Chiang Kai-shek, once again the topic of Chiang has become a focus among China scholars who study the Republican period. Besides numerous conferences and workshops recently held in Taipei, Beijing, Hangzhou, and other cities in both mainland China and Taiwan, academic circles in America, Europe, and Japan have also held some seminars regarding Chiang Kai-shek. The current overseas studies on Chiang Kai-shek can be divided into two groupings geographically: the Euro–American group and the Japanese group. These two groups, plus those from Taiwan and Mainland China, have formed the four most important academic traditions. In spite of their different views and ideologies, these four are able to influence each other and even to come to similar conclusions. These can be summarized as a more positive image of Chiang whose major achievements include fighting the Japanese in WWII and building a modern China in various ways. This paper, relying on overseas research results, will try to help researchers understand the current situation of studies on Chiang Kai-shek in the world so as to lay a better academic foundation for their own further studies. However, because of all kinds of limitations, this paper will rely mostly on the research achievements of English and Japanese works. Research works in other languages and from other regions will have to wait for later efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper measures nine indicators of profitability for the Chinese industrial firms during the period 1978-2006. In light of the results, it examines the issues such as the trend change of the Chinese profitability, difference of profitability between various categories of firms, impacts of inflation on the profitability calculated using the corporate accounting data, and comparison of profitability among China, Japan and US. Evidence found by the paper indicates the micro-economic underpinnings for the Chinese economic boom in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to explore the relationship among the large declines in China’s stock market and stock markets in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Hong Kong, and to forecast future large declines in China’s stock market. We apply mutually exciting marked Hawkes processes—where the occurrences of large declines are regarded as events whose magnitudes follow generalized Pareto distributions—to study the interaction between the different stock markets. We find that these interactions are asymmetric. The occurrences of large declines in the Chinese stock market will stimulate declines in the United States and the United Kingdom, and especially in Japan’s and Hong Kong’s stock markets. However, only large declines in Hong Kong’s market have a substantial influence on the occurrence of big declines in China’s market. Finally, we try to predict the time of occurrence of the next major decline in China’s stock market using information from our empirical results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines US, Japanese, and European political economy approaches to China, and their effect on US-Japan and US-EU relationships. Great powers with a greater security concern in dealing with another major country care more about power while those with less of a concern are preoccupied with calculations for wealth. China's rise and its actions have posed a far greater security challenge to the United States and Japan and are driving the two countries closer together. The political economy game involving China reveals a dominant welfare motive among the advanced market economies. The ambition to transform China politically has diminished. China's integration into the global market makes a relative gains approach difficult to implement. Globalization simply limits the ability of a state to follow a politics-in-command approach in the absence of actual military conflict, which explains why the political economy approaches of the United States, Europe, and Japan are not that different in the scheme of things. China's own grand strategy to reach out to the world to outflank the US-Japan alliance has also contributed to a divergent European policy toward China although there are severe limitations to Beijing's ability to drive a wedge between the United States and Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comprehensive index for measuring investor sentiment of the stock market of Hong Kong, China. It highlights that the turnover variable of a stock market is positively related to market sentiment. It also examines how the performance of the world's two largest stock markets that is, U.S. and Japanese markets affect the Hong Kong market. The daily data which is the simple average of daily high, low and close prices has been used to construct the sentiment measure.

This paper uses a survey at six universities in China to analyze university students' views on China's energy problems. It finds that gender, the nature and location of a student's original community, and their level of education affects students' views about China's energy problems, as well as the types of solutions that are deemed to be most appropriate to manage this looming crisis. University students are quite concerned about China's energy situation. For them, it is already a crisis. They fear China will be controlled due to resource dependency, see the US as China's primary energy competitor, all the while advocating a more hawkish attitude towards Japan in the East China Sea. But, they look foremost to domestic solutions to this crisis, such as enhanced conservation, more efficient use of energy, new technologies, enhancing China's strategic reserve, and increased government taxation, particularly of large enterprises. When they look abroad, they support diversifying energy sources, increasing energy cooperation, particularly with Russia and Central Asia (but not with Japan), and some increase of the navy's role in enhancing sea lane and energy security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the development of the Six-Party process through to the joint statement by the parties on September 19, 2005, considers the subsequent decision by North Korea to stage a nuclear test in the context of the apparent stasis of the process, and then reviews the international condemnation that was the result of those tests. North Korea's decision to return to the talks is then discussed in light of the policy issues that must be solved if the September 19 principles can be realized in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 1931 to 1941, when China and Japan were at undeclared war, China's propaganda was fairly well-circulated in America through her American friends who played a leading role in shaping American opinions on the Far Eastern crisis. But the United States State Department maintained a neutral stance toward the Sino-Japanese conflict until after 1939 and considered the pro-Chinese opinion not so much a national consensus for policy consideration as a partisan view propped up by propaganda groups. Thus, the State Department guarded its Asian policy from the pressure of propaganda activities and partisan opinions on the Asian conflict, whilst utilising them occasionally as tools of diplomacy toward China and Japan. This article examines the State Department's attitude toward public opinion and propaganda on the Far Eastern conflict from 1931 to 1941 to illustrate how American officials handled partisan opinions on a foreign crisis when most of the information on foreign policy was privately initiated and circulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For 15 years the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED) has given advice to the Chinese government on various aspects of environmental conservation. In 2004, the Council established a Task Force on Environmental Governance, consisting of six international and six Chinese experts. On the basis of a thorough comparative evaluation of the structures, processes and outcomes of the environmental policies in China, the US, Japan and the EU, in November 2006 the Task Force presented its report consisting of 25 major recommendations, which are documented here in a condensed version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study compared responses from college students on a survey questionnaire about aging knowledge, aging attitudes, aging anxiety, experiences with older persons, and other related experiences. A total of 1124 college students from China (430), Japan (349), and the United States (345) participated in this study. They completed Palmore's Facts on Aging Quiz, Kogan's Attitudes toward Older persons Scale, and a modified Lasher and Faulkender's Aging Anxiety Scale. Cronbach's alphas indicated satisfactory reliability on all three scales for the three cultural groups of participants. They also reported their experiences with aging and the older adults including living with, taking care of, working with older persons, and taking a gerontology course. The results indicate that the Chinese students scored significantly higher than both the Japanese and Americans on Facts on Aging Quiz. Findings also show that overall, level of aging knowledge is positively related to aging attitudes and negatively related to aging anxiety. In addition, our study shows that very few students in all three countries have ever taken a gerontology related class. Further, past and current experiences with the older adults do not seem to be related to participants' aging knowledge, with the exception of Chinese and Japanese women. These results are discussed in a global aging context of reducing ageism and the evolving nature of both Eastern Asian and American cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asia-Pacific region has the highest number of active smokers in the world. Efforts to reduce tobacco use should implement evidence-based measures. The Association of Pacific Rim Universities is a non-profit network of more than 50 universities representing 18 economies. In 2017, it held a virtual global health case competition relating to the use of universities as platforms for tobacco control. This study is a content analysis of tobacco control proposals submitted by 24 teams from 10 economies. Content analysis of the 10-min videos examined (1) general tone and scope of videos; (2) contextual analysis; (3) intervention approaches; (4) theoretical framework; (5) primary versus secondary prevention; (6) individual versus structural approaches. Proposals were not comprehensive; most included some but not all elements recommended by the WHO FCTC. Smoking was often referred to as a 'habit' (instead of an addiction), which likely explains the predominance of individual-level behavior change interventions (smoking cessation) over structural interventions (tobacco ad or sales bans). The most common intervention was the enforcement of current bans on smoking (proposed in 78% of videos), perceived as a major barrier to tobacco control. While most proposals emphasized individual components (e.g. health education and peer support), some also proposed to create more supportive smoke-free environments through billboards, posters and cues to action, such as 'no smoking' reminders and signs with cessation hotline numbers. University faculty, students and campus-wide organizations are well positioned to lead tobacco control efforts. More work is needed to support the establishment of smoke-free campus environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China and the United States have a great impact on Japan, Japanese attitudes toward China and the United States have been the focus of debate. This study uses nationally representative longitudinal data from Japan to investigate how the economic and political threats are relevant to Japanese attitudes toward China and the United States. Empirical analyses find that: first, socioeconomic status (SES) is significantly associated with individuals' attitudes toward the United States but not China. Second, individuals' perceptions of Japan's economic situation influence their attitudes toward China and the United States; that is, an optimistic assessment of Japan's economy increases the Japanese people's positive attitudes toward both China and the United States. Finally, the political threats have contrasting effects on Japanese attitudes toward China and the United States. Concerns over political threats increase Japan's favorable attitudes toward the United States while deteriorating the positive attitudes toward China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research examined whether adolescents in the United States, China, and Japan differed in their conceptions of a creative person. Participants were American (n = 321), Chinese (n = 235), and Japanese (n = 393) adolescents in 7th and 8th grades who completed surveys at 3 time points. Using an open-ended questionnaire, adolescents were asked to list up to 10 attributes of a creative person. The responses were coded into 4 categories: action, emotion, characteristics, and self (vs. others). Results indicated that adolescents in the United States used more action and emotion descriptors (e.g., draws, happy) when conceptualizing a creative person, compared to Chinese and Japanese adolescents. In contrast, Chinese (vs. American and Japanese) adolescents were more likely to use descriptors about the characteristics of a person (e.g., hardworking, smart) in their conceptualizations of a creative person. Changes over time in adolescents' conceptions of a creative person were evident, with the rates of such changes being uneven across countries. Findings provide evidence in support of the idea that adolescents' implicit theories of creativity may be rooted in their cultural experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history and beginnings of menstrual education in China from the 1950s to 1980s, focusing on the writings of Japanese public health educator Ishigaki Junji translated into Chinese as a U.S. method to combat nonscientific views. It mentions the claim that superstition and tradition promote incorrect knowledge that are not supported by medical researchers and investigations and explores the effectiveness of science and its gender politics, and medicine in Taiwan.

Shortly before and during the Second World War, Japanese doctors and medical researchers conducted large-scale human experiments in occupied China that were at least as gruesome as those conducted by Nazi doctors. Japan never officially acknowledged the occurrence of the experiments, never tried any of the perpetrators, and never provided compensation to the victims or issued an apology. Building on work by Jing-Bao Nie, this article argues that the U.S. government is heavily complicit in this grave injustice, and should respond in an appropriate way in order to reduce this complicity, as well as to avoid complicity in future unethical medical experiments. It also calls on other U.S. institutions, in particular the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, to urge the government to respond, or to at least inform the public and initiate a debate about this dark page of American and Japanese history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to understand the factors influencing Taiwan's Chinese consumers' purchase intentions toward U.S. and Japanese household appliances. The authors attempt to develop and test a comprehensive model linking such purchase intentions to several constructs including Taiwan Chinese consumers' openness to foreign cultures, consumer nationalism, product familiarity, traditional cultural values orientation, and product-country image. The result of analysis using structural equation modeling shows that consumer nationalism has a strong indirect effect on purchase intention via the product-country image construct. Taiwan Chinese consumers' traditional cultural values orientation and openness to foreign cultures have direct effects on consumer nationalism and, hence, are important antecedents in explaining the purchase intentions toward foreign-made goods by Taiwan Chinese consumers. With the growing importance of the Chinese domestic market, this study provides international marketing managers with practical implications in important areas such as market segmentation, branding strategy, and market research and practices in the Chinese consumer market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In August 2009, the Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP), which had been in power since 1955, lost the general elections to a recently-formed party, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ). The LDP's foreign policy had placed emphasis on relations with the US, and on international cooperation and relations with Asia. The LDP's foreign and defense policy lacked a long term vision; it was incremental, pragmatic and could be described as reactive or passive. An examination of the DPJ's foreign policy, three years after its coming to power, reveals that it has accepted part of the LDP's inheritance. The Japan-US Alliance was reasserted as pivotal to Japan's security. Cooperation with Asia has not given birth to a new regional structure or to new institutional mechanisms, and dialogue with China has not improved; incrementalism is still preferred in the field of defense. Nonetheless, the fact that Japan's opposition is now a catch-all party at the center of the political scene changes the framework of foreign and defense policy-making considerably. Therefore, the likelihood of interpartite cooperation over foreign and security policy is theoretically conceivable. Nonetheless, political and institutional constraints to change in the field remain. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This contribution attempts to examine the relative importance of the US, Japan and China to Hong Kong and Macau, two effective dollar-based currency boards today, by evaluating the economic potentiality of Japan or China as an alternative monetary anchor country against the US. The assessment is made according to the criteria prescribed by the optimum currency areas (OCA) theory. In addition to that, a subsidiary analysis is done to evaluate in general the suitability of their fixed exchange rate regimes, regardless of the anchor country. Amidst the existing dollar linked arrangement and the rising dominance of China, significant evidence suggests that Japan, despite its lacklustre domestic conditions, might be at least as good a monetary anchor as the US for Hong Kong. In the meantime, China seems to be a more promising monetary anchor alternative for Macau. The features of Hong Kong and Macau also appear to broadly and endogenously support their fixed exchange rates, but not all the features of Macau, a HK-dollar-based currency board, are consistently symmetrical with those of Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quarterly panel data on seventy-one industries from 1999 to 2007 are used to estimate China's exports with a view to exploring the driving forces behind China's remarkable export growth, particularly to the United States and Japan. The results indicate that there are some similarities and differences between the determinants of China's exports to these two countries. For example, an appreciation in the real exchange rate of the renminbi tends to have a significant negative impact on China's exports to both countries. However, the impact is much greater on Sino-U.S. trade than on Sino-Japanese trade due to China's higher dependence on Japan's intermediate goods. Empirical evidence also reveals that differences in income elasticities and economic growth rates might account for the more rapid increase in China's exports to the United States than to Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Sino-American Cooperative Organization (SACO), a joint effort between the Nationalist Chinese and the U.S. naval intelligence against the Japanese occupation of China in World War II. It states that SACO performed several missions including weather monitoring, spying on Japanese ships and soldiers, and blowing up enemy supply depots. Furthermore, SACO was established by Captain Milton Miles of the U.S. Navy and Nationalist China's General Dai Li.

The author argues that India must restructure its foreign and security policies within the framework of a multipolar world, in which China has become the second largest economy, while the economies of U.S., Europe and Japan have stagnated. The key factors to a new Indian foreign policy are hinged on the presence of an unstable neighborhood, an assertive China and a divided domestic politics. The author also believes that India must use its economic, cultural, military and diplomatic profiles to highlights its place in the international arena.

Background Statistics are critical in holding governments accountable for the well-being of citizens with disability. International initiatives are underway to improve the quality of disability statistics, but meaningful ID data is exceptionally rare. Method The status of ID data was evaluated in a review of 12 national statistical systems. Recurring data collection by national ministries was identified and the availability of measures of poverty, exclusion, and disadvantage was assessed. Results A total of 131 recurring systems coordinated by 50 different ministries were identified. The majority included general disability but less than 25% of the systems screened ID. Of these, few provided policy-relevant data. Conclusions The scope of ID data was dismal at best, though a significant statistical infrastructure exists for the integration of ID data. Advocacy will be necessary. There is no optimal form of data monitoring, and decisions regarding priorities in purpose, targeted audiences, and the goals for surveillance must be resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with the strained relationship during the Koizumi era, Japanese-Chinese relations today seem to prove that despite many bilateral problems, a solution can always be found. This attitude is too complacent as a closer examination of the three main disputes shows: the history-related issues, the territorial disputes in the East China Sea, and Taiwan. Bilateral agreements, understandings, or protracted negotiations may provide temporary relief but may turn out to be very costly in the long run to Japan's national interests and to regional stability while time is not on Japan's side in view of the shifting comprehensive power relationship between the two countries. Instead, Japan should clarify its position in the Japan-US-China triangle, reform its economy, strengthen its Asian policy and sort out its priorities concerning the three main problems by striking a grand bargain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

United States rapprochement with China should be re-examined by taking into consideration the American negotiating approach towards Beijing regarding the role of Japan, the United States' major Asian ally and China's long-term rival in East Asia. Whilst announcing the Nixon Doctrine, which increased pressure on Japan to strengthen its defense and regional responsibilities, Nixon and Kissinger used the so-called “Japan Card,” Japan's possible military resurgence and China's long-term fear of it, as a tacit negotiating tool to justify to Chinese leaders the continued United States military presence in East Asia. This article examines the impact of the United States rapprochement with China on the American negotiating process with Chinese leaders for the continuation of the United States-Japan Security Treaty and to what extent it changed China's policy toward American relations with Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the shift of financial power toward Asian markets and on the possibility of U.S.-China-Japan trilateral cooperation. It states that as a result of the global financial crisis of 2008-2009, the U.S., European, and Japanese economies are simultaneously in a recession while China's economic growth has slowed. It comments on the growth of anti-globalization sentiments and protectionist policies as a result of the financial crisis and fears that the election of Barack Obama as U.S. President may result in increased protectionism in U.S. policy. It talks about China funding U.S. deficits and the possible role it played in U.S. regulatory failures that led to the financial crisis. It mentions Japan and China are both suspicious of each other concerning global governance.

This study takes a broader view of internationalization in retailing within the context of the cross-border transfer of business models based on the case of Seven-Eleven Japan Co. Ltd. The authors acknowledge that it is imperative to take a broader process based view of internationalization in a continually consumer driven global economy, with increasing convergence of information and communication technologies which enable effective management of large networked retail firms. Such a process based view of internationalization has implications through all the stages in the core value chain of the retailer, from sourcing through to logistics, store operations, property management to customer relationships. The research demonstrates how the internationalization of Seven-Eleven Japan Co. Ltd entailed across-the-board continuous adaptation covering all three systems of retail store formats and operating systems, product development and procurement, and supply chains. Accordingly, the study makes a contribution to the standardization versus localization debate in internationalization literature by applying the concept of 'continuous creative adaptation' to the case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having maintained a low-key relationship since early postwar, Japan today shows increasing interest in India as a rising economic and regional power. The two nations are now developing ties in many areas consequent with India's ascent, most importantly in politico-strategic matters. This strategic development is intriguing as Tokyo was one of the most critical voices condemning New Delhi's decision to conduct nuclear testing in 1998, when the relationship reached its nadir. So why this strategic repositioning and why now? This article explores Japan's move towards India as an attempt to balance and bandwagon strategically. Japan's strategic thinking now recognises India as potential balance for Japan against China while Japan bandwagons with the United States in response to both India and China as rising Asian powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1993 North Korea's response to US ‘hegemony’ has been a seemingly paradoxical attempt to bandwagon with the United States by means of military coercion. However, after more than a decade of effort, North Korea has failed to normalize its relations with the United States. In the years ahead, it can either pursue more proactively the strategy of bandwagoning with the United States, shift its strategic focus to China, or embark upon a policy of equidistance between the United States and Japan on the one hand and China on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We apply a trilateral trade approach to examine how Japanese exports and investment to China, or seven other Asian economies, affect Chinese, or the seven Asian economies', exports to the US market. The results suggest that while Chinese and Japanese exports are directly competitive in US markets, Chinese exports to the US are supported partly by Japanese exports to China. The positive correlation between Japanese exports to China and Chinese exports to the US is explained by vertical trade between Japanese multinationals and their affiliates in China. Indonesian and Philippine exports are also competing with Japanese exports in US markets, though the extent of the competition is much higher for China than for these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In seventy items measuring fourteen constructs of human resource management practices in 286 Chinese foreign subsidiaries headquartered in the United States, Japan and Germany, significant differences are related to financial control from the foreign parent, organizational form (joint venture, wholly owned foreign subsidiary or representative office) and time since entry into the Chinese market. The differences appear to be governed more by the push from parent-firm economic considerations and venture structure and the pull from specific Chinese HRM conditions than by the push related to home country of parent or factors associated with industry type. In addition, a fair number of HRM practices appear unaffected by any of these factors, and these may be more universal in form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has made a conscious effort to prioritise stable relations with the US and Japan over its long-term concerns about BMD. Many Chinese analysts, backed by sober technological assessments of the prospects for BMD deployment, have concluded that time is on China's side. But this does not imply that China's opposition to missile defences has ceased to exist. Beijing remains wary of US and Japanese intentions, and believes that BMD is aimed at China's containment. The United States and Japan, as they implement long-term plans for missile defence, should be aware that the latent Chinese opposition will be an enduring factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduces articles focused on varied aspects of China's relationship with the outside world. Chinese attitudes toward the United States, Russia, and Japan; American and European motion pictures; Foreign enterprises; Foreign brands; Public opinion and attitudinal survey data; College students' views.

The article focuses on the alliances of the U.S. with Japan and Germany. It discusses that alliances help prevent world war and promote peace by preventing powerful nations like China and Russia from attacking U.S. allies and by preventing Germany and Japan from acquiring increased military and nuclear power. The article argues that the propagation of nuclear weapons has reduced U.S. interests in protecting its allies and that too much reliance of nations on U.S. protection can aggravate international conflicts in the region. The article provides a description of the effects of U.S. alliances with other nations.

[ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

One of the twenty-first century's great challenges will be to fill Asia's security vacuum. The US maintains a heavy military presence and an important set of bilateral security arrangements, and the region's great powers cooperate on an ad hoc basis. But there is no developed security system embraced by Asia- Pacific's leading powers. Meanwhile, the 'Asian way' of consensus-based diplomacy has suffered greatly -- in coherence and prestige -- from the financial crisis which started in 1997. What the region needs is a limited and informal concert, based on the classical principles of European concert diplomacy. Such a framework would satisfy China's quest for enhanced international status, help US efforts to 'engage' China, and address the fear of Japan and Russia being marginalised if the Sino-US relationship develops into a true 'strategic partnership'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

However it comes about, a stable peace on the Korean Peninsula would drastically alter the strategic environment, forcing all countries with interests in the region to reassess their military postures and alignments. Tokyo and Seoul, in particular, would face the urgent task of reassessing and possibly reconfiguring their alliance relationships with the US. In a world without a North Korean threat, the two alliances should be reorganised to reduce asymmetries between them. Serious discussions now about the future of the two alliances would help to create a sense of direction and predictability for all countries in the region, including China. It would be wise, therefore, for Washington, Tokyo and Seoul to start the rethinking process sooner rather than later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the Chinese-western scholarly interaction. China has signified its willingness to strengthen ties with western universities and maintain or increase the flow of scholarly exchange. Chinese leaders are confident that their scholars will absorb from the West techniques that will be useful for a modern, independent China. An examination of China's academic exchange with Great Britain, France and West Germany was undertaken, and the exchange policies and programs of the U.S. Canada and Japan in relation to China was reviewed.

The article discusses the regional security agenda in East Asia. It notes the involvement of the U.S. in the process of change and dialogue on security issues in the region. It mentions the increasing concern over the long-term growth of China's economic power, indicating its defence modernization. It also cites the significant contribution of U.S. military presence and political engagement to regional stability and sustainment of Japan's acceptability. Moreover, it highlights the U.S.-Japan alliance which is aimed at promoting economic cooperation and maintenance of international peace and security.

The article looks at the relationship between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Japan, and its implication on the emerging economic and political order in the Asia-Pacific. It notes the move of Beijing in pacifying U.S. concerns over trade, human rights and proliferation of mass destruction weapons. It also cites the significance of PRC's economic weight and modernization efforts in Tokyo's future political and military role. Moreover, it mentions the growing interest of Japan on defensive systems as evidenced by its focus on nonproliferation as a foreign policy objective.

The article presents a speculative assessment regarding commercial observation satellites and their military implications. It reports that the French launch of the Satellite pour l'observation de la terre (SPOT) has destroyed the superpower duopoly in the field of remote sensing or space-based observation satellites. It mentions that the implications of satellite imagery for international stability are likely to be more significant, as the underdeveloped countries acquires the capability to access the earth from space. It also discusses the SPOT revolution with regards to the development and launching of other satellites from other nations, including Italy, Sweden, Brazil, China, Japan, the United States and the European Space Agency.

The article focuses on difficulties experienced by native industries in China during the Golden Age. During the war China's native capitalists could not overcome the burden of feudalism and imperialism. The difference between the war period and the period before the war is that Japan and America took the place of England and the warlords substituted for the Qing monarchy. However, Japan and America quickly established a firm hold on China during the war and created monopolies there. Under the opposing pressures from within and without China, the native industries still exhibited vigorous growth, but their foundation was weak and primitive. Because of high wartime profits, their propensity to speculate became quite visible and the industrial foundation remained unstable. Because the development of the native industries was insufficient, because native industries remained primitive and weak, native capitalists were forced to maintain connections with feudal and imperialist powers. Thus, in the Golden Age, Chinese native capitalists encountered many difficulties. They could not expand and develop sufficiently. Because of this they continued to exhibit a feudal mentality, a colonial slavishness, a propensity to speculate and a weak nature.