Search

Static view of religion is a cause of concern in all religious communities because it not only gnaws at their dynamism, more often it tends to swing history back to the old life patterns which have lost their validity and moral force. On the other hand history moves forward and seeks its direction intuitively. So, traditional view of religion collides with the forces of history in futile effort to cease the torrential stream of time. Resultantly, time or history crush them or throw them in the yokes of slavery of others who entertain ever fresh and dynamic view of history and religion. Same went with Islam. With an advent of modernity after European renaissance when Europe collided horns with Islam, once all the Muslim world submerged in European colonialism.it forced Muslim intelligentsia on serious soul search and brought forth three schools of thought the traditionalist who strictly cling to tradition even if it had relevance to the emerging realities of history or not; the revivalists who seek assuage in pristine Islam and turn the tide of history back while modernists sensing new realities harness materieux of history for moral cause and go hand in hand with history. Modernity is also a departure from mythos to the rationale so the most crucial question of todays’ scholarship is whether Islam and modernity are compatible or poles apart in context of history.

In all Divine religions, the law of retribution was legislated to protect the sanctity and survival of human life, to end crimes and oppression, prevention of chaos and anarchy, and to maintain collective order and peace in the society. In this regard, an analytical and comparative study of the concept of retribution in Islam and Judaism, the types of retribution, the retribution of injuries and damaged limbs, the principles of testimony, the procedure for issuing and implementing punishment and authority of implementation of punishments, has been done in the light of the Old Testament, the Holy Qur'ān and the Aḥādīth. The study concludes that in Judaism, the law of retribution is required in both cases, i.e; intentional murder and unintentional murder and forgiving the murderer and taking blood money is strictly forbidden, while in Islam, the law of retribution is only for intentional murder and the heirs is obliged to take Qiṣāṣ or to take blood money or to forgive the murderer, while in unintentional murder, the heirs can either take blood money or forgive the murderer. In Islam, only government is authorized to execute the retribution, while in Judaism, the heirs of the deceased can also kill the murderer. In both religions, the testimony of more than one person is necessary for the execution of Qiṣāṣ.

Humans are a social being, social beneficiary and society oriented. They are in need of such a law that can harmonize temporal and spiritual aspects of their lives; protect their honour, lives and property; declare rights and duties of every individual to organize social life with mutual trust, cooperation and sence of sacrifice; and make individuals morally sound enough to make positive contributions in cultivation of virtues and eradication of evils in order to develop an ideal and a balanced society. This article has been written to trace out among the three contemporary laws (former shariahs, statutory law and Islamic law) which one has the capability to fulfill and satisfy the above mentioned demands of human beings at large. This article aslo finds out the limitations and lacks of former shariahs and statutory law; and explores that only Islamic law can address and resolve all existing problems, newly born issues and the challenges of rapidly varying time and age. An analytical and comparative study of former shariahs, statutory law and Islamic law led to the conclusion that only Islamic law has the capability to address all problems and issues of modern age, what human beings face in varying situations and circumstances with the passage of time; and It also gives comprehensive solutions to these issues, as the humanity is the pivot of Islam law

All divine religions are based on the belief in the Oneness of God. Prayer was made obligatory for the practical manifestation of this belief in all divine religions so that this belief is strengthened in the core of the heart, and in turn, it develops and strengthens the relation between God and His servant. Prayer is a dialogue and whispering between Allah and mankind; it is a source of acquiring righteousness. Keeping in view the importance of prayer, books, and research articles have been written on the concept, obligation, importance, and purpose of prayer in Islam and Judaism. However, a valuable comparative study is still missing on the conditions, elements, posture, and supplication of prayer. This article traces the similarities and differences in prayer between Islam and Judaism. In this connection, an analytical and comparative study has been used in the light of the Quran, Ḥadīth, and the Old Testament on the meaning of prayer, its obligation, conditions, elements, posture, supplications, and qualities of Imām in Islam and Judaism. Hence, the similarities and differences of prayer in both religions have been traced out.