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Hazrat Hudhaifah ibn Yaman (may Allah be pleased with him) was an esteemed companion of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) entrusted with the Prophet's secrets. He conveyed numerous Hadiths to the Muslim community, shedding light on various aspects of the Prophet's life, particularly emphasizing the diverse facets of his worship. These Hadiths underscore Islām as a comprehensive way of life. The practical embodiment of Islam is found in Prophet Muhammad's (peace be upon him) life, offering guidance for every aspect of life. In today's era, the younger generation has distanced itself from the Prophet's biography, necessitating the enlightenment of every facet of life through the Seerah. This encompasses not only general life guidance but also insights into the Prophet's worship practices. Analyzing the narrations of Hazrat Hudhaifah, a rich source of Seerah unfolds, providing profound insights into the Prophet's life. The research methodology involves elucidation and analytical examination, supported by evidence from the Qur'an and Hadith. Credibility is enhanced through historical examples and linguistic references. In conclusion, the discussion explores Islamic teachings and narratives from Hazrat Hudhaifah, underscoring the importance of integrating the Seerah into society, especially among the youth. Following the Prophet's biography is crucial in creating an exemplary and better society grounded in Islamic principles. In fostering such a society, the Seerah serves as a beacon, guiding individuals toward a life aligned with the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If there is a conflict between the husband and wife that cannot be resolved, there is no compassion and sorrow in the relationship, love and morals are absent, they cannot become a source of comfort and relaxation for each other, the rights of marriage begin to be destroyed, so that marriage becomes difficult, and for the rejection of shirk. If there is no other option but separation, in such a case, the Holy Shariat has created a system, a law for separation and divorce, which is called divorce, the words of divorce immediately terminate the marriage relationship and the woman is freed from all the rights of marriage. From this point of view, the Qur'ān and Sunnah, various Qur'ānic interpretations and Pakistānī family laws have been compared on the issue of divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prayer is the pillar of religion and the soul of worship. Prayer is an act of worship that enlightens the hearts of human beings. This worship was obligatory on the divine prophets and the special servants of God before the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him). On the night of Ascension, prayer was also obligatory on the ummah of the Prophet. About 1000 verses and 19000 traditions have been described about the importance of prayer. The wisdom of prayer is that it directs a person in the direction of modesty and good qualities. Prayer not only brings the gift of nearness and closeness to God, but it is the highest religious duty that affects the collective thinking and vision of the society and the character of the youth and children. increases towards Since the collective effects and benefits of prayer life have not been highlighted to an acceptable extent, the paper has researched the collective benefits of prayer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of science and technology, there is growing demand for a lunar calendar to determine the start of lunar months. This would result in having Eid celebrated on the same day in Pakistan, at least. It is argued that since we rely on science in many other areas, there is no harm in relying on it for determining the moon's phases. Well-known religious scholar Allama Javed Ghamdi shares this view and believes that if astronomers use technology to create a lunar calendar, it should be trusted. In the era of technology, relying on the sighting of the moon to start the month poses several difficulties. While there are benefits to using a calendar, according to traditional beliefs, Ramadan and Eid cannot take place without moon sighting, as it is set as a rule in Shari'ah. The crucial aspect in this context is the "birth of the moon." To fully understand this issue, it is important to consider the difference. This article aims to clarify this difference and also addresses the topic of whether a "unity of vision" is possible, meaning if it's possible to have Eid celebrated on the same day worldwide, and if the vision of Makkah can be considered as the vision of the world.

History of Urdu literature has been a very phenomenal subject of Urdu research. Our book-shelves are adorned and well equipped with esteemed writings of esteemed historians of Urdu language and literature. It is the subject of keen importance to analyze, compare, value and put them on the touch-stone of modern research that invites the critic to highlight the right areas where the historians have done exceedingly well and find genuine requisitions, still deemed necessary to revise the existing history works. Jameel Jalibi is the most famous and well-read historian of Urdu language and literature among the all. His (book series) “Tareekh-e-Adab-e-Urdu” consisting of 4 volumes keeps the place amongst highest ranks of history of Urdu. In this article, the technique of all of his four volumes has been discussed chronologically, critically and analytically. It has been studied in the liaison with modern trends and needs of research and criticism. The right amendments, displacements and additions, wherever are deemed mandatory to be done, in the historic study of Jameel Jalibi have been discussed. This article will offer the critics and researchers to revise the standards of historic mode of research and put the rational approach of research in literary works

History of Urdu literature has been a very phenomenal subject of Urdu research. Our book-shelves are adorned and well equipped with esteemed writings of esteemed historians of Urdu language and literature. It is the subject of keen importance to analyze, compare, value and put them on the touch-stone of modern research that invites the critic to highlight the right areas where the historians have done exceedingly well and find genuine requisitions, still deemed necessary to revise the existing history works. Jameel Jalibi is the most famous and well-read historian of Urdu language and literature among the all. His (book series) “Tareekh-e-Adab-e-Urdu” consisting of 4 volumes keeps the place amongst highest ranks of history of Urdu. In this article, the technique of all of his four volumes has been discussed chronologically, critically and analytically. It has been studied in the liaison with modern trends and needs of research and criticism. The right amendments, displacements and additions, wherever are deemed mandatory to be done, in the historic study of Jameel Jalibi have been discussed. This article will offer the critics and researchers to revise the standards of historic mode of research and put the rational approach of research in literary works

What is aesthetics? Is it subjective or objective? Is it internal or external? Is it natural or acquired? Is it inward or outward? Is it spiritual or physical? Different experts have given different answers to these questions. Both the Classic Muslim Thinkers and the Modern Western philosophers have debated them in their own way and have set their own standards for measuring them. These thoughts and ideas are scattered in the books. This study gives a brief overview of the views, especially given by the Muslim thinkers so that their views may also be analyzed, especially vis-à-vis the aesthetics as discussed in the holy text of Qur’an. Keywords: Aesthetics, Subjectivism, Objectivism, Views of Muslim Thinkers, Aesthetics in Qur’an.

Sunnah is second authentic source of Islamic law. It is the one of the real blessing of Allah that He created religious scholars and aeimma for writing, memorizing, defending and Rawayat wa darayat of these sunah .The struggles and services of Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal (Rahimahu Allahu Ta'ala) for Ahadees are praise working.He was born in Marw on the 20th of Rabi-ul-Awwal 164 A.H.He was a very pious scholar who devoted all his life in the Science of Ahadith and Fiqh.He wrote many books but His most famous book is his "MUSNAD".A book in which he collected about 50 000 to 70 000 Ahadith. His book Musnad Ahmad bin Hanbal is a true treasure of knowledge.This book has many qualities, one of the distinctive quality of this book is that Mukhzramen-e-Rawat have been mentioned here. Mukhzrm is a person who lives during the age of ignorance (zamana e jahiliyat) and age of Islam but He accepts Islam after the death of Holy Prophet (PBUH). This paper is an attempt to highlight the Mukhzramen Rawat. اللہ تعالٰی نے قرآن مجید نازل فرما کراس امت پر عظیم احسان فرمایا،جس میں زیادت ونقصان اور تحری

From the Islamic point of view, the source of all leadership powers is the essence of God Almighty. The essence of God Almighty is the owner of everything and He is the legislator. Man is only his vicegerent and caliph in this universe. It is based on three principles according to the instructions of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). One is that the rule of God and obedience to the Qur'an and Sunnah is the greatest foundation of the state and government. The second is that the government will be formed at the discretion of the Muslim Ummah through public consultation. And third, the Islamic government is responsible for running the state as well as providing for the collective welfare of society and the needs of all citizens. There are a few principles that must be found in the leadership of the Islamic State۔These principles are mentioned below.

Freedom of human mind, essential to intellectual progress, has been trampled unprecedentedly by the Christian Church, in human history. The despotism displayed by the Priest was unmatchable even to the absolutism, manifested by Alexander and the Caesar. In the middle Ages, when every other institution of society was awakening from slumber of superstitions and advancing towards Renaissance, the church had rooted its totalitarianism with such dexterity that it was unshakable. If it had been exponent of divinity instated of despicable activities, the history of human enlightenment would not have been checked by murk of cruelty, ignorance and usurpation. It is need of our time to wash out the blemish of rigidity, intolerance and fanaticism, thrust upon the face of Islam. To abolish brutality and inhumanity, engulfing the whole planet, it is inevitable to diagnose the origin of this viciousness. In this regard, the exploration of the divine revelation of Testaments may be helpful. It is conjectured that the perusal would be conducive to bring to lime light, the strings of havoc waged in the name of Sacerdotalism. The forces trying to defame Islam in itself have been the epitome of narrowness, dogmatism and bigotry.

Syed Abūl Alā Mawdūdī and Mawlānā Ashraf Alī Thānwī were the genii of their time. They influenced political and religious trends of their time. They observed the period of Pakistan movement and struggle for freedom. Though Mawlānā Ashraf Alī Thānwī had passed away in 1943 whereas Syed Mawdūdī died later in 1979. They belong to a different school of thought but they were coincident in their views about Pakistan movement. Syed Mawdūdī having different political theology had a distinct political agenda. Because Syed Mawdūdī was abandoned from Mysticism intentionally and started his political movement on his intellectual and theological thinking. On the other side Mawlānā Ashraf Alī Thānwī owing Mystic ideology; abandon from livelihood; though having deep insight in political affairs. This is very authentic that both having the same intellectual ideology; were against Congress and consider her like a poisonous killer. They had envisioned and desire to optimise the weaknesses of the Muslim League.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of bank-specific variables (i.e. bank size, profitability, deposits, cost of funds and capital ratio) on liquidity of local, foreign and Islamic commercial banks in Pakistan. Data was obtained from the publications of SBP titled ‘Financial Statement Analysis of Financial Firms’. Data of 26 banks found completed during 2007-2015 (i.e. 19 local banks, 02 foreign banks and 05 Islamic banks). Pooled OLS method used to analyze the effects of internal variables on liquidity. Descriptive statistics show that foreign banks are far better than local and Islamic commercial banks in terms of profitability and liquid assets. Alternatively, Islamic banks are in a better position than local conventional banks in terms of liquid assets, deposit ratio and capital ratio. In contrast, local conventional banks are better than Islamic banks in terms of size and profitability. More importantly, Islamic commercial banks are younger than local conventional banks but amazingly having higher deposit ratio due to strong equity-base and sufficient liquid assets. Notably, the trend toward Islamic banking is increasing day-by-day which posed threats to the conventional commercial banks, and resultantly a number of conventional banks have either introduced the ‘window’ of Islamic banking or completely started the Islamic banking operations. Regression results indicate that profitability is positively while bank size, deposits, cost of fund and capital ratio is negatively related to liquidity in a sample of all banks. Deposits are positively while cost of fund is negatively linked to liquidity in a sample of local banks. Finally, bank size is the only variable that is negatively linked to liquidity of foreign and Islamic commercial banks.

Establishing an Islamic welfare state had been a burning discourse in classical and contemporary Islamic thought. Muslim scholars sketched out the principles, mechanism, infrastructure, and strategy to establish such state. This academic work was designed to explore the founding principles and best possible strategy in contemporary condition of Pakistan. As the Seerat of Holy Prophet (SAW) was a complete role model for the Muslims in all times, the researcher therefore tried to explore the Prophetic strategy of establishing the Islamic welfare state in Madinah and its application in contemporary times. Qualitative research approach was employed for the collection, analysis, and demonstration of data. The systematic review of literature and evidences from Seerah led to the conclusion that Holy Prophet (SAW) established the ideal Islamic welfare state in Madinah by promulgating four founding principles; Divine Guidance, Good Governance, Enjoining Good and Forbidding Wrong, and Gradualism. These principles were found equally beneficial for contemporary era in Pakistan. It is therefore suggested that state should realize its responsibility and implement these principles to establish an ideal, Islamic welfare state.

This article presents the very first critical editing of the “Nou-Ayin e John Horace Ford” by Rustam Ali Bijnori. This ‘qissa’ was penned down in 1786 A.D for presenting to an East India Company’s army officer John Horace Ford. A manuscript of abovesaid qissa is kept in the Middle Eastern Manuscript section of Special Collections at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Alongwith critical editing, a brief biographical introduction of the author, linguistic and stylistic analysis of the text and a glossary are also included in this article. Keywords: Urdu prose, Nou-Ayin e John Horace Ford, Rustam Ali Bijnori, Critical Editing, Manuscripts

Fort William College was formed in 1800 at Calcutta by the personnel of East India Company for the main purpose of indigenous languages acquisition to its civil and military officials. The various departments like Hindoostanee, Punjabi, Persian, Arabic and other local languages were established for this purpose. John Gilchrist was the head of Hindoostanee (Urdu) language department. He devise the refined dialect of Hindoostanee language named Urdu here which was the language of command for northern Indian parts in colonial period. This language was imposed as an official language of different Indian parts included Punjab. Punjab was being governed by Maharaja Ranjeet Singh at that time. Persian was the official and Punjabi was the language of common man at that time. The literacy rate of Punjab was above eighty percent at that time. Since 1857, the language landscape of Punjab was changed by the British Rulers and The Persian and Punjabi Language was replaced by Urdu Language which was not the language of commoners here. There were two types of views from local intelligentsia as well as The British officials to change the language identification of this province or not. Due to adopt the Urdu language, the literacy rate of Punjab was reduced automatically. This action by the rulers changed political as well as the social scenario of this region. The third language Saraiki of the western part of Punjab was also accepted serious changes in itself. After 1947, The East Punjab restore the real Punjabi Language in India because it was the religious and first language of Sikh community, but this Language change was continued in Punjab province. This colonial agenda was the effective reason for the dramatic linguistic changes in 19th and 20th century in Punjab. The historical and socio linguistics changes will be observed and discussed in colonial and pre-colonial period in this article.

The intellectual heritage in British–India includes literature of Christian missionaries which focusses missionary perspective and the literature of Muslim missionary in response. In this Case, literature based on polemic method from both sides has become quite important. Specialists of Muslim Christian relations and religious students should be aware of debates of this ere. The criticism on Quran seems quite abundance on social media from opponents and enemies as well as their efforts are quite evident on minds of habitual valiance to precariousness and skepticism. That’s why, the preacher and student of Islamic religion should bring in light the effort being made by Muslim scholars in response to their claims. One of selected flowers in the caravan of Muslim scholars is Abu Mansoor Dehlvi (1902 AD). Tabjil al Tanzil is one of the prominent Quranic Interpretation which focuses on the replies to objections raised against Islam and Quran by Christians in Sub continent. In this paper, author tried to find out this un-published interpretation (as it is supposed) and analyzed its first part containing on surah al fatiha (manuscript). In the result, he finds that polemic method is prevailed. And objections against Islam has been silently condemned.

Islamic literary legacy is diverse and multidimensional in Sub-continent despite its being prone to religious b and the issue of migration integral part of Islamic literary legacy is the Quranic translations & interpretations. The main aspect of these translations & interpretations are the endeavors put forward by Muslim as well as non-Muslim scholars. Keeping in view the endeavors translations & interpretations of Quran, the non-Muslims minorities of sub-continent can be divided into two groups. The first group of part is based on the followers of Judaism, Parsee, Buddhist, Sikhism, Jainism and idols of Kalash whose translations and interpretations is not well known. Whereas, the second group endure Christians, Hindus and Qadyanis. Christians and Hidus consider Quran as non-revealed. Since the style of their interpretations is based on criticism and rejection in aggressive manner. Whereas the interpretations by Qadyanis are focused on religious polarized beliefs and ideologies taking into considerations Quran as revealed. That’s why Qadyanis interpretations are not accepted in Muslim community. The criticism by non-Muslims writers has resulted in rational approach for study of Quran instead of tendency based on esteem among Muslim. This paper represents aforementioned non-Muslims services regarding Quranic Interpretations and Translations which are distinguished in Muslims Interpreters.

Kalima tul Haqaiq by Burhan ud Din Jaanam is usually considered asthe first book of the Urdu prose. There has been much debate over its primacy but the controversy has been very much resolved. Khair ul Bayan by Bazid/ Bayazid Ansari was also considered as the first book in Urdu prose by some eminent scholars such as Dr Gayan Chand Jain and Farigh Bukhari. Khair ul Bayan was penned down around 1572 AD. Dr Jameel Jalibi also wrote about it in his history of literature. This article reviews the statements and the findings about Khair ul Bayan's importance and proves that Khair ul Bayan is not the first book in Urdu prose, as has been declared by Gyan Chand and Farigh Bukhari. This article aslo linguistically reviews a few lines in Urdu which have been written in Khair ul Bayan.

The word ‘Madrassa’ has become confused and its negative image is propagated during recent years. In the West and US, a circle among the policy makers considers this institution as an instrument of spreading hatred and violence in the society. In the same manner the Madrassas in Pakistan are looked as nurseries of religious bigotry and extremism. On the other hand Madrassas have a significant role in imparting the religious education. The main objective of this research study is to throw light on the changing pattern of Madrassa’s education and the efforts of Pakistan government to reform. Further, this study also investigates the Madrassas in their socio-political context. One of the major findings of the study is that there has seen a shift in the traditional study to multidimensional approach in Madrassas.

Everyone is familiar with the name of the second caliph Hadrat Umar (RA), because his caliphate is presented as an example today. He is among "As-Saabiqun al-Awwalun". After his acceptance of Islam, the strength of the Muslims increased. How did he accept Islam? So many narrations in this regard are well known. Some of them are weak and some are authentic. The narrations which are well known in this regard are mostly weak. These narrations are mostly related to History books which became the cause of their fame, because historical narrations are accepted without criticism and their"Sanad" and "Matan" are not studied. On the other hand the narrations of Ahadith are not known by common people. That is why those narrations are prevailing about the acceptance of Islam of Hadrat Umar (RA), in which he is proved a cruel and weak person. In this research article, these narrations are criticized and authentic narrations from Ahadith books are presented in this regard.

The aim of this conceptual paper is throw light on Islamic principles for effective human resource management. A qualitative approach was applied. The extensive review of existing literature shows that Islamic principles of HRM gives due importance to manager-employee relationship which is beneficial for achieving organizational objectives. Some important and significant principles of Islamic human resource management are trust, sincerity, justice, consultation, equality, division of labour, delegation of authority and remuneration or payment of employees. Islamic management is based on mutual trust between managers and subordinates. Manager and worker should be sincere to organization. Selection and recruitment is based on merit. Justice is the most salient and important characteristics of Islamic management. Islam stresses on mutual consultation in order to resolve existing problem in the organization. Islamic principles of management are expected to benefit the organization, the employer and the employee. The study will contribute information and knowledge to the existing literature on Islamic human resource management. This study will highlight the scope and application of Islamic principles of HRM in developing effective management system.

Assessment of working capital management is mandatory to ensure managerial implication and decision making therefore the study contains an assessing role of manager’s Islamic associations, religious sentiments and biased behaviors affecting working capital management in Islamic Banks of organization of Islamic countries. For empirical assessment positivist approach is incorporated by using systematic sampling in parallel to belief congruence and prospect theories. The results show the considerable differences among Islamic association of managers, their religiously factors and working capital management. Furthermore the results show that Islamic association of managers and their religiously factors have significant mediating moderated impact on working capital management. The dire need is to enhance corporate culture in sample countries for better financial sustainability in the light of Islamic codes. The study provides valuable information for policy and decision makers.

عبودیۃ الانسان للہ تعالی فی ضوء القرآن الکریم والسنۃ النبویۃ

عہد نبویﷺمیں غیر مذہبی علوم کی تعلیم

المثنوی، فماذا نعمل بعد یا أقوام الشرق للشاعر الإسلامی الکبیر والمفکر العظیم محمد اقبال

Qur’an and Prophetic traditions (Hadith) are the fundamental sources of Islam. Muslims believe that Qur’an is the word of God (Allah). Hadith (Prophet’s Sayings, actions and silent approval and disapproval for something) likewise is based on divine revelation. Qur’an affirms also this view: (God says) Your Companion (Muhammad) has neither gone astray nor has erred. Nor does He speak of (his own) desire. It is only a Revelation revealed. Al-Qur’an (53:2-4). Allah Almighty Himself took the responsibility to guard His word (the Qur’an): (He says :) verily, we, it is We Who have sent down the Dhikr (i.e. the Qur’an) and surely, We will got it (from corruption). (Al-Qur’an:15:9) on the contrary the responsibility to guard the prophetic traditions (Hadith) was put on the shoulders on the Muslim Ummah. The scholars of Islam (Ulamas) try their utmost to collect and save the Prophetic traditions and guard it from any alteration .To achieve this purpose, they introduced different hadith sciences to distinguished between the true and the fabricated hadith.The authentic Sunnah is contained within the vast body of Hadith literature. Different scholars have compiled the books which contain a large numbers of authentic Ahadith (Ahadith Sahiha), one of them is Imam Ibn e Khuzaima. In this article we will discuss the Imam Ibn e Khuzaima approach towards “Ahadith al Sahiha” in his book “Sahih Ibn e Khuzaima”.

The intent of the study is to assess the impact of Islamic events on Pakistani Stock exchange returns. The study is assessing Islamic events i-e Moharram, Rabi ul Aawal event, 1stRamzan event, 1st Shiwal event and 10th Zil Hajj event respectively on market returns. For this, regression, correlation and Jarque-Bera test are used. The results have concluded that Moharram, 10th Zil Hajj have negative impact while Rabi ul Awal, Ramazan start and first Shiwal has significant positive impact on stock returns as these are positive sentiment. The study is providing a valuable guideline for investors and decision makers in a way to control market practices and arbitrage roles to control such extremeness of key stakeholders during these events regarding market trading.

The Muslims agree that the Sunnah of the Prophet Muammad (SAW) is the second of the two revealed fundamental sources of Islam, after the Glorious Qur'an. The authentic Sunnah is contained within the vast body of Aha’dith literature. A Aha’dith is composed of two parts: the matn (text) and the isn’ad (chain of reporters). A text may seem to be logical and reasonable but it needs an authentic isn’ad with reliable reporters to be acceptable. If a Aha’dith doesn’t have an authentic isn’ad is called "Za’eef"(Weak) Hadith, but there are differences in the terminology of “Aha’dith Za’eef” between earlier (mutaqaddimeen) and later (muta'akhireen) narrators. In this article, we will discuss the difference between mutaqaddimeen and muta'akhireen about “Aha’dith Za’eef”.

Qur’an and Prophetic traditions (Hadith) are the fundamental sources of Islam. Muslims believe that Qur’an is the word of God (Allah). Hadith (Prophet’s Sayings, actions and silent approval and disapproval for something) likewise is based on divine revelation. Qur’an affirms also this view: (God says) Your Companion (Muhammad) has neither gone astray nor has erred. Nor does He speak of (his own) desire. It is only a Revelation revealed. Al-Qur’an (53:2-4). Allah Almighty Himself took the responsibility to guard His word (the Qur’an): (He says :) verily, we, it is We Who have sent down the Dhikr (i.e. the Qur’an) and surely, We will got it (from corruption). (Al-Qur’an:15:9) on the contrary the responsibility to guard the prophetic traditions (Hadith) was put on the shoulders on the Muslim Ummah. The scholars of Islam (Ulamas) try their utmost to collect and save the Prophetic traditions and guard it from any alteration .To achieve this purpose, they introduced different hadith sciences to distinguished between the true and the fabricated hadith.The authentic Sunnah is contained within the vast body of Hadith literature. Different scholars have compiled the books which contain a large numbers of authentic Ahadith (Ahadith Sahiha), one of them is Imam Ibn e Khuzaima. In this article we will discuss the Imam Ibn e Khuzaima approach towards “Ahadith al Sahiha” in his book “Sahih Ibn e Khuzaima”.

No nation in the past or present ever denied the importance of accountability. This is because good and bad people live together whose thinking and thoughts are strikingly different. To stop evils from prevailing in the society, there must be accountability of the perpetrators of these evils. Islamic teachings stand tall among all the religions and legal systems because to bid the good and forbid the evil is considered an integral part of an Islamic state. By reflecting on the history of Islam one cannot find any period (from the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) to the age of Mughal in India) without the system of accountability. In Banu- Abbas period there had been proper legislation for this purpose and a separate department of accountability was set up. With the passage of time the system underwent position changes, department of accountability lie between the law enforcing agencies and department for Justice. But in certain circumstances this attains in position of the department of Justice and in other circumstances it became the department of the enforcement. This Article discusses the criteria for the selection of Ombudsman, rules and regulations of his office and his powers (Limitations). It also differentiate between Muhtasib Mutawali (Ombudsman who appointed by government) and Muhtasib Mutatawigh (Ombudsman who has not appointed by government but work voluntarily). The history of the concept and functions of accountability from Banu Abbas to Khilafat e Usmania and to Mughal dynasty has also been highlighted.

Qur’an and Prophetic traditions (Hadith) are the fundamental sources of Islam. Muslims believe that Qur’an is the word of God (Allah). Hadith (Prophet’s sayings, actions and silent approval and disapproval for something) likewise is based on divine revelation. Qur’an affirms also this view: (God says) Your Companion (Muhammad) has neither gone astray nor has erred. Nor does he speak of (his own) desire. It is only a Revelation revealed. (Al-Qur’an 53:2-4) Allah Almighty Himself took the responsibility to guard His word (the Qur’an): (He says:) Verily, We, it is We Who have sent down the Dhikr (i.e. the Qur’an) and surely, We will guard it (from corruption). (Al-Qur’an 15:9) On the contrary, the responsibility to guard the Prophetic traditions (Hadith) was put on the shoulders of Muslim Ummah. The scholars of Islam (ulamas) tried their utmost to collect and save the Prophetic traditions and guard it from any alteration. To achieve this purpose, they introduced different hadith sciences to distinguish between the true and the fabricated hadith. If a hadith (tradition) did not meet the criterion set by the Ulamas for an acceptable hadith (tradition) was calledMardood. A tradition may be considered mardood for different reasons or defects, like defect in the narrator (Raavi) or in narration, etc. As a result, different types of Mardood hadith emerged. One of these types is known as Muallal. Different scholars have discussed hadith muallal in detail in their works. While this paper is aimed at Imam alDara-Qutni’s approach towards hadith muallal.