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The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of this type--the holdings of short-term foreign assets by the German banks. The ratio of short-term foreign asset to the total asset is explained by various yields on alternative assets. In addition, the effect of short-term constraint variable on the adjustment of actual stock to the desired stock of asset holdings is incorporated in the analysis. The variables included perform rather well in explaining the monthly fluctuations of the asset ratios. This paper presents a case study of the international movements of short-term banking funds with the application of the asset portfolio approach which has been so fruitful in the investigation of demand for domestic financial assets. The study demonstrates that when a balance-sheet framework can be clearly defined, the portfolio balance analysis provides a very effective approach to the study of capital flows between countries. The experience of the holding of short-term foreign assets of the German banks is investigated. With the holding of foreign assets treated as one of many assets (and liabilities) in a well-defined balance sheet for the German banks, the portfolio approach is applied with some success. The importance of such variables as total asset holdings (LA), yields on alternative assets (r[sub 1]), and flows of liquid funds (CBM) in affecting the asset holdings is borne out by the results obtained. Some 70 per cent of the fluctuations of the ratios of foreign assets to total liquid assets are explained by the variables r[sub L], r[sub LA[sub d]] - r[sub FA], and CBM/LA[sub t-1]. The estimated coefficients are all significant. The incorporation of variables LA and CBM also helps improve the estimation of interest rate variables, giving us a very satisfactory result for the estimated coefficients for interest rates. The scope of the paper is obviously limited. Those problems such as the need for non-linear equation, the importance of adopting simul... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights the scientific meeting held by the Swiss Society of Analytical Psychology at University of Freiburg on October 1960. Subject of the meeting; Introduction of the subject by speaker C. A. Meier; Committee members who were elected during the meeting.

In periods of frequent realignment of foreign exchange rates, interest focuses understandably on the causes of capital movements. The difficulty with studies of such movements usually lies in obtaining data sufficiently disaggregated so as not to force too many types of motivation into one all-encompassing specification. This was the problem M. Porter as well as W. H. Branson and R. D. Hill faced when studying capital movements of OECD countries. C. F. Ou started from a much more narrowly defined asset category but failed to distinguish between demand balances held for transactions requirements and interest earning assets. Despite the attention that capital flows have received of late, their importance for the present system of international exchange rates and the conduct of monetary policy as well as the shortcomings of the studies to date may justify another inquiry. Specifically, the present paper will review briefly the theoretical underpinnings for German banks' decisions to hold short term assets abroad. The main purpose is twofold: 1) to determine which interest rates and scale variables yield the best explanation of actual changes in the stock of such assets held by German banks; 2) to obtain an estimate of changes in the short term capital account of the German balance of payments that can be attributed to banks' portfolio adjustments in the face of interest rate changes at home and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Control of Aquatic Weeds organized by the Aquatic Weed Group of the European Weed Research Council at Oldenburg, Germany, August 22-24, 1967. Other activities launched; Topics of scientific papers presented.

This paper is meant to contribute to the knowledge about totalitarianism by means of analysis of the totalitarian mass vote that is to provide a basis for conclusions upon motivations of voters of totalitarian parties. This paper is focused upon the analysis of the phenomenal rise of the Nazi vote from 1927 to 1933 in Germany and in Austria in order to learn more about those who limit their support of totalitarianism to their ballots. Selected data from the Austrian Communist vote since 1945 are then presented in support of the author's hypothesis that a mass vote for a totalitarian party is not motivated by ideological commitments or even by endorsement of a political programme but simply represents a non-specified protest of discontent. In Germany, the Nazi's mass vote was recruited from former non-voters and minor party voters who returned to voting for minor parties or not at all during the party's brief, but spectacular decline just before it came into power. In Austria, there was but little non-voting and but limited voting for minor parties. However, Austrian defectors to Nazism did not turn to dictator Adolf Hitler directly from their old party, instead, they first either refrained from voting or voted for insignificant splinter groups before they finally turned to Hitler.

The article reports on the eighteenth biennial congress of the Institut International de Sociologie (IIS), held in Nürnberg, Germany from September 10 to 18, 1958. The congress was attended by 295 participants including 221 from 31 countries. Several hundred papers were discussed during the first four days. After these sessions, the members traveled for five days to see postwar Germany. They viewed the reconstruction of Kassel, East Germany and West and East Berlin. The receiving station at Marienfeld in the West Berlin was also inspected. It is the place where peoples who flee from East Germany are held until their placement in West German industries and occupations. IIS is the oldest sociological organization, founded by René Worms at Paris in 1893. Scientific papers may be written in English, French, Spanish, Italian, or German. They are printed in bound volumes for distribution to the members. Membership is elective but national quotas are limited to prevent one country's domination. Eminent sociologist, Professor Hans Freyer, was president of this congress. Professor K. Valentin, general secretary of the U.S., was host this year.

This article presents information of various papers that were discussed in the meetings related to analytical psychology that were held in 1966-67. The German Society for Analytical Psychology organized a conference in Berlin, on February 17-18, 1966. Some of the papers discussed at the conference were "case report on a depressed woman patient" by Hildemarie Streich, "family destinies in the light of the myth of the curse on the house of Atreus" by Gerda Bertram. A conference "Instinct and symbol formation" was organised by the Swiss Society of Analytical Psychology on May 6-7, 1967 at Switzerland. Various papers that discussed at the conference were " Psychological phenomena during menstruation" by Marilyn Nagy, "Animals in dreams" by Mario Jacoby.

Most of the existing studies on the international capital market are based on a segmented market approach. This approach treats the different national capital markets as separated entities, hardly related to each other. For this reason (under the assumption of market segmentation), comparable capital assets may differ in their return on different national markets. Although market segmentation enjoys a surprisingly large following, it is not the only possible interpretation of the international capital market. The alternative hypothesis, i.e., that prices of capital assets in the international capital market behave as if there is one multinational perfect capital market, should be considered. The one market hypothesis has the advantage of being consistent with much of the accepted economic theory. Also the one market hypothesis is unambiguous where market segmentation can stand for any number of specific imperfect market formations. Market segmentation is widely accepted as the only possible structure of the international capital market. Different currency areas, separated political organizations and trade barriers have been given as a priori evidence for the segmentation of the international capital market. This, however, is not necessarily the case. An examination of the behavior of capital asset prices reveals that the price behavior is consistent with the one market hypothesis. It should be noted, however, that a certain body of data can be consistent with both the one market hypothesis and any one of several specific forms of market segmentation. But as the main theme of this study is to show the validity of the one market approach to the multinational equity market, it is sufficient to show that one cannot reject the one market hypothesis with regard to this market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the discipline of the balance of payments in Western Europe. The article's first section attempts to demonstrate that, in most of Western Europe, the normal balance-of-payments discipline operated against chronic external deficits, which was in fact operative only to a limited extent during the first half-dozen years after World War II. The second section of the article focuses on the operation of the discipline against chronic external deficits throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the third section the question of balance-of-payments discipline in situations of chronic external surplus is considered, with a particular focus on Germany.

The thesis of this paper is that fourteenth century German mystics administered psychotherapy to fourteenth century German merchants, thereby aiding the efforts of the merchants to rationalize commerce and society. The argument runs that the merchants' emphasis on economic rationalism violated traditional values of the Church and of medieval society in general. Since the Church an d the associated social order were perceived as controlling every man's chances for salvation, the merchants felt anxious and guilty about their rationalist tendencies, and were therefore tempted to dilute them. Another solution, however, was to continue the rationalism but to seek therapy for the anxiety and guilt that it evoked. Mystic-monks were among those who provided such therapy. Analyses and speculations are offered regarding the symbolism that goaded the therapy forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relationship between societal values and political, particularly democratic development has been of interest to many students of politics. This paper reports data on the values of German society before WW I. An instrument to measure value orientations on the basis of Action Theory is described and its underlying assumptions as well as those pertaining to the use of fiction as a source on values in historical periods are discussed. Findings are reported concerning Prussians and Southerners, two major groups in German society. The data show that Germany was characterized by high value heterogeneity of its population, a factor which contributed to the lack of national democratic development before WW I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-national comparisons represent for the social scientist a combination of challenging opportunities and of tricky methodological pitfalls. The opportunities lie in the chance such comparisons provide of shaking hypotheses free from particular sets of cultural entanglements and for catching strategic variables in new ranges and combinations. The pitfalls lie not only in the problems to be faced in the cross-national translation of variables, but also in the fact that most such comparisons involve the reconciliation of basically non-comparable data, gathered by diverse investigators with diverse methods and for diverse purposes. The present paper deals with a set of data which permit some direct cross-national comparisons of child-rearing practices in the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany. The data for both samples were collected by the same investigators, employing nearly identical methods and procedures, and the subjects employed in the comparisons have been carefully matched with respect to a number of possibly contaminating demographic variables.

A symposium on human and animal pathogenic and geophilic fungi will be held in Erfurt, Germany from October 22-23, 1970. Its title is "Problems of Determination and Taxonomy of Dermatophytes and Gymnoascaceae." Both comprehensive papers and brief reports will be accepted; the conference languages will be English and German.

Presents news briefs related to psychology as of December 1, 1933. Growth in the number of papers of psychodiagnostic interest which are read at the meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; Information on lectures delivered at a meeting of the German Society for the Study of Heredity on problems of heredity in the animal and vegetable kingdom; Information on experiments in Russia which aimed at finding methods to regulate the sex of offspring.

Presents a program of the European meeting on August 1967 in Bonn, Germany. Presentation of the econometrics of international trade; Establishment of the measurement of demand functions; Contribution of papers on mathematical economics; Practice of econometric methods; Lecture on macroeconomic models and problem of forecasting.

This paper is divided into six parts as follows: I: The four elements of horizontal financial equalization; II: The financial settlement: nature and aims; III: Financial settlement further considered; IV: The impact of horizontal fiscal equalization; V: The extent of horizontal fiscal equalization in the context of finance reform; and VI: Some comparisons with Australia and Canada. The detailed empirical evidence of how the system of inter-state fiscal equalization in West Germany works in practice is contained in Parts IV and V; and these parts can be skipped by those wishing to focus attention on the general principles of inter-state fiscal equalization in West Germany and on comparisons with methods used in Australia and Canada. It is therefore suggested that the general reader might proceed directly from parts I-III to part VI&deg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's experience of visiting elementary schools and schools engaged in the education of teachers for the elementary schools of Germany. During his visit, he observed 34 classes in teacher education institutions and 28 in elementary schools. The author made his conclusions on the basis of conditions resulting from denazification, demilitarization and democratization of German education. School buildings had been lost, not only by bombing, but by having had their use diverted to other needs such as refuge for displaced persons, as hospitals, as quarters for troops. Rebuilding has been to date practically out of the question, and lack of materials has made even the most basic repairs move slowly. School materials, like all other materials, are seriously lacking. Even the most common supplies such as pencils, paper, ink, chalk, are at a premium. Textbooks are only slowly being developed. Both German officials and the U.S. Military Government have worked valiantly to see that the children, in particular, are fed as nearly as possible at least a subsistence diet.

Discusses research and teaching programs on international organization and European integration in the Federal Republic of Germany. Doctrinal roots of the program; Historical influences; Political framework; Absence of specialized academic field to deal with international relations; Teaching schedules and research work during 1963-1964.

This paper treats three subjects: (1) In Section II and III there is given a general analysis of revisions in national income data, namely the sources of revisions are enumerated and the conclusions that might be drawn are discussed in some detail. (2) Section IV gives a description of the history of revisions in national estimates for the FRG (Federal Republic of Germany) for the period 1949-1965. The general revisions are classified according to their causes. (3) Sections V to VII give a statistical analysis of the revisions described in Section IV. Revisions in the level and in the linear annual change are characterized by their mean and their mean absolute deviation. Theil's coefficient of inequality is computed and on the basis of its decomposition a kind of analysis of variance is carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 1959, on the occasion of the award of the first prize it had offered, the Westdeutscher Verlag of Cologne, Germany, announced its offer of a further prize for scientific work in fields of sociology, political economy, industrial economy and political science, with the aim of encouraging science and research. Some condition were laid down by the jury at its meeting on May 28, 1960. The total prize money was DM 16,000, to be divided into four sums of DM 4,000, which was awarded respectively for papers on sociology, political economy, industrial economy and political science.

Presents an obituary for psychologists Friedrich Seifert, who died of stroke in Germany.

The article looks at three aspects of European capital markets. It considers the characteristics of integrated capital markets, the relationship of integration to efficiency, the extent to which developments have affected integrated capital markets, and the prospects for future development. The author notes that, while Europe contains capital markets of importance, no European capital market exists, leaving markets for long-term capital to be organized on unintegrated national lines. The efficiency of European capital markets are considered from an international point of view. Capital markets in Germany, Sweden, Great Britain, and other European countries are discussed.

The article focuses on the financial policies of Germany in the post World War II period, outlining the treatment of foreign exchange controls and external mark debts initiated in the 1930s and readdressed in the 1950s. Germany's efforts to unfreeze as many foreign fund sources as possible are discussed in depth. Blocked funds including not only banking loans, but also real estate holdings, security investments, and other long term assets are considered. Details of the conditions before the war which led to the developments are explained along with discussion of its ongoing efforts to resolve the problem.

The article discusses basic aspects of the German postwar debt settlement. Including the prewar debt, Germany has over $5.5 billion in outstanding debt. A settlement accord was reached in England and is important to Germany's economic future and stability but also the system of international lending. The author explains certain aspects of the settlement such as the negotiations to reduce the prewar debt based on territorial changes. Also, the United States wrote down the money owned to it by almost $2 billion.

The article examines the actual role of cigarettes as currency in the German economy at the end of World War II, as opposed to popular mythology surrounding the events. Details are given describing the institution of a limited barter economy alongside the black market and traditional system and the presence of cigarettes as a primary commodity within them. Connections between the restrictions of Reichmark-American dollar exchanges are analyzed. Conclusions are offered suggesting that while cigarettes did serve in a monetary capacity, it was a limited one.

The article discusses the regulation of money and capital markets in Germany from 1933 to 1938. Central bank policy during that period focused on four aims, including the regulation of the money market, use of capital markets for the sale of government debt, determining supply and demand for seasoned government bonds, and maintaining low interest rates. The author discusses each policy objective in turn, and notes how German bank officials miscalculated the willingness of the Nazi regime to scale back on armaments once German economic power had been re-established.

The article examines the different effects of the U.S. and West German accounting practices on financial statements. The author discusses the analysis of the net income and the relationship between corporation law and business customs. The author states that he assumed that significant differences between German and U.S. accounting practices are limited to the areas of depreciation accounting, inventory valuation, and deferred tax accounting. The article also discusses the interest of the protecting creditor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of bookkeeping with particular focus on manuscripts written during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. A sixteenth century manuscript on bookkeeping was found in the Germanisches Museum in Nuremberg, Germany by Balduin Penndorf. Particular focus in the article is given to the manuscripts of Matthäus Schwarz and Johann NeudÖrffer and their background in bookkeeping. It is thought that books giving instruction in bookkeeping originated around 1494 when "Summa" was written by Luca Pacioli.

Presents an abstract of the article "Von der Fachbibliographie zur Dokumentation erlautert am Beispiel der Entwicklung der deutschen eisenhuttenmannischen und verwandten Bibliographien," published in "Nachrichten fur Dokumentation." Includes an historical treatment of published documentation on metallurgy since the 18th century in Germany.

Highlights several events related to weed control as of December 1961. 10th Pacific Science Congress at the University of Hawaii in Honolulu; Commission de Cooperation Technique en Afrique du Sud du Sahara/Food and Agriculture Organization Symposium on Weed Control held at Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria; Meeting of the Committee on Methods of European Weed Research Council at Brunswick, Germany.

The article focuses on the new buying patterns in Germany. There are somewhat more than 17 million families in Western Germany and the trend is toward democracy in making family purchases. The latest studies indicate that the man may still have the deciding voice in the purchase of consumer durables but in general the views of both parents and of the older children are considered. Figures show that the larger purchases are jointly planned and made in nearly all families and some two-thirds of all married men and women make the buying decisions jointly. About four-fifths of all married men take their wives along when making what the husbands consider important purchases; only twofifths of the wives, however, take their husbands along, for instance when clothes shopping; the other three-fifths would rather take mother, daughter or woman friend. The average West German monthly net family income rose from $101 in 1953 to $145 in 1959 or 42%. Even more impressive is the growth of freely disposable income during this period. In 1953 the average West German family could do as it pleased with only 8% of its income, while 92% went for necessities.

The author describes the method, findings and conclusions of a research project investigating wage differentials in a number of industrial concerns in France and the Federal Republic of Germany. Focusing on the differentials between levels of skill and responsibility within the individual firm, he finds substantial national variations as regards both the differentials themselves and the job hierarchy to which they correspond. This shows, he believes, that wage differentials cannot be narrowed by action confined to the industrial field alone: they constitute a social phenomenon which may best be analyzed by combining the economic approach with the sociological and the study of national industrial relations systems. In this way it should be possible to develop an interdisciplinary theory of wage differentials and the division of labour. Labour Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explains the significance of the message that Jesus Christ is the source of freedom and unity to the German community. It mentions that the origin of socialist system came from a series of liberations such as politics, economics, labor and education. The Protestant Church is said to be facing a crisis due to socialism which consists of three movements such as living with people, overcoming prejudices and living responsibly. The role of Gospel in the society is also explained.

The article presents a speech by Lukas Vischer, Director of the Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches, delivered at the Council's Central Committee, held in Berlin, Germany in August 1974. Vischer spoke about a fundamental truth of the Spirit which transcends antagonisms, contradictions, and anomalies in the church. He highlighted the power of the invocation of the Holy Spirit in bringing radical changes to various churches.

The article presents a report by M. M. Thomas, Director of the Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, delivered at a Central Committee of World Churches at Berlin meeting, held in Germany in August 1974. Thomas discussed the developments in various projects including the meeting of the Fifth Assembly in 1975, the Programme to Combat Racism, and the Human Rights Consultation in October 1974. He highlighted the centrality of Jesus Christ in the mission to unify the church.

Analyzes the carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of seventy-nine samples of biogenic carbonates from the Mainz Basin Tertiary. salinity trends derived from isotope data; Salinity cycle ranging from fresh water-brackish towards marine and brackish-fresh water.

The article focuses on the research paper "Documentation in Germany: 1954," by Hans Karl Soeken. The author here describes the past, present and future activities of the German Society for Documentation after its first five years. Whereas early activities were concentrated on more technical matters such as document reproduction, more attention in the future is expected to be directed toward problems of classification. The activities and organization plans of a number of existing and proposed committees of the society are discussed.

This study of German village families tests the association between aspirations and attainments in the farm and in the home areas. This association is generally positive in both areas. However, highest attainment in the farm area was found for those with ’medium’ aspirations for home improvements. The positive association between aspirations and attainments in the farm area holds for those with large farms but not for those with small farms. The results of the study indicate that there is an interdependence between the farm and the home in attainment of goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Western Germany there are few villages inhabited entirely by farmers and few more with a majority of farmers. In the rural areas the population and consequently the youth are strongly differentiated both vocationally and socially. The structural change of farmer villages into mixed communities of workers and farmers and into communities where only workers are living does not implicitly mean urbanization of the country. Three-fourths of the native and one-third of the refugee rural youth live in households where large land areas are cultivated. Attachment to soil and nature are still common characteristics of the country. In general the rural youth appreciate the advantages of life in the country. The mental distance between modern rural youth and the older generation is conspicuously evidenced by the way the young people think of basic questions of existence, the choice of a marriage partner, and education of the children. Specialist knowledge is given top priority in the scale of values. Rural youth deserves every help to facilitate the change from the old social institutions and customs of their parents and grandparents to the new and desired ones. It is the great educational and social task with regard to the Western German rural youth to make sure that during this period of change the urban social forms are not imitated, but that this process of change will be creative in nature.

Copyright of Rural Sociology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rural Sociology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article offers information on the several contributions for the leaderless group test as the best techqnique for locating potential leaders. It mentions that a selection program for officer candidate was developed by German military psychologist in 1938 which include the method of using real life situations in their tests. It cites the report by Barnard and Brody on the use of leaderless group discussion technique on the New York City Department of Health's health-officers-in-training wherein candidates are assigned on medical problem. It says that unqualified candidates for a job can be eliminated using the leaderless group discussion which can serve as an initial screening device.

The article presents information on Jerome D. Frank, recipient of the Kurt Lewin Memorial Award of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues for 1972. Early in his career, Frank was directly associated with sociologist Kurt Lewin, studying and working with him first in Germany and then in the U.S. Throughout his career, Frank has exemplified the values and orientations for which Kurt Lewin stood. Frank received his BA from Harvard in 1930 and had planned to go on to medical school. As an undergraduate, however, he had become interested in the work of Kurt Lewin and decided to take a year off to study with him in Germany. As a result of this experience, he was diverted from his original plan and, upon returning to Harvard, entered graduate rather than medical school, obtaining his PhD in psychology in 1934. In the meantime, Lewin had left Germany and come to Cornell University, and Frank joined him there in 1934-35. Frank continued his psychiatric training at the Phipps Psychiatric Clinic at Johns Hopkins, writing up some of his earlier research on the side.

This article focuses on social problems and social psychology. Any society, it would seem, requires for its operation the performance of certain roles whose existence its members can admit only with difficulty. Though good people may be convinced that these roles are necessary, they will nevertheless, in the ordinary course of events, try to shield themselves from detailed knowledge about them, they will attempt to push knowledge about them into the background of their consciousness. The dissociation of moral sensibility that is implied here requires, at least in modern societies, certain structural conditions in order to be effective, among which relative lack of visibility which is perhaps the most important one. The performance of some roles require that they be conducted in secret. The solid middle-class citizens of Nazi Germany seem, by and large, to have been unconcerned with what was being done to the Jews in the early years of the Nazi regime; even the public degradation of Jews in full visibility in city streets seems to have left them largely unaffected.

The article presents a study which assesses the spectral composition and effects of light intensity on woodland plants in Heidelberg, Germany. It suggests that wavelength must be measured first in order to determine which woodland is lighter or darker. It reveals that the composition falls on a horizontal surface about 25 centimeters from the ground where the sky is clear and discrete. The study also claims that the regression of plant growth on light and form of apparent relation influence the color of the light measured.

The article presents a discussion about the spread of the British flora existing from late-glacial period. The article aims to identify which plant species survived the last Ice Age era by examining evidence from the late-glacial condition in north-west Europe such as fruits, seeds, pollen grains, flora, and fauna. It is noted that after such condition, tree-less tundra appeared due to the commencement of ice in regions such Denmark, Sweden, and Germany. An examination was conducted on plants, fossils, habitats, climate, and soil which resulted to the identification of several species widely existing beyond their present-day area in Great Britain like the Polenium, Teucrium scordium, and Dryas octopetala.

Explains how industrial noise and vibration in the Federal Republic of Germany can be kept down to tolerable levels. Effectiveness of decreasing noise levels in industries; Effects of the works on machine manufacturers and users; Significance of the attention paid to medical care in industry.

This article focuses on the duty-free entry provided by German states, the Zollverein, for British imported iron from 1842 to 1845. Careful study in detail of governmental actions during this decade helps substantiate the view that the repeal of the Corn Laws was in fact no dramatic reversal of previous policies but merely the culmination of them. Two determinants appear to have been at work in shaping these policies. From the time of Peel's accession to power, the government had been attempting to extend England's trade through rationalization of the tariff and concomitant use of this rationalization as leverage in negotiating a more favourable tariff climate abroad. Secondly, leading members of the industrial community were applying increasing pressure in the direction of policies and measures which would actively assist the marketing of their products. British iron output had increased sharply, beginning in the late 1830's and extending into the 1840's, partly in response to the rapidly growing domestic demand from the manufacturers of railroad equipment, chiefly rails, partly as a result of the over rapid development of the new Scottish fields.