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This note focuses on super‐priority liens (SPLs), which allow homeowner associations to foreclose a property over its mortgage. Twenty‐two states have so far implemented such liens, hoping to balance the interests of mortgage creditors and homeowner associations. The state of Nevada has been facing more challenges from both mortgage creditors and homeowner associations regarding the constitutionality of non‐judicial foreclosure than other states. This paper summaries the cases since 2000 and discusses the three major decisions that the Supreme Court of Nevada made involving SPLs' non‐judicial constitutionality, tender‐extinguishing SPLs, and federal creditors' role in SPLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates whether flipping activities impose an externality on the transaction prices of the neighboring nonflipped properties. Using a data set of residential property transactions in Clark County, Nevada for the period 2003–2013, we find that flippers impose a significant positive impact on the price of neighboring nonflipped properties in an up market, but a significant negative effect in a down market. This procyclical impact of flipping activity contributes to the volatility of housing prices, hence magnifying boom and bust cycles and increasing the likelihood of a mortgage crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mars' wet‐to‐dry transition is a major environmental catastrophe, yet the spatial pattern, tempo, and cause of drying are poorly constrained. We built a globally distributed database of constraints on Mars late‐stage paleolake size relative to catchment area (aridity index (AI)), and found evidence for climate zonation as Mars was drying out. Aridity increased over time in southern midlatitude highlands, where lakes became proportionally as small as in modern Nevada. Meanwhile, intermittently wetter climates persisted in equatorial and northern‐midlatitude lowlands. This is consistent with a change in Mars' greenhouse effect that left highlands too cold for liquid water except during a brief melt season, or alternatively with a fall in Mars' groundwater table. The data are consistent with a switch of unknown cause in the dependence of AI on elevation, from high‐and‐wet early on, to high‐and‐dry later. These results sharpen our view of Mars' climate as surface conditions became increasingly stressing for life. Plain Language Summary: Mars' surface was habitable in the past but is sterile today. Mars had multiple lake‐forming eras as the planet dried out, but so far, there has been no globally distributed survey of the size of late‐stage lakes, and the evaporation/precipitation ratio (aridity index (AI)) of the climates that formed them. This is key input/test data for models of Mars' past climate and climate evolution. We built a globally distributed database of AI constraints for late‐stage river‐forming climates on Mars. On average, late‐stage lake‐forming climates had a higher aridity than early‐stage river‐forming climates. Drying‐out was spatially heterogenous, with a "high‐and‐dry" pattern. This apparently contrasts with a "high‐and‐wet" pattern seen for early‐stage river‐forming climates. The reasons for this apparent switch are unknown. Key Points: Aridity on Mars increased over time, but intermittently wetter climates persisted in lowlandsConsistent with a change in Mars' greenhouse effect that left highlands too cold for liquid water except during a brief melt seasonData are consistent with switch, of unknown cause, in dependence of aridity index on elevation: high‐and‐wet early on, high‐and‐dry later [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate postseismic deformation following the 15 May 2020, Mw 6.5 Monte Cristo Range, Nevada earthquake using geodetic and aftershock data. Seven months of Sentinel 1‐A/B SAR images were used to model deformation as afterslip on two subparallel fault planes outlined by aftershocks. Postseismic deformation fits exponential and logarithmic decay models equally well. For exponential decay, the average decay time is ∼38 days. On the western plane, where most coseismic slip was observed, afterslip was minor, occurred at shallower depths than coseismic slip, and is anticorrelated with aftershock distribution. On the eastern plane, afterslip is significant, exceeds coseismic moment release, occurred at and below coseismic slip, and is correlated with aftershock distribution. On both segments, geodetic moment exceeds seismic moment, suggesting most afterslip occurred aseismically. Aseismic creep does not make up for observed coseismic shallow slip deficit, perhaps related to fault immaturity. Plain Language Summary: Monitoring surface deformation and slip at depth after an earthquake can be used to investigate changes in the local stress field caused by earthquakes and infer frictional and other conditions on earthquake‐causing faults. We used InSAR satellite data and ground‐based seismic data to study afterslip associated with a moderate magnitude earthquake in Nevada that occurred on 15 May 2020. Most energy after the mainshock was released aseismically rather than as aftershocks. The large (∼1.4 m) coseismic slip that occurred at a depth of about 8–10 km never propagated to the surface, either during or after the earthquake. Geologic estimates of motion on this fault would therefore underestimate the motion at depth, perhaps leading to underestimation of the fault's long‐term slip rate. Key Points: InSAR time series reveal that the average characteristic relaxation time for postseismic motion is ∼38 days for the Monte Cristo Range earthquakeWhile aseismic afterslip exceeded seismic afterslip, combined afterslip did not compensate for the shallow coseismic slip deficitFault immaturity might explain the shallow slip deficit and the relatively low amount of afterslip compared to coseismic slip [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non‐native ungulate grazing has negatively impacted native species across the globe, leading to massive loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Despite their pervasiveness, interactions between non‐native grazers and native species are not fully understood. We often observe declines in demography or survival of these native species, but lack understanding about the mechanisms underlying these declines. Physiological stress represents one mechanism of (mal)adaptation, but data are sparse. We investigated glucocorticoid levels in a native avian herbivore exposed to different intensities of non‐native grazing in the cold desert Great Basin ecosystem, USA. We measured corticosterone, a glucocorticoid in feathers for a large sample (n = 280) of female greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) from three study areas in Northern Nevada and Southern Oregon with different grazing regimes of livestock and feral horses. We found that greater feral horse density was associated with higher corticosterone levels, and this effect was exacerbated by drought conditions. Livestock grazing produced similar results; however, there was more model uncertainty about the livestock effect. Subsequent nesting success was lower with increased feather corticosterone, but corticosterone levels were not predictive of other vital rates. Our results indicate a physiological response by sage‐grouse to grazing pressure from non‐native grazers. We found substantial among‐individual variation in the strength of the response. These adverse effects were intensified during unfavorable weather events, highlighting the need to reevaluate management strategies in the face of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a data‐driven approach to clustering or grouping Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations according to observed velocities, displacements or other selected characteristics. Clustering GNSS stations provides useful scientific information, and is a necessary initial step in other analysis, such as detecting aseismic transient signals (Granat et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220130039). Desired features of the data can be selected for clustering, including some subset of displacement or velocity components, uncertainty estimates, station location, and other relevant information. Based on those selections, the clustering procedure autonomously groups the GNSS stations according to a selected clustering method. We have implemented this approach as a Python application, allowing us to draw upon the full range of open source clustering methods available in Python's scikit‐learn package (Pedregosa et al., 2011, https://doi.org/10.5555/1953048.2078195). The application returns the stations labeled by group as a table and color coded KML file and is designed to work with the GNSS information available from GeoGateway (Donnellan et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-020-00561-7; Heflin et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ea000644) but is easily extensible. We demonstrate the methodology on California and western Nevada. The results show partitions that follow faults or geologic boundaries, including for recent large earthquakes and post‐seismic motion. The San Andreas fault system is most prominent, reflecting Pacific‐North American plate boundary motion. Deformation reflected as class boundaries is distributed north and south of the central California creeping section. For most models a cluster boundary connects the southernmost San Andreas fault with the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ) rather than continuing through the San Gorgonio Pass. Key Points: Unsupervised clustering methods provide a data‐driven way of analyzing and partitioning Global Navigation Satellite System observations of crustal deformationDeformation is distributed across the San Andreas fault system but is localized at the creeping section in central CaliforniaThe Southern San Andreas fault connects with the Eastern California Shear Zone rather than the rest of the San Andreas fault system [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]