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The See Change survey was designed to make z > 1 cosmological measurements by efficiently discovering high-redshift Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and improving cluster mass measurements through weak lensing. This survey observed twelve galaxy clusters with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) spanning the redshift range z = 1.13-1.75, discovering 57 likely transients and 27 likely SNe Ia at z ∼ 0.8-2.3. As in similar previous surveys, this proved to be a highly efficient use of HST for supernova observations; the See Change survey additionally tested the feasibility of maintaining, or further increasing, the efficiency at yet higher redshifts, where we have less detailed information on the expected cluster masses and star formation rates. We find that the resulting number of SNe Ia per orbit is a factor of ∼8 higher than for a field search, and 45% of our orbits contained an active SN Ia within 22 rest-frame days of peak, with one of the clusters by itself yielding 6 of the SNe Ia. We present the survey design, pipeline, and supernova discoveries. Novel features include fully blinded supernova searches, the first random forest candidate classifier for undersampled IR data (with a 50% detection threshold within 0.05 mag of human searchers), real-time forward-modeling photometry of candidates, and semi-automated photometric classifications and follow-up forecasts. We also describe the spectroscopic follow-up, instrumental in measuring host galaxy redshifts. The cosmology analysis of our sample will be presented in a companion paper.

Stable isotope data have made pivotal contributions to nearly every discipline of the physical and natural sciences. As the generation and application of stable isotope data continues to grow exponentially, so does the need for a unifying data repository to improve accessibility and promote collaborative engagement. This paper provides an overview of the design, development, and implementation of IsoBank (www.isobank.org), a community-driven initiative to create an open-access repository for stable isotope data implemented online in 2021. A central goal of IsoBank is to provide a web-accessible database supporting interdisciplinary stable isotope research and educational opportunities. To achieve this goal, we convened a multi-disciplinary group of over 40 analytical experts, stable isotope researchers, database managers, and web developers to collaboratively design the database. This paper outlines the main features of IsoBank and provides a focused description of the core metadata structure. We present plans for future database and tool development and engagement across the scientific community. These efforts will help facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration among the many users of stable isotopic data while also offering useful data resources and standardization of metadata reporting across eco-geoinformatics landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous Current Anthropology article considering the Scandinavian Bronze Age (Ling, Earle, and Kristiansen 2018), a model was proposed to explain the concentration of metal wealth and social stratification under conditions of low population density. This model is now considered to help understand anomalies in the archaeological sequence of eastern Taiwan during the Neolithic and Early Metal Ages. In contrast to Taiwan's agriculturally richer western coast, evidence of complexity arose unexpectedly early on the east despite its more limited agricultural soils and lower populations. We propose that these outcomes resulted from a maritime economy, in which local agricultural surpluses finance distant voyaging that an emergent elite might control. Travels carried a substantial amount of rare nephrite from Taiwan's eastern coast to Island Southeast Asia and the South China Sea. Subsequently, metals and glass technologies were introduced from there into Taiwan. This trade and technological transfer were earliest on the eastern coast, perhaps unexpected because it was more removed from the Chinese mainland, a likely source for cultural transfers. We propose that eastern coast Taiwanese populations developed an entrepreneurial raiding-trading political economy, perhaps involving slaves, that would explain these anomalies. Predating specialized merchant trading, a raiding-trading complex, not unlike later piracy, may have provided broadscale maritime interactions partially responsible for patterned developments of political complexity in this region of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winter conditions impose dramatic constraints on temperate, boreal, and polar ecosystems, and shape the abiotic and biotic interactions underpinning these systems. At high latitudes, winter can last longer than the growing season and may have a disproportionately large impact on organisms and ecosystems. Even so, our understanding of the ecological implications of winter is often lacking. Indeed, even what exactly defines winter is currently unclear, and boundaries that delineate this season are blurred across marine, freshwater, and terrestrial realms and fields of biology. Here, we discuss the complexity of defining winter, and highlight the importance of maintaining the capacity to test hypotheses across seasons, realms, and domains of life. We then outline questions drawn from diverse fields of research that address current gaps in our understanding of winter ecology and how winter influences multiple levels of biological organization, from individuals to ecosystems. Finally, we highlight the potential consequences of changes to both the length and severity of winter due to climate change, and discuss the role winter may play in mediating ecosystem function in the future. Key words: climate change, communities, ecosystems, individuals, populations. Les conditions hivernales imposent des contraintes dramatiques aux ecosystemes temperes, boreaux et polaires, et elles faconnent les interactions abiotiques et biotiques qui soutiennent ces systemes. Aux hautes latitudes, l'hiver peut durer plus longtemps que la saison de croissance et il peut avoir un impact disproportionne sur les organismes et les ecosystemes. Malgre cela, notre comprehension des implications ecologiques de l'hiver est souvent insuffisante. En effet, meme ce qui definitexactementl'hiver n'est pas clair actuellement et les frontieres qui delimitent cette saison sont floues a travers les domaines marins, d'eau douce et terrestres et les champs de la biologie. Les auteurs discutent ici de la complexite de definir l'hiver et soulignent l'importance de maintenir la capacite de tester des hypotheses a travers les saisons, les roy-aumes et les domaines de la vie. Ils presentent ensuite des questions tirees de divers domaines de recherche qui visent a combler les lacunes actuelles dans notre comprehension de l'ecologie hivernale et de la facon dont l'hiver influence de multiples niveaux d'organisation biologique, des individus aux ecosystemes. Enfin, ils soulignent les consequences potentielles des changements de la duree et de la rigueur de l'hiver dus aux changements climatiques et discutent du role que l'hiver pourrait jouer dans la mediation de la fonction des ecosystemes dans le futur. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: changements climatiques, communautes, ecosystemes, individus, populations., Introduction Ecologists have traditionally regarded winter as a dormant time of year; a time when most organisms actively or passively depress their metabolism or seek out warmer climates until spring [...]

Hot, dust-obscured galaxies, or "Hot DOGs," are a rare, dusty, hyperluminous galaxy population discovered by the WISE mission. Predominantly at redshifts 2-3, they include the most luminous known galaxies in the universe. Their high luminosities likely come from accretion onto highly obscured supermassive black holes (SMBHs). We have conducted a pilot survey to measure the SMBH masses of five z ∼ 2 Hot DOGs via broad Hα emission lines, using Keck/MOSFIRE and Gemini/FLAMINGOS-2. We detect broad Hα emission in all five Hot DOGs. We find substantial corresponding SMBH masses for these Hot DOGs (∼ 109 M⊙), and their derived Eddington ratios are close to unity. These z ∼ 2 Hot DOGs are the most luminous active galactic nuclei for their BH masses, suggesting that they are accreting at the maximum rates for their BHs. A similar property is found for known z ∼ 6 quasars. Our results are consistent with scenarios in which Hot DOGs represent a transitional, high-accretion phase between obscured and unobscured quasars. Hot DOGs may mark a special evolutionary stage before the red quasar and optical quasar phases, and they may be present at other cosmic epochs.

The Visteon True Color Image Enhancement system currently allows either edge detection to be activated or disabled. This study proposes a third option of implementing a dynamic edge detection method which dynamically enhances symbology edges as a function of the ambient lighting condition. Under nighttime lighting conditions, edge enhancement is not desirable since image artifacts are introduced that are not required for image visibility. As the reflected ambient lighting conditions increase, it is desirable to increase the visibility of black borders around symbology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer experience with high performing mobile device displays sets high expectations for the automotive market in contrast, color performance and brightness. OLED based displays continue to experience difficulties in penetrating the automotive display market primarily due to image burn at high luminance operation and high costs. The microZone™ LCD is an alternative display configuration that can meet the desirable properties of OLED displays while providing high luminance at high temperature operation without image burn in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding OLED life characteristics is crucial towards implementation of OLED technology into automotive applications. The use of the Arrhenius equation together with the Inverse Power Law may be utilized to estimate the improvement in OLED life when automatic luminance control methods are utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have discovered an optically rich galaxy cluster at z = 1.7089 with star formation occurring in close proximity to the central galaxy. The system, SpARCS104922.6+564032.5, was detected within the Spitzer Adaptation of the red-sequence Cluster Survey, and confirmed through Keck-MOSFIRE spectroscopy. The rest-frame optical richness of Ngal (500 kpc) = 30 8 implies a total halo mass, within 500 kpc, of ∼3.8 1.2 1014 Mo, comparable to other clusters at or above this redshift. There is a wealth of ancillary data available, including Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope optical, UKIRT-K, Spitzer-IRAC/MIPS, and Herschel-SPIRE. This work adds submillimeter imaging with the SCUBA2 camera on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope and near-infrared imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope. The mid/far-infrared (M/FIR) data detect an Ultra-luminous Infrared Galaxy spatially coincident with the central galaxy, with LIR = 6.2 0.9 1012 Lo. The detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at z = 1.7 in a Spitzer-IRS spectrum of the source implies the FIR luminosity is dominated by star formation (an Active Galactic Nucleus contribution of 20%) with a rate of ∼860 130 Mo yr-1. The optical source corresponding to the IR emission is likely a chain of >10 individual clumps arranged as "beads on a string" over a linear scale of 66 kpc. Its morphology and proximity to the Brightest Cluster Galaxy (BCG) imply a gas-rich interaction at the center of the cluster triggered the star formation. This system indicates that wet mergers may be an important process in forming the stellar mass of BCGs at early times.

The Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS) was a multi-cycle treasury program on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) that surveyed a total area of ∼0.25 deg2 with ∼900 HST orbits spread across five fields over three years. Within these survey images we discovered 65 supernovae (SNe) of all types, out to z ∼ 2.5. We classify ∼24 of these as Type Ia SNe (SNe Ia) based on host galaxy redshifts and SN photometry (supplemented by grism spectroscopy of six SNe). Here we present a measurement of the volumetric SN Ia rate as a function of redshift, reaching for the first time beyond z = 2 and putting new constraints on SN Ia progenitor models. Our highest redshift bin includes detections of SNe that exploded when the universe was only ∼3 Gyr old and near the peak of the cosmic star formation history. This gives the CANDELS high redshift sample unique leverage for evaluating the fraction of SNe Ia that explode promptly after formation ( 40 Myr. However, mild tension is apparent between ground-based low-z surveys and space-based high-z surveys. In both CANDELS and the sister HST program CLASH (Cluster Lensing And Supernova Survey with Hubble), we find a low rate of SNe Ia at z > 1. This could be a hint that prompt progenitors are in fact relatively rare, accounting for only 20% of all SN Ia explosions - though further analysis and larger samples will be needed to examine that suggestion. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

The Wood Turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) is a semiaquatic turtle species that has been known to exhibit intersexual variation in habitat use during summer. Males often remain near watercourses in riparian areas, whereas females tend to move upland and spend more time in terrestrial environments postnesting. Dietary niche partitioning is one of several hypotheses proposed to explain why females leave aquatic habitats in search of terrestrial food resources. The presence of dietary niche partitioning within a population of Wood Turtles in central New Brunswick, Canada, was assessed using stable isotope analysis. Male and female Wood Turtles were sampled in spring and summer 2021. Potential invertebrate foods were sampled and grouped into pond, stream, and terrestrial food sources. Using stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic ratios of extracted red blood corpuscle and blood plasma, the resource use and isotopic niche widths of individuals within the population were compared between seasons and sexes. Results indicated no significant differences in δ13C and δ15N values, dietary contributions, or isotopic niche widths between spring and summer samples or between males and females. We determined that terrestrial invertebrates were an important food source (>72% mean diet contribution) across the entire sampled population, with invasive Arion slug species constituting a large portion of turtle diets. Our findings indicate that dietary niche partitioning is most likely not the explanation for sexual variation in habitat use by Wood Turtles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "Fisher-Hunter-Gatherer Complexity in North America" edited by Christina Perry Sampson explores the concept of complexity among hunter-gatherer societies in North America. The book challenges the traditional binary categorization of simple vs. complex hunter-gatherers and argues for a more nuanced understanding of variability within these societies. The authors emphasize that complexity should not be limited to socioeconomic aspects but should also include other domains such as worldviews, ritual, knowledge, and historical trajectories. However, the reviewer disagrees with the book's premise and argues that complexity should primarily be understood in terms of socioeconomic inequalities. The reviewer also critiques the book for oversimplifying the ethnographic record and creating strawman arguments. Overall, the book does not offer new perspectives but instead attacks traditional concepts of complexity. [Extracted from the article]

We develop ultraviolet (UV) light emitting diodes (LEDs) that operate in the sub-240 nm (far UVC) regime. The traditional limitations of high Al content AlGaN—the low light extraction efficiency due to transverse magnetic polarization and the poor doping efficiency—were overcome by using AlN:GaN short period superlattices (SPSLs) of varying compositions throughout almost the entire device structure. The quality of our molecular beam epitaxy process for growing SPSL devices was verified via transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction—together, these demonstrate our capacity for growing high quality interfaces with a great deal of control over the thicknesses of each individual layer. Resistivity measurements of our SPSL were three times smaller than bulk AlGaN of similar composition due to the improved doping efficiency. Devices fabricated on 6 in. sapphire substrates showed uniform performance, leading to over 10 000 functional devices per wafer. Packaged diodes exhibited a peak wall plug efficiency of 0.55% and an output power of 1.7 mW when operated at peak efficiency. The devices had an operating life (70% initial power) of 2800 h (at 20 mA continuous wave). Additionally, they could be driven as high as 1 A, which resulted in a record for radiant flux of a far UVC LED grown on sapphire (17.4 mW). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Solarizing the Moon: Essays in Honour of Lionel Sims" is a book that explores the relationship between prehistoric cultures and celestial phenomena. The editors, Fabio Silva and Liz Henty, aim to interpret the cultural significance of the sky and its impact on different societies. The book includes various case studies and theoretical discussions on topics such as the transition from lunar to solar-centric calendars, the role of gender dynamics in shaping skyscapes, and the importance of social structure in understanding ontologies. The authors emphasize the need for a multidisciplinary approach, combining archaeology, history, linguistics, folklore, and other methods to evaluate different claims. While the book presents diverse perspectives, it also encourages readers to critically evaluate and consider multiple sources of data. [Extracted from the article]

Automotive display image enhancement may be utilized to enhance display visibility under various lighting environments typically encountered in the automotive cockpit. Image enhancement methods may be combined with automatic luminance control methods to yield a new class of display visibility product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]