Search

The event of landscape formation of public center areas depends on time and place. The development of urban planning, the increase in the level of the population, the increase in the demand for public centers, as well as the expansion of the city, the emergence of new public areas, the preservation of the environment, and the ecological attitude to the environment require. In turn, this will help to find a solution to a number of problems related to green areas in urban planning.

Victorian London saw dramatic physical changes along the river Thames. Large enclosed Docks and Thames Embankments were constructed as the city struggled to cope with its ballooning population and prospering shipping industry. Whilst the Thames Embankments have been hailed as engineering triumphs, the fate of those whose livelihood relied on access to the river in central London (such as wharf workers, barge, ferry and lighter men, and others) is unknown. In order to investigate the impact of the Embankment, a methodology has been developed which enables characterisation of a large swathe of urban riverside throughout the mid- to late 19th century, whilst also ensuring that the stories of individuals and communities are not lost. The approach combines and adapts established methodologies, such as Historic Landscape/Seascape Characterisation and Maritime Cultural Landscapes, to understand the nature and changes in the urban riverside landscape. This methodology forms the background for detailed research on smaller sites, such as a single street, housing block, or industrial site, in order to create ‘Ethnographies of Place’. These small-scale ‘Ethnographies’ have the potential to tell stories about how the social and economic circumstances of individuals and communities changed as a result of the landscape changes associated with the Embankment construction. This paper presents the initial work to establish the methodology and preliminary conclusions based on key sources.

Kawasan Waterfront Seng Hie dan Kawasan Waterfront Kakap merupakan kawasan waterfront yang sering dilanda bencana banjir rob tahunan. Ancaman ini tidak membuat penduduk pindah melainkan beradaptasi dengan bencana tersebut. Kedua lokasi ini memiliki batas alam dan sumber daya yang berbeda. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk lihat perbedaan tindakan adaptasi bencana yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat pada dua lokasi yang memiliki kondisi yang berbeda. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode concurrent embedded dengan model metode kualitatif sebagai metode primer (dominan) dan kuantitatif sebagai metode sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan teknik triangulasi (kualitatif) teknik kuesioner (kuantitatif). Hasil dari penelitian adalah ditemukan bahwa bencana yang sejenis yaitu banjir akibat air pasang tinggi terjadi di dua lokasi tetapi skala bencana di Kawasan Waterfront Kakap lebih ekstrim. Sedangkan dari segi tindakan adaptasi, di Kawasan Waterfront Seng Hie masyarakat melakukan tindakan yang sejenis, sedangkan di Kawasan Waterfront Kakap tindakan adaptasi yang bervariatif.

Central to the debates on the demise and revival of public space is the concept of publicness, which is often used to untangle the most desirable qualities a public space should embody in a normative and prescriptive manner. This paper argues for the de-normalisation of publicness and approaches publicness as a status of the space being public in a particular way in a given context, rather than an abstract and normative ideal that is universally applicable. To demonstrate the multiple possible layers of publicness, the paper uses the regeneration of Huangpu River waterfront public space in Shanghai as a case study. By examining the transformation of the waterfront in the past two decades and focusing on the recent public space connection project, the paper showcases the different ways the design and development of public space are intertwined with thepeople-orientedideal, promoted as the key to Shanghai’s ambitious vision to become an «excellent global city». Based on the analysis of the rhetoric and reality of thepeople-orientednessof the waterfront public space development in Shanghai, the paper summarises three different layers of publicness, namely localised publicness, procedural publicness, and symbolic publicness, that concern not only the material quality but also the processes of delivering and discursively constructing public space. This discussion of the multiple possible faces of publicness will serve as a starting point to further investigate how to approach publicness beyond the confinement of spatial boundaries as embedded in the broader complex power dynamics of contemporary cities., En el centro de los debates sobre la desaparición y el resurgimiento del espacio público se encuentra el concepto de lo público, que a menudo se utiliza para definir las cualidades más deseables que desde el punto de vista normativo y prescriptivo debe poseer un espacio público. Este artículo, en lugar de proponer un ideal abstracto y normativo universalmente aplicable a lo público, aboga por su desnormalización, abordando este concepto como un estado del espacio que es público de una determinada manera y en un contexto determinado. Para ilustrar las múltiples capas posibles de lo público, el artículo utiliza como estudio de caso la regeneración del espacio público de la ribera del río Huangpu en Shanghai. Examinando la transformación de esta ribera en las dos últimas décadas y centrados en el reciente proyecto de conexión del espacio público, el artículo muestra las diferentes formas en las que el diseño y el desarrollo del espacio público se entrelazan con el ideal de metrópolisorientada a las personas, propuesto como la clave de la pretensión ambiciosa de que Shanghái se convierta en una «excellent global city» (ciudad global excelente). A partir del análisis de la retórica y de la realidad del desarrollo del espacio público en la ribera en Shangháiorientado a las personas, este artículo muestra tres capas diferentes de lo público: lo público localizado, lo público procedimental y lo público simbólico, que se refieren no solo a la calidad material sino también a los procesos de distribución y construcción discursiva del espacio público. Este debate sobre las múltiples caras posibles de lo público servirá de punto de partida para seguir investigando cómo abordar lo público más allá del confinamiento de los límites espaciales como parte de la amplia y compleja dinámica de poder de las ciudades contemporáneas.

The residents of coastal cities have a strong relationship with the waterfront, which people of different ages, types, levels of awareness, and cultural backgrounds use. People of different cultures tend to use these open spaces with various responses. They consider it a lung for them, and practice most of their entertainment and social events with different attitudes. Therefore, municipalities spend a large budget on designing, implementing, and developing these areas. However, sadly, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the local authorities in many cities decided to shut down the city, including the waterfront area. Al Khobar city, Saudi Arabia, was one of the cities had that had a broad lockdown. Consequently, the use of open spaces became dangerous, and municipalities placed many restrictions on using such spaces to control the spread of COVID-19. Residents had no opportunity to use them for exercise, sports, social activities, or even for enjoying the fresh air, negatively influencing their lives at different levels. This research discusses this problem and examines the restoration of the waterfront after the authorities announced a decrease in the status of the hazards of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study will consider returning safely to using the waterfront and allowing it to be accessible to the public, like before the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, it will suggest recommendations for the future use of the waterfront in a secure way to prevent the spread of such viruses.

Improving the attractiveness of urban waterfronts has become an important objective to promote economic development and improve the environmental quality. However, few studies have focused on the inherent characteristics of urban waterfront attractiveness. In this study, mobile phone signaling data and the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) were used to construct the attractiveness evaluation system of the riverside in Wuhan. The OLS (ordinary least squares) regression model was used to analyze the relationship between the POI (point of interest) and the attractiveness of river waterfronts. Furthermore, the high-or-low-value aggregation classification of research units was performed according to attractiveness and the POI indicators to reveal the influencing factors of the attractiveness of the Wuhan urban riverside. Results showed the following. (1) The high-value distribution of attractiveness of the river waterfronts in Wuhan presented regional aggregation characteristics, and the attractiveness of economically developed areas was high. (2) Consumer POIs (CPOIs) and outdoor recreation POIs (RPOIs) had a positive effect on the attractiveness of the riverside in Wuhan, while housing POIs (HPOIs), public service POIs (OPOIs), and the high degree of POI mixing had a negative impact on the attractiveness of the urban riverside. (3) The high–high agglomeration spaces were mainly concentrated in the economically developed areas of the city center, which are mainly open spaces where urban cultural activities are held, while the low–low agglomeration spaces were mostly gathered in the suburban areas. The spatial distribution of the high–low agglomeration spaces, which are mainly green open spaces, was relatively fragmented, while the low–high agglomeration spaces, which are mainly freight terminals, linear walks, and residential areas, were near the city center.

Received 7 November 2021. Accepted 20 May 2022. Published online 11 July 2022. As a pedestrian-friendly green landscape that has become popular in the US and around the world in the past fifty years, the Boise Greenbelt seems to present an ideal example of how to create a waterfront that can promote economic growth along with high recreational use. However, there are two aspects to interrogate as we ponder an effective model for such landscapes going into a future affected by climate change: first, like many such landscapes which focus on an esthetic leisure experience for the user, the Boise Greenbelt does not fully attend to the ecology of the river along which it lies; second, also as a feature of esthetic leisure experience, the Boise Greenbelt falls into a category of “park, café, riverwalk” which potentially reduces equity in use of urban space. Analysis of this landscape and its successes can help to shape a model that will be responsive to future climate conditions and enhance social equity.

Dubai was developed from Khor Dubai and the city always focuses on the development of waterfront as a public space. The urban waterfront in Dubai is a highly visible public space for recreational activities but also as an urban landscape for placemaking, environmental pollution reduction, and transportation. The objective of this study is to explore the direction of future development of the Dubai Water Canal. By analyzing the characteristics and behavioural patterns of canal users using a post-occupancy evaluation survey, the study presents the management plan necessary to improve the facility. As a methodology, Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) with two-step cluster analysis was used with SPSS Statistics version 20.0. Dubai Water Canal users were classified into friend-based, family-based, and individual-based clusters to investigate the differences in satisfaction levels and perception between clusters. The survey included questions on accessibility, convenience of use, facility management status, safety, and landscape management. The result had shown that family-only parking, convenient pedestrian walkway, signage/distance marker, and pocket parks as green buffer zones are needed to increase the level of satisfaction. Factors to enhance users’ satisfaction comprised 1) efficient road system for light exercise, 2) efficient information signage, 3) convenient pedestrian roads with nighttime lighting system, 4) strict separation of pedestrians and cyclists, and 5) nature-friendly landscape and landscape improvement. This study intended to extract elements for future design and management of urban open space projects, similar to the Dubai Water Canal.

Current waterfront studies focus mainly on a land-based perspective, failing to include the water side. Water is, however, not just a resource for port and industrial purposes and an edge to the waterfront; it is also a feature of the waterfront and the complex relation between water and city. Thus, the article suggests that water-land edges need to be re-contextualised, taking into consideration also their shape, functionality, and evolution over time. This article therefore introduces the concept of urban blue spaces, that is, spaces that include at least one land-water edge, such as a shoreline or river edge. The types and character of these edges define the porosity of urban blue spaces: Spaces with easy connections, such as boulevards or parks, are highly porous, while fenced areas have low porosity. The research first analyses the existing literature on the spatial and functional characteristics of the land-water edge in port cities, and explores existing typologies of urban blue spaces. The results of this investigation are used to examine the most iconic urban blue space of Gdańsk, the Motława river, over the last 1000 years. The case study shows that the porosity of the Gdańsk urban blue space has been increasing over time, in line with its spatial and functional development from an undeveloped riverbank to a ‘gated’ port and industry area, to urban living spaces today. The article thus presents the whole breadth of urban blue spaces through the case study of the Motława river urban blue space. The spatial evolution of the urban blue space is depicted through the transformation of its land-water edge—from a natural sloping edge to the dominance of vertical edged structures or ones overhanging the surface of the water, to the emergence of spatially ‘blurred’ sloping, slanted, terraced, and floating structures, partially independent of the riverbank. The transformation of the structure of the Motława urban blue space edges increased its complexity over time, from a single-edge structure to a double and multiple-edged one.

Los frentes costeros han sido, históricamente, ámbito de diversas apropiaciones de las sociedades. Estos espacios de interfaz entre tierra y agua condensan distintos intereses, generalmente sintetizados en la disputa trabajo Vs. ocio. Especialmente desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX, frente a numerosos cambios en los modos de producción, los sectores ribereños localizados en áreas estratégicas centrales de las ciudades quedan obsoletos. En este sentido, estos espacios se reposicionan como un lugar expectante de transformación, a partir de su reconversión para nuevos espacios públicos que posibiliten el desarrollo de actividades y apropiaciones colectivas. En el presente trabajo se indaga en las renovaciones de los frentes costeros de seis ciudades de diferentes partes del mundo, a fin de analizar críticamente estos paisajes del agua como neoecosistemas desde una particular relación del binomio naturaleza-cultura. Waterfronts have historically been the domain of various appropriations of societies. These land and water interface spaces condense different interests, generally synthesized in the work vs. leisure dispute. Especially from the middle of the 20th century, in the face of numerous changes in the modes of production, the riverside sectors located in central strategic areas of the cities become obsolete. In this sense, these spaces are repositioned as an expectant place for transformation, based on their conversion into new public spaces that enable the development of collective activities and traditions. In this paper, we investigate the renovations of the waterfronts of six cities in different parts of the world, in order to critically analyse these landscapes of water as neoecosystems from a particular relationship of the binomial nature-culture.

Depuis les années 2000, les grands projets urbains ne cessent d’envahirent les «Waterfront» des villes marocaines. Pour les investisseurs les «Waterfront» constituent une opportunité importante pour la réalisation de projets à forte rentabilité économique, alors que pour les décideurs marocains cette « nouvelle génération de projets urbains » aux impacts spectaculaires semble faire converger des métropoles marocaines vers un modèle international de ville « néolibérale ». Elle constitue également un facteur important de croissance, de compétitivité et de développement économique. A partir des exemples de Rabat, Casablanca, Agadir et Tanger, l’objectif de cet article est de souligner tout d’abord les spécificités des territoires de «Waterfront» dans le contexte marocain ensuite de s’interroger sur l’originalité des projets urbains mis en œuvre ou en cours dans les villes en question et enfin les différentes stratégies adoptées par les pouvoirs publics en vue d’internationalisations de ces villes.

En la configuración de los frentes urbanos costeros convergen procesos urbanos, sociales, económicos, culturales y físico-naturales cuya complejidad deriva de su condición de cuádruple interfase aire-agua-continente-ciudad. En este trabajo se estudian dichos procesos mediante un enfoque geo-histórico para determinar cuáles son las visiones, intereses y conflictos que interactúan en la conformación de un frente urbano costero. El caso de estudio es Buenos Aires, ciudad capital de Argentina. Se analizaron en su contexto histórico-social los planes, programas y proyectos urbanos con incidencia sobre dicho frente. A partir de ese análisis, se concluye que entre los factores relevantes se encuentran el crecimiento urbano y la metropolización, los cambios en las formas de intervención y el reparto sectorial de competencias, que conducen a la fragmentación espacial y originan conflictos de uso cuya gestión requiere la implementación de estrategias intersectoriales e interjurisdiccionales. Urban, social, economic, cultural, and physical-natural processes converge in the configuration of coastal urban fronts, the complexity of which derives from their condition as quadruple (air-water-continent-city) interface. These processes are studied through a geo-historical approach to determine which are the visions, interests, and conflicts that interact in the coastal urban front. The case study is Buenos Aires, capital of Argentina. Urban plans, programmes, and projects with an impact on the waterfront were analysed in their historical-social context. From this analysis, it is concluded that among the relevant factors are urban growth and metropolisation, changes in the intervention strategies, and the sectoral distribution of skills, which lead to spatial fragmentation and use conflicts whose management requires the implementation of intersectoral and inter-jurisdictional strategies. Este trabajo ha sido financiado por la Universidad de Buenos Aires mediante el Proyecto UBACyT 2018-2020/20020170100337BA.

El enfoque de este trabajo trata de establecer una investigación aplicada y morfológica sobre unos tejidos urbanos muy particulares de las metrópolis de Lisboa y Barcelona. Objetivamente, se trata de dos áreas expectantes ubicadas en los límites de sus ciudades centrales, considerando tanto sus fronteras administrativas como físicas, fundamentalmente marcadas por sus frentes de agua, y que se abren a diferentes escenarios de apropiación crítica y proyectual. En LISBOA, esta área se formaliza por la zona de los muelles de Pedrouços, un área de la frente de río, antiguamente ocupada por las actividades del Puerto de Lisboa, ubicada en la parte occidental de la ciudad, formalizando la frontera con el municipio de Oeiras y asumiéndose como un espacio potencial para múltiples transformaciones. En BARCELONA, la vista cae sobre parte de su paseo marítimo, especialmente en los terrenos ocupados por el edificio de la antigua Central Térmica de Sant Adrià, ubicada en la orilla izquierda del río Besós, y también se define como un área estratégica de reflexión contemporánea. En definitiva, se pretende abordar de manera amplia tanto los debates sobre las políticas de rehabilitación en la ciudad heredada y canónica, como los particulares problemas morfológicos con respecto a la ciudad-territorio con la que estas áreas son colindantes. La reflexión finaliza con un conjunto de propuestas y estrategias de intervención diseñadas en contexto académico que señalan posibles escenarios de nueva urbanidad, capaces de atar los entornos y poner en valor su relación con el agua. The focus of this work is to establish applied and morphological research on very particular urban fabrics in the metropolises of Lisbon and Barcelona. Objectively, these are two expectant areas located on the limits of their central cities, considering both their administrative and physical borders, fundamentally marked by their water fronts, and which open up to different scenarios of critical and project appropriation. In LISBON, this area is formalized by the Pedrouços docks area, an area of the river front, formerly occupied by the activities of the Port of Lisbon, located in the western part of the city, formalizing the border with the municipality of Oeiras and assuming itself as a potential space for multiple transformations. In BARCELONA, the view falls on part of its promenade, especially on the land occupied by the building of the old Sant Adrià Thermal Power Plant, located on the left bank of the Besós river, and is also defined as a strategic area for contemporary reflection. In short, it is intended to broadly address both the debates on rehabilitation policies in the inherited and canonical city, as well as the particular morphological problems with respect to the city-territory with which these areas are adjacent. The reflection ends with a set of proposals and intervention strategies designed in an academic context that point out possible scenarios of a new urbanity, capable of binding the surroundings and highlighting their relationship with water.

This paper analyzes the history of the development of the riverfront of the Han River, the river that runs east-to-west in Seoul. In many scholarly works, the development of a commercial leisure district on the one hand, and local uses such as low-cost housing on the other, have formed two opposing waterfront spatial imaginaries. However, it is questionable whether these two visions are applicable to many metropolitan riverfront developments. The historical absence of an industrial port and the focus on the traffic flow in the Han River have contributed to the linear development of the waterfront area. After analyzing archival data and ethnographical interviews, this paper argues that this idiosyncrasy of the Han River waterfront should not be regarded as either underutilization or underdevelopment. Rather, it should be considered as reflecting the unique urban conditions of Seoul, including the legacy of the Cold War, the wide breadth of the river, and the relatively late expansion of the city south of the river. By situating the Han River development in the context of increasing criticism against the copy-and-paste waterfront developments elsewhere, this paper argues the consideration of “place” needs to include a historical dimension as past spatial practices have the tendency to continue to the present even after new developments are established.

Resumo Este artigo objetivou analisar etnometodologicamente os processos organizativos do turismo como prática na orla marítima de João Pessoa/PB (Brasil). A etnometodologia foi o método utilizado para a pesquisa empírica, com a realização de visitas à orla marítima, com base nas quais ocorreram observações, conversas informais, entrevistas e foram tomadas notas de campo. Os dados foram analisados com base no referencial teórico, assim como nos questionamentos norteadores dos cinco conceitos-chave da etnometodologia garfinkiliana. Como resultados, observou-se que o turismo não ocorre de maneira avulsa e isolada em distintos lugares, mas de forma entrelaçada, carrega uma série de relações, símbolos, valores e regras sociais que são perpassados pelas gerações, fazendo com que um dado espaço possa ser caracterizado e considerado turístico. O turismo passa a ser um elemento central na organização do espaço turístico, ou seja, é ele que justifica e alicerça os processos organizativos realizados por grupos sociais na orla marítima. Conclui-se que, como campo de práticas, a orla marítima se trata de um espaço complexo em virtude de sua importância social, econômica e ambiental, em que múltiplos interesses e usos, pautados pelo turismo, estão presentes cotidianamente e evidenciam a importância desse espaço. Abstract This article aims to analyze the organizational processes of tourism as a practice in the João Pessoa/PB (Brazil) waterfront from an ethnomethodological point of view. The ethnomethodology was also the method used for empirical research. Indeed, there were visits to the waterfront, from which observations, informal conversations, field notes and interviews were made. Data were analyzed based on the theoretical framework as well as the guiding questions of the five key concepts of Garfinkilian ethnomethodology. As a result, there are several events that make up the tourism such as an expression of the waterfront. Tourism does not occur in isolation in different places, but imbricated and carries a series of relationships, symbols, values and social rules that are uttered through generations causing a given space can be considered touristic. Tourism becomes a central element in the organization of tourist space, i.e, it is that justifies and underpins the organizational processes carried out by social groups in warterfront. In conclusion, as field practices, the waterfront is a complex space due to its social, economic and environmental importance, where multiple interests and uses, guided by tourism, are daily present and demonstrate the complexity and importance of this space.

International audience; Pore system strongly affects durability of building materials. Therefore, representative models for pore system and evolution of the pore system during aging are important for understanding physical processes that affect durability of building materials. In this study, a porous network model was developed based on a probabilistic method to describe pore size distribution, and three transformation laws were employed to establish relationship between the initial pore sizes and modified pore sizes (after salt precipitation and dissolution) regarding the waterfront. Proposed model illustrated evolution of pore size distribution due to salt precipitation and dissolution based on overall porosity and water saturation degree. Moreover, the model can be used to implement the filling/emptying ratio of pores at vicinity of waterfront. Successive transformations were introduced into the model to illustrate evolution of pore size distribution due to long-term salt intrusion. Lastly, parametric studies on the model were performed to further elucidate the modifications on pore size distribution due to salt precipitation and dissolution. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.

The art of theatre has been classified and critiqued as being a mimetic art which is different from architecture. The mimetic arts, such as the performing arts, occur in performance spaces concealed in the physical architecture of a theater building. This fixed location of the theatre has led to the elements of the theatre to be hidden and contained within the box of the architecture. These elements could be referred to as the "troupes of theatre" in the tradition of a group of thespians being considered a troupe. The performing arts have been traditionally confined as temporary entertainment whose lasting value is situated by virtue of existing only while being on stage within the building. Architecture, on the other hand, holds tectonic value by being present as a real, physical addition to the built environment and the world, yet it also performs as a mimetic art. This creates disconnect and discrimination against theatre, as a mimetic art, which is evident through the neglect and concealment of these troupes of theatre within architecture. This is present in contemporary architecture by the location of the portions of theatre's performances spaces being hidden and concealed within. There is a disconnect between the physical theater and the physical architecture of the building that houses it. The question then arises, could these parts of the theatre, the troupes of theatre, participate in the design of the whole building? In this thesis, the troupes of theatre are celebrated and brought into the same light as the rest of the building that normally confines them to be revealed to the world. Those troupes of the theatre that typically are contained within the box of architecture, are expressed to influence the form of the building. This thesis project seeks to reveal these troupes of theatre that are typically hidden. The troupes that are usually concealed are revealed; the stage rigging, the repetition of the level changes of the seating within a proscenium theater, the curvature of the upper levels of seating, the form of the fly space for stage rigging, the form of the house of the theatre, and the support spaces necessarily for a theatre to properly operate. They become visual design features of the building, and directly influence the architecture by being incorporated into the design. Highlighting these troupes of the theatre allow them to provide didactic information to the public through the architecture. The public is allowed to experience these troupes of the theater, regardless if they are fortunate enough to see a performance or not. Typically, contemporary theatre invites the public into the theatre to have a dialogue within and on the stage of the theatre, within the architecture. But through the troupes of theatre being directly incorporated into the design of the architecture, they invite all to participate. Contemporary theatre acts a public space in its urban framework. It invites and welcomes people of all backgrounds to move throughout, congregate, and experience the troupes of theatre in the city. This theatre encourages and welcomes the public to gather and utilize a previously, uninviting and restricted site along the waterfront in Old Town Alexandria, Virginia. This dialogue and direct connection between the theatre and architecture allows for endless variations in the design of a physical theater with interpretation left open intentionally to unrestricted creativity. Rather than, the design of a theatre as a simple, concealing container for the mimetic arts to create and display this dialogue only on the stage and behind closed walls, it is through expressing the troupes of the theater mimetically and tectonically that clearly identifies the typology of the building to the public and encourages all to be included. Master of Architecture This thesis explores the design a proscenium style theatre with all of its necessary support spaces. The proscenium theatre requires dressing rooms, rehearsal rooms, storage, lobby, box office, event space, conference rooms, meeting rooms, a scene shop, crew rooms, offices, and many other support spaces in order for the theatre to perform properly. Typically, many of these support spaces and the actual theatre, where performances occur on stage and the audiences gathers, are hidden or concealed within the architecture of the building. The typology of the building is unknown to the public because of these support spaces are hidden in the shadows. This thesis seeks to celebrate all aspects of the theatre and have them directly influence the design of theatre building, itself. There is more of a connection between the theatre and its support spaces and the architecture of the building. The architecture takes influence from these elements of the theatre. The word “troupes” is used as a pun in reference to a group of thespians, called a troupe, to refer to the elements of the theatre that make a theatre. These troupes of theatre are clearly expressed and celebrated throughout the design of architecture for all, regardless of financial situation, to view these troupes of theatre and gain an understanding of how a theatre actually performs. The design of the physical theatre then because mimetic, imitates, learns, and celebrates, the troupes clearly and outwardly to all. This clearly identifies the typology of the building and is inclusive to all.

Le tourisme devient une source de richesse pour les villes méditerranéennes qui profitent de la mondialisation. Pourtant, le processus de mise en scène et en récit de ces métropoles transforme le paysage urbain et les usages de l’espace public. D’un côté, la stratégie touristique vise à proposer une image de qualité de la ville auprès des touristes internationaux, renforçant son attractivité et nécessitant la création de nouveaux espaces de loisirs ; de l’autre côté, la réussite de cette entreprise de communication et de marketing amène une situation de tension causée par une surfréquentation de visiteurs et une concentration de problèmes sociaux que le nouveau terme de tourismophobie synthétise. La « révolte » du quartier de la Barceloneta en août 2014 et d’autres quartiers de la capitale catalane entre 2014 et 2017 atteste une situation de crise et de transition urbaine que nous analysons à partir d’une enquête de terrain originale qui repose sur l’étude des pancartes revendicatrices accrochées aux balcons des habitants, des entretiens avec des locaux et un recensement statistique auprès de l’Office de tourisme de Barcelone. Nos résultats mettent en avant trois éléments pour expliquer les tensions sociales issues de la confrontation de deux modes de vie, sédentaire et nomade : 1) Barcelone et ses districts de front de mer sont victimes d’un succès et d’une attractivité touristique exponentielle, mais aussi d’une superposition concomitante de processus d’attraction engendrant des flux continus de tourisme d’affaires et d’agrément, à savoir : l’héliotropisme, l’haliotropisme et une métropolisation renforcée ; 2) le tourisme résidentiel et l’innovation numérique impliquent une redéfinition importante de l’offre immobilière locative, bouleversant le corps social du centre-ville et de quartiers populaires qui ont profité parallèlement d’une intervention urbanistique de qualité dans les années 1990 à la suite des Jeux olympiques (JO) ; 3) une crise urbaine s’observe en relation avec l’activité touristique et ses conséquences, engendrant la volonté de trouver une nouvelle gouvernance touristique, mais nous identifions un manque de vision stratégique et des contradictions idéologiques dans la capacité à arriver à une coprésence harmonieuse touristes–habitants., Barcelona and Mass Tourism: Tourismophobia and Coexistence – Tourism is becoming a source of wealth for Mediterranean cities that benefit from globalization. Yet the staging and storytelling process of these cities transforms the urban landscape and the uses of public space. On the one hand, the tourism strategy aims to provide a quality image of the city with international tourists, promoting its attractiveness and involving the creation of new recreational areas; on the other hand, the success of this communication and marketing process creates a tensed situation in old port districts, sometimes neglected due to visitor overcrowding and the concentration of social problems, that the new term “tourismophobia” sums up well. The Barceloneta “revolt” in August 2014 and in other areas of the Catalan capital from 2014 to 2017 testifies to a crisis and urban transition that we analyze from an original field survey based on the study of the demands set out on placards hanging from the inhabitants’ balconies, interviews, and a census from the Barcelona Tourist Office. Our results highlight three elements explaining social tensions from the confrontation of two lifestyles, sedentary and nomadic: (1) Barcelona and its waterfront districts are victims of success and exponential tourist attraction, but also concomitant superposition of the attraction process generating continuous streams of business and leisure tourism, namely: heliotropism, heliotropism, and increased metropolization; (2) residential tourism and digital innovation involve a significant redefinition of the rental properties, upsetting the social core of the town centre and popular neighbourhoods who simultaneously took advantage of a quality urban operation in 1990; (3) an urban crisis related to tourism and its consequences can be observed, and it engenders the desire to find a new tourism governance, but we identify a lack of strategic planning and ideological contradictions in the ability to arrive to a peaceful co-presence tourists – inhabitants.

El patrimonio portuario está constituido, siguiendo las definiciones de ICOMOS (UNESCO), por todos los elementos físicos e inmateriales que nos ha legado el pasado de los puertos que tienen valor histórico, técnico, arquitectónico, científico o social. Con esta definición el patrimonio portuario estaría formado por las infraestructuras, los edificios, las instalaciones, las industrias, las señales marítimas, las embarcaciones de trabajo y como patrimonio inmaterial la memoria histórica vinculada al trabajo y la técnica portuaria. Un caso interesante de análisis es el del patrimonio del área industrial del puerto de Barcelona Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. Plan Propio de Investigación de la UMA

Venezia ha una duplice eredità portuale: quella di quando era tutta città porto, e aveva dato luogo nel suo baricentro, il bacino di San Marco, ad un possente sistema di attrezzature e di manufatti per la navigazione e il ricovero delle merci; e quella di quando trasferì il suo porto sul proprio confine occidentale, concentrandolo in un luogo specializzato collegato alla terraferma dalla ferrovia. Vedremo quindi come questo processo ha preso forma, e come abbia portato ad un duplice insieme di iniziative di preservazione e valorizzazione delle strutture abbandonate. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. Plan Propio de Investigación de la UMA

In the last decades, the soundscape approach has attracted the attention of architects and urban planners, leading them to incorporate the acoustic features into the enjoyment of their creations. One of the key aspects for an appreciated urban environment is to match the expectations of the users. In this study, the matching of the waterfront soundscape with the users&rsquo, expectations is evaluated by laboratory tests using semantic differential scales applied to reproduced virtual scenarios obtained adding different water sound pressure levels (SPLs) to the original in-situ setting. The tests were carried out by an immersive virtual reality (IVR) device, using 360&deg, videos and spatial audio recorded in two sites of the waterfront in Naples, Italy. The scenarios were presented to the participants according to three experimental protocols, namely audio-only (A), video-only (V), and simultaneous audio-video (AV) reproduction. The examined different acoustic scenarios were the original one recorded in situ and others obtained adding seawater sounds at SPL increments of 5 dB. The results show that all the scenarios with water sounds added are rated more pleasant than the original one for the audio-only scenario. When video and audio are displayed simultaneously, two scenarios are more pleasant than the original one, likely because there is a need for coherence between the water sound SPL heard and the visible noise sources. Sounds coherent with the type of shore show a higher matching with expectations and pleasantness appraisals, rather than those that are uncoherent with the layout scenario.

As frentes ribeirinhas têm-se afirmado como territórios privilegiados para a prossecução de projetos urbanos objetivados na criação de condições promotoras da sua revitalização e reapropriação. Não obstante, constata-se a ausência de um léxico estabilizado quanto a estas unidades físico-geográficas, aspeto que se repercute na dificuldade de delimitação conceptual e espacial das mesmas. Partindo deste reconhecimento, o artigo discute a necessidade de estabilização do conceito de frente ribeirinha e apresenta uma proposta de delimitação aplicada, baseada num âmbito espacial alicerçado em critérios diferenciados, consoante estejam em causa (i) espaços urbanos, ou (ii) espaços naturais, agrícolas, agroflorestais e verdes urbanos. Com base nesta delimitação, procede-se à operacionalização do conceito, aplicando-o no Arco Ribeirinho Sul do Estuário do Tejo. Riverfronts have been assumed as prime locations for implementation of urban projects aimed to create conditions that would promote their revitalization and reappropriation. However, the absence of formal vocabulary which could be applied to these specific physical and geographical units results in difficulties of conceptual and spatial delimitation of these spaces. Acknowledging this aspect, the article discusses the need to clarify the concept of riverfront and presents a proposal for an applied delimitation, based on the assumption of a spatial scope backed up by different criteria, depending on the land use of these territories, namely (i) urban spaces, or (ii) natural, agricultural, agroforestry and urban green spaces. Based on this delimitation, the article implements the concept by applying it to the case of the South bank of the Tagus Estuary.

The flood risk problems in Riga city due to global warming and climate change are studied based on the European experience incorporated in European and Latvian legislation. Amendment to the Protection Zone Law of Latvia is studied and compared with the likelihood of the flood risk and development possibilities in the flood risk zones. The study focuses on the case of the Vecdaugava River neighbourhood as the potential flood risk zone in Riga city. Santrauka Tiriamos potvynio rizikos Rygos mieste keliamos problemos, atsiradusios dėl globalinio atšilimo ir klimato pokyčių, remiantis Europos patirtimi, atspindėta Europos ir Latvijos įstatyminėje bazėje. Analizuojami Latvijos Respublikos apsaugos zonų įstatymo pakeitimai, potvynio rizikos galimybės tam tikrose zonose. Tyrimas skirtas nagrinėti Vecdaugavos upės atvejį kaip potencialią potvynių zoną Rygos mieste. Reikšminiai žodžiai:miesto pakrantės zona, potvynio rizika, urbanistinis planavimas Rygoje, tvarumas.

Las ciudades y sus puertos, desde sus orígenes, han sostenido un vínculo de dependencia motivado por la estrecha relación que acontecían las actividades portuarias y la propia vida urbana. Este contexto de relación, fue creando con el paso del tiempo importantes rasgos de identidad en este tipo de ciudades, que hoy día permanecen en su memoria colectiva. Los avances tecnológicos, junto con la expansión demográfica experimentada desde mediados de siglo XIX, originó un crecimiento de las relaciones comerciales y con ello la adaptación de los puertos, que comenzaron un camino de desarrollo y especialización, que en paralelo supuso su separación y aislamiento con respecto a la ciudad. Este nuevo paradigma, en la actualidad, hace que en ciudades que surgieron en un enclave marítimo, ni siquiera se vea el mar. El presente estudio trata de abordar posibles directrices que hagan posible un proceso de integración, de los espacios portuarios a partir del análisis de las características, aspectos y criterios que comparten diferentes intervenciones llevadas a cabo en puertos de relevancia, para finalmente proponer, como caso práctico, una serie de medidas encaminadas a la mejora, desde un punto de vista urbano, de las instalaciones portuarias de la ciudad de Livorno. Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Fundamentos de Arquitectura

RESUMEN: El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado abordará un análisis del clima marítimo próximo a la localidad de San Andrés. El pueblo de San Andrés se encuentra dentro del municipio de Santa Cruz de Tenerife, a escasos 8 km al este de esta ciudad, que da nombre a la provincia perteneciente a las islas Canarias. La problemática que se plantea son los constantes eventos de inundación costera causados por el rebase del oleaje de componentes sur y este, que provocan cuantiosos daños socioeconómicos en la comunidad. Es por ello que, como primera fase del proyecto, se investigará la secuencia y condiciones bajo las que ocurren los fenómenos con la ayuda de hemerotecas y bases de datos de oleaje. Dichas bases de datos han sido desarrolladas y gentilmente proporcionadas por el Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de Cantabria. Estas comprenden la DOW (oleaje), GOT (marea astronómica) y GOS (marea meteorológica). Tras analizar el régimen medio tanto históricamente como por estaciones del año, se procederá a la comparación e identificación de los factores de los eventos de rebase. En base a ello, se distinguirán una o varias familias de oleaje características. Posteriormente se realizará un análisis detallado de la interacción del oleaje con la costa de San Andrés por medio de un modelo numérico reciente: Celeris. La elección del software se justificará mediante un estudio de las ventajas e inconvenientes que ofrecen las distintas herramientas disponibles en la actualidad y las características requeridas al plantear la estrategia a seguir en la modelización. De este modo se concluye la veracidad del diagnóstico de eventos previo. A partir de la identificación del temporal de diseño, se propondrán y analizarán diferentes alternativas de protecciones costeras que amortiguarán los efectos de las diversas formas de propagación del oleaje. Posteriormente se realizará un diseño completo de la más adecuada atendiendo no solamente a su efectividad sino también a criterios económicos, técnicos y ambientales. ABSTRACT: The hereby presented Final Degree Project will assume an analysis of the maritime climate of the community of San Andrés. This village is located in the municipal region of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, around 8 kilometres away from this main city, which name coincides for the province, belonging to the Canary islands. The issues introduced are the constant on time flooding events on shore, that are caused by the wave action incoming from South and East, and produce significant socioeconomical damages. Therefore, the first stage of the project will investigate the sequence and conditions under which this phenomena occurs, making use of digital libraries and wave databases. These databases have been developed and kindly provided by the Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de Cantabria. DOW (waves), GOT (astronomical tide) and GOS (storm surge) are are included among them. After analysing the general wave climate and by seasons, a comparison and identification of the multiple factors of the flooding events will be executed. Based on this, wave families will be distinguished. Afterwards, a detailed analysis of the interaction between waves and the shore of San Andrés will be performed with a new software: Celeris. It will be necessary to investigate the advantages and drawbacks of the different models to set the strategy to follow to choose the most suitable one. With that it will be possible to prove the previous diagnostic. An identification of the behaviour will enable the beginning of the design, presenting and analysing alternatives of shore protections that will mitigate the effects of the several ways of propagation of the waves. Subsequently, a complete design will be executed for the most appropriate one, attending not only to the effectiveness but also to economical, technical and environmental criteria. Grado en Ingeniería civil

Water edge communities are portals to terra firma. Their role as negotiators between land and water is more important now than ever before due to increasing fluctuations in water height from storm surges and sea level rise. To understand the future of these edge conditions, my research looks to the past at a 1967 report entitled; The Potomac: A Report on Its Imperiled Future and a Guide for Its Orderly Development, authored by pioneers Stewart Udall, Ian McHarg and others. The report approached the ecology and culture of the Potomac River basin through the lens of the 1960s, a time of unprecedented growth. Emerging at the semi-centennial of the original report, my thesis is both an homage and critique, challenging its concepts of order and development, and redefining four of the original eleven principles in the report's concept of the ideal region. The thesis investigation also works within a more actionable scale of intervention, a tributary to the Potomac River. The project develops a transferable approach for other tributaries, exploring Quantico Creek and the town of Dumfries, Virginia, a historic seaport in Prince William County, as a case study for design intervention, and analyzes the historic and ecological conditions that led to the marginalization of the community in the wake of siltation and urban sprawl. The resulting proposal reconnects the community with the creek, and fulfills an intention of the original Potomac Report: to spark inspired realities along the river's 400-mile course. Master of Landscape Architecture

Les projets actuels d’aménagement des deux cours d'eau qui traversent Perpignan dessinent une association étroite entre le processus de (re)valorisation des rivières et un certain nombre d’enjeux urbanistiques majeurs. L’aménagement des berges et leur requalification en espaces publics de qualité, s’ils doivent contribuer à changer l’image des rives urbaines mais aussi, plus largement, des quartiers environnants, interrogent les relations de la ville et des urbains à la nature. Cette mise en valeur n’est pas dénuée d’ambiguïtés. Elle est souhaitée par la collectivité publique pour servir des objectifs urbanistiques jugés importants (introduction d’espaces de nature en ville, densification urbaine, renouvellement urbain et atténuation des contrastes socio-spatiaux, etc.), mais aussi utilisée à leur profit par des acteurs privés dans le cadre des opérations d’aménagement urbain qu’ils conduisent. Cette mise en valeur des rivières, en se focalisant sur les berges et les espaces urbains riverains, et en privilégiant les enjeux d’aménagement urbain, ne contribue en revanche qu’assez peu à une gestion plus écologique des cours d’eau. The analysis of current development projects for the two rivers flowing through Perpignan (a city in the South of France) highlights a close association between the (re)development of rivers and a number of major urban planning issues. The reclaiming of the riverbanks and their redevelopment as quality public spaces is meant to contribute to change the image of urban riverbanks, as well as that of surrounding neighborhoods. But that raises the question of the relationships between the city, city-dwellers and nature. This development is ambiguous. It is encouraged by public authorities to serve planning objectives considered as major (nature in the city, urban densification, urban renewal and mitigation of socio-spatial contrasts, etc.). It is also used for their benefit by private stakeholders conducting urban development operations. It therefore appears that the development of rivers, focusing on the banks and on urban riparian areas, and mostly taking into account urban development issues, only moderately contributes to a more ecological management of rivers. 对流经佩皮尼昂（Perpignan，法国南部城市）的两条河流的当前开发项目的研究指出了河流的（再）发展与一些主要城市规划问题之间的密切联系。夺回河岸并重建优质公共空间旨在改变城市河岸以及周边社区的形象。但这引出了城市，城市居民和自然之间关系的问题。这种发展是不清晰的。政府鼓励这一发展从而服务于主要的规划目标（城市绿化区，城市密集化，城市更新（urban renewal）和缓解社会空间的对立等）。私人利益相关者也可以利用这一趋势进行城市发展活动。河流的发展主要集中在河岸和城市河滨地区，并且大多数情况考虑到城市发展问题，然而河流的发展只能在有限程度上促进河流生态化管理的进步。

Con base etnográfica, el presente artículo aborda la transformación social y espacial que el Barrio del Puerto de Tarragona ha vivido en las últimas décadas y el resultado con el que se enfrenta al futuro. Parte de un análisis de corte lefebvriano, pues atiende el plano vecinal cotidiano, el plano de la práctica consciente del espacio y el plano proyectual en sentido político y urbanístico. La realidad de la unidad de observación ha llevado al análisis de fenómenos como la decadencia urbanística, la gentrificación, la xenofobia y la construcción de identidades. El caso refleja los conflictos de los procesos globales en lo particular de un barrio donde los agentes urbanos chocan y confluyen ante la pregunta de qué fueron, qué son y qué quieren ser.

Algiers currently suffers from a very pronounced city/port separation, the negative consequences of this situation affect the daily life of the city, the urban interests of the city, mainly the comfort of the citizens, overlap with the economic interests of the port, because urban activity and port activity remain opposite in nature. Based on its conflicted situation between city and port, the purpose of this article is to prospect through a set of future city / port scenarios. Using the scenario method, this research is carried out in two parts, in a first phase, the aim is to understand the evolution and mutations of port cities considered standard on a global scale, on this basis, and in a second phase, the objective is to prospect the future urban-port of Algiers. Four scenarios for the future reconversion of the port of Algiers, in which Algiers could become one of the great world capitals, are discussed. In fine, the appropriate scenario could be the one that proposes the organization of a universal event such as the Olympic Games. This option remains very interesting and feasible because it will achieve all the goals to promote Algiers in a sustainable way and to put it back in competitiveness against its rivals and counterparts in Mediterranean metropolises. Alger souffre actuellement d'un clivage ville/port très prononcé, les conséquences négatives de cette situation impactent la vie quotidienne de la ville, les intérêts urbains de la ville, surtout le confort des habitants, se chevauchent avec les intérêts économiques du port, car l'activité urbaine et l'activité portuaire restent opposées. Sur la base de l'état conflictuel entre ville et port, l'objet de cet article est de prospecter par un ensemble de scénarii l'avenir ville/port d'Alger. En util isant la méthode des scénarios, cette recherche se déroule en deux parties, dans une première phase, l'objet est de comprendre l'évolution et les mutations des villes portuaires jugés standard et cela { une échelle mondiale, sur cette base, et dans une deuxième phase, l'objectif est de prospecter le futur urbano-portuaire de la ville d'Alger. Quatre scénarios pour la future reconversion du port d'Alger, dans lesquels Alger pourrait devenir une des grandes capitales mondiales, sont discutés. In fine, le scénario adéquat pourrait être celui qui propose l'organisation d'un événement universel comme les jeux olympiques. Cette option reste très intéressante et faisable car, elle permettra d'atteindre tous les objectifs pour promouvoir Alger d'une manière durable et de la remettre en compétitivité face à ses rivales et homologues de métropoles méditerranéennes.

The contribution concerns the possibilities of utilization of the digital technologies focused on the documentation of the historical centers in the mediterranean area. The aim of this project is the evaluation of the Heritage conservation status and the possibilities and opportunities of enhancement and upgrading of historical urban centers through diagnostic opportunities offered by contemporary digital survey methods. In this occasion there is the presentation of the partial results of a case of studies analyzed through several typologies of equipment (static and mobile laser scanner, S.f.M. photogrammetry) and which gave significant results such as high reliable 3D models, orthophoto for the decay mapping, analysis of the stability of the buildings. The case selected in the Mediterranean area shows the quality of the results, especially in relation to the possibility of recovering ancient human settlements intended to abandon and decay but nowadays still full of important aspects concerning the local economy, structural stability and the inhabitants safety in the historical town centers.

El artículo presenta un breve resumen del paralelismo entre el fenómeno del turismo, la legislación de ordenación del territorio y la planificación urbanística municipal en España. En él se establecen los argumentos que han conducido a un cambio de modelo en una nueva era del turismo, aunque éste no haya reemplazado ni eliminado el turismo de masas de la etapa fordista, el cual sigue siendo hegemónico. Se presentan, además, diversos casos ilustrativos de cómo, a través del planeamiento, se han podido reconducir proyecciones agresivas de la urbanización sobre el litoral catalán, apuntando hacia a un cambio cualitativo de los destinos turísticos maduros. Estos casos vienen precedidos por una propuesta sorprendente para proteger un sector de la costa de Tarragona en los años 80. Aquest article presenta un breu resum del paral·lelisme entre el fenomen del turisme, la legislació d’ordenació del territori i la planificació urbanística municipal a Espanya. En ell s’estableixen els arguments que han conduït a un canvi de model en una nova era del turisme, tot i que aquest no hagi substituït ni eliminat el turisme de masses de l’etapa fordista, el qual segueix essent hegemònic. Es presenten, a més, diversos casos il·lustratius de com, a través del planejament, s’ha pogut reconduir projeccions agressives de la urbanització sobre el litoral català, apuntant cap a un canvi qualitatiu de les destinacions turístiques madures. Aquests casos venen precedits per una proposta sorprenent per a protegir un sector de la costa de Tarragona en els anys 80. This article presents a brief summary of the relationship between tourism, urban law and municipal planning in Spain. It sets out the arguments which led to a change of model in a new era of tourism, although other forms of tourism have not yet replaced Fordist mass tourism, which remains hegemonic. Furthermore, it exposes several cases which illustrate how territorial planning helped review and amend some harmful provisions for the rampant urbanization of the Catalan coast. This attitude points to a qualitative change of mature vacation spots. These cases are preceded by a presentation of an unusual counter-proposal for the protection of the coastline of Tarragona, carried out at the beginning of the 1980s.

My thesis is regarding the regeneration of identity and a sense of place on the unappealing nature of public open space, in terms of its urban context and architecture. A sense of place is related to the quality and character of making a place unique or special. It could be described as the established atmosphere or character of an individuals relationship with a place. So a good sense of place becomes a place that people would like to be a part of and enhances a human's positive emotional attachment making people feel connected to a place. So creating a sense of place should be based on understanding the cultural identity, social activity, physical environment and heritage of a place. Shown on the left are two images captured from the movie "Lost in Translation"an American comedy-drama film directed and written by Sofia Coppola in 2003. The film revolves around an aging actor, Bob Harris, and a recent college graduate actress, Charlotte. These two Americans develop empathy after meeting by chance at their hotel bar in Tokyo. The movie explores themes of loneliness, insomnia, existential boredom and culture shock against the surroundings of a modern Japanese city. Both images from the movie show an unbalanced scale of the environment around the actor. These images reminded me of the first impression of disconnected or disappointed that I had of the atmosphere at the end of King Street in Alexandria, Virginia. The place was not comfortable to be in with its own character and the access to the water was hard to be sense visually. The first impression of this place still occupied my mind rather than any other attractive aspects within the area. This unpleasant experience arose from my own individual relationship with the place but later I figured out that it had already been seen as a public issue. These circumstances motivated me to think about how to regenerate a strong local sense of place in the area. The site of the project is an entire block from the Old Dominion Boat Club at the King Street Park to the Waterfront Park on Prince Street along the Potomac River in Old Town, Alexandria, Virginia. The main access to the site is at the end of King Street. King Street has been the dominant connection to the water and the main corridor, carrying most of the entertainments in Old Town. Currently though, it lacks designated routes to the water at the end of the street. This project, an urban park pavilion, is composed of four different programs: the roof park, plaza, community performance Theater and boat taxi terminal which will be treated as equal value by a juxtaposed arrangement and interconnected street grids. My thesis will narrates how to develop a sense of place through the interaction of quality of architecture, infrastructure, cultural identities, social activities and the environment. Master of Architecture

Kuala Lumpur waterfront used to be busy with activities when it was once a trading post for the export of tin. The activity at the waterfront has changed over the years along with the city development. This research investigates the level of contextual integration between the waterfront and the urban rivers in terms of its functional dimension. Technique adopted is field observations (building use survey and time interval observation). All researched zones have medium level of contextual integration which depends much on the continuity of activities, their positioning location, accessibility and the provision of space and facilities.

Title: Implementation Strategy Of Waterfront Concept In Kupang City The vision of development of Kupang City is to develop is as the Centre of National Activities with sustainable waterfront city concept. It intends to solve problems resulting from the development of Kupang City seashore areas by orienting the development to establish seashore areas as the front gate of the city and avoiding construction of settlement building on riparian zones and seashore areas.bThe relevance of this vision is discussed using qualitative descriptive method based on data of the areas' profiles. The discussion concludes that Kupang City needs Detail Planning on Priority Areas' Spatial for riparian zones and seashore areas with development concept. Keywords: waterfront, sustainable, seashore, development concept &nbsp

La culture apparaît comme instrument du renouvellement urbain des espaces centraux urbains et portuaires à Gênes, catalyseur de la transformation des espaces. La culture est également un produit du renouvellement urbain, avec l’apparition de nouvelles pratiques et nouveaux lieux, notamment dans le domaine commercial. La culture indique un projet de ville, reposant sur une histoire dominante. La pluralité culturelle pose ainsi la question des contradictions du renouvellement urbain. By its catalyzing effect in the transformation of space, culture has served as an instrument of urban renewal in Genoa’s center and port area. At the same time, culture is also a result of urban renewal as new practices and places, some of them commercial, appear. Culture indicates an urban project with its own dominant narrative. The contradictions inherent in urban renewal often relate to cultural plurality.

Waterfront regeneration projects worldwide have transformed cities’ edges into new public spaces. Although water should be the centerpiece of these transformations, users are often situated as passive observers of water; urban design of public spaces only affords distant views of water and limited possibilities for active bodily engagement and play. Formulaic urban design has often neglected the potentials of indeterminate spaces where users’ desires can unfold. From these departure points, this paper uses a temporary design installation to investigate potential forms of active water engagement in a contemporary waterfront space. The installation prompts users to interact playfully with water through a variety of prototypes and devices. Observation of visitor interactions with the intervention provides data about users’ desires for water engagement, in terms of three research questions concerning: engagement with the water and the marine life within it, the multiple behavioural affordances of the water’s edge, and the adaptability of waterfront spaces. The study indicates the potential of temporary installations to test hypotheses and design possibilities, and thereby inform larger permanent waterfront urban design projects.

This paper presents an analysis of the external stability of a waterfront reinforced soil retaining structure. Such structures, in addition to being subjected to normal hydrostatic pressures, are also subjected to earthquake, which gives rise to additional seismic inertia forces and hydrodynamic pressure. Simple pseudo-static approaches are adopted to calculate the seismic inertia forces on the waterfront retaining structure, and a conventional approach is used to estimate the hydrodynamic pressure. The failure wedge is considered to be confined by a planar rupture surface. The results are presented for direct sliding and overturning failure modes of the retaining structure (including results for sloped and vertical walls). By considering all combinations of forces, generalised expressions are developed for the length of geosynthetic reinforcement needed to counter these two modes of failure. The expressions are fairly simple, and can be used directly by practising engineers for the design of waterfront reinforced soil structures. The required geosynthetic length in the direct sliding mode increases from 0.56H to 5.02H when the horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient is increased from 0 to 0.3. It has also been found that, of the two modes of failure, the direct sliding mode is critical. In addition, the requirement for geosynthetic reinforcement for a slope angle of 60° to the horizontal is greater than that needed for a vertical wall (i.e. with a slope angle of 90°). A parametric study is also presented. In addition to the horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient, the downstream water height, pore pressure ratio and soil friction angle all have a significant effect on the sliding and overturning stability of the waterfront retaining structure. Comparison of the present methodology with a previously existing methodology, but for the dry case, shows a close match.

Les expositions de Séville (1992), Lisbonne (1998) et Saragosse (2008) ont induit l’aménagement de fronts de mer auparavant délaissés ou inexploités. Ces événements ont favorisé le passage de fonctions industrialo-portuaires à des fonctions tertiaires. Cependant, en dépit de la prise en compte croissante du temps long dans l’organisation générale de ce type d’événements, les questions de durabilité des installations mises en place et de pérennité du modèle de développement lié aux expositions restent aujourd’hui entières. The exposition of Seville (1992), Lisbon (1998), and Zaragoza (2008) have induced waterfront development of land that had been abandoned or unused. These events encouraged the transfer from industrial port functions to tertiary activities. However, in spite of the growing realization of the long time needed in the general organization of this type of event, the questions of durability of the installations put into place and of the continuity of the model of development tied to expositions remain unresolved.

Genova, città portuale ed industriale, vive tra la fine degli anni settanta e i primi anni ottanta una forte crisi economica. Solo a partire dagli anni ’90 c’è un recupero delle attività portuali, e si riprende anche la grande industria, privatizzata ed indirizzata verso settori ad alto contenuto di tecnologia. Negli stessi anni la città scommette sui grandi eventi: le Celebrazioni Colombiane del 1992, il G8 nel 2001 e Genova Capitale europea della Cultura nel 2004. Queste occasioni portano alla ristrutturazione (su progetto di Renzo Piano) del Porto Antico, alla riscoperta del waterfront e del centro storico. Proprio Piano presenta nel 2004 il suo ‘Affresco’ con il quale ridisegna completamente l’affaccio al mare, cercando una visione complessiva e strategica dello sviluppo urbano, una sorta di pacificazione tra città e porto, abituate a voltarsi a vicenda le spalle. L’Affresco è una splendida occasione di discussione per tutta la città, ma se non si riuscirà a ricomporre la frammentazione degli interessi, il rischio è che rimanga un’utopia. À la fin des années 1970 et le début des années 1980, la ville de Gênes, centrée sur les activités portuaires et sur l’industrie, traverse une forte crise économique. C’est seulement à partir des années 1990 qu’on assiste à la reconversion des aires portuaires obsolètes, au redimensionnement des fonctions portuaires et à la reconversion de l’industrie, en partie privatisée, vers les secteurs technologiques. Dans la même période, la ville organise de grands événements: l’exposition Colombiane en 1992, l’accueil du « G8 », en 2001, et toutes les activités en liaison son statut de « capitale européenne de la Culture » en 2004. Ces événements participent à la restructuration du vieux port (projet de Renzo Piano), à la redécouverte du front de mer et à la reconstruction de l’image touristique et culturelle de la ville. En 2004, l’architecte Renzo Piano présente son projet intitulé « L’Affresco ». Il s’agit de redessiner l’ouverture de la ville sur la mer selon une vision d’ensemble et stratégique du développement urbain ; une sorte de pacification des relations entre une ville et un port qui s’ignoraient depuis fort longtemps. « L’Affresco » constitue ainsi une occasion pour la ville de Gênes de débattre de son futur. Toutefois, sans une indispensable recomposition de la fragmentation des intérêts économiques et politiques, le projet court le danger de rester une utopie. At the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s, the city of Genoa, long focused on port activities and manufacturing, underwent a major economic crisis. Only beginning in the 1990s did the city undergo a large-scale reconversion of an obsolete port area by reconfiguring port functions and reorienting heavy industry, in part privatized, toward the technology sector. In the same period, the city focused on organizing major events: the Columbian exposition of 1992, hosting the «G8».meetings in 2001, and celebrations connected with Genoa’s status as «European capital of culture» in 2004. These events contributed to the restructuring of the old port (the Renzo Piano project), rediscovery of the waterfront, and reconstruction of the tourist and cultural image of the city. In 2004 the architect Renzo Piano presented his project titled «L’Affresco» in which a holistic and strategic vision for urban development redesigned the city to open on to the sea. This development brought together the city and the port, which had ignored each other for a very long time. The Affresco project has provided the golden opportunity for the city of Genoa to debate its future. However, without a necessary recomposition of now highly fragmented economic and political interests, the project runs the danger of remaining an unfulfilled utopia.

Kali Semarang sebagai sungai bersejarah di Semarang, dahulu memiliki fungsi transportasi yang membelah perekonomian dan pertahanan kota. Bermacam etnis pedagang tinggal di sekitarnya hingga daerah tersebut menjadi permukiman etnis. Contohnya Kampung Melayu, etnis Tionghoa pada Kampung Pecinan, etnis Arab pada Kampung Kauman, serta Kampung Sekayu. Dan juga Kawasan Kota Lama sebagai daerah bersejarah dalam masa pemerintahan Kota Semarang. Kali Semarang memberi pengaruh fungsi waterfront pada permukiman tersebut.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsep waterfront pada permukiman etnis Kali Semarang, yaitu Kampung Melayu, Kawasan Kota Lama, Kampung Pecinan, Kampung Kauman, dan Kampung Melayu. Diperlukan eksplorasi dan deskripsi keadaan yang mendalam untuk mengidentifikasikan informasi baru pada lokasi penelitian dengan konsep atau teori yang menjelaskan fenomena yang akan terjadi. Metode kualitatif rasionalistik digunakan dengan landasan teori mengenai waterfront dan permukiman etnis disertai dengan pengumpulan data melalui studi literatur dari berbagai sumber, observasi lapangan langsung, dan pertanyaan mendalam kepada key person. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hanya Kampung Melayu dan Kawasan Kota Lama yang pada awal mulanya menggunakan konsep waterfront karena lokasinya merupakan kawasan pelabuhan, pergudangan, dan perdagangan. Kampung Pecinan sebagai kawasan perdagangan, serta Kampung Kauman dan Kampung Sekayu sebagai permukiman tidak menggunakan konsep waterfront.[Title: Waterfront Concept on Ethnic Settlement in Kali Semarang] Kali Semarang, as a historical river in Semarang, has function as transportation to support the economy and city. Many ethnic traders settled around, so that area becomes ethnic settlement, such as Kampung Melayu, Chinese ethnic in Kampung Pecinan, Arabian ethnic in Kampung Kauman, and Kampung Sekayu, and Kota Lama areas as historical area in Semarang’s government era. The Kali Semarang giving influence of the waterfront function of those area. This paper purposes to understand waterfront concept of ethnicity settlement around Kali Semarang, such as: Kampung Melayu, Kawasan Kota Lama, Kampung Pecinan, Kampung Kauman, and Kampung Melayu. Exploration and deeper situations description are needed to identify new informations in respected location completed with concept or theories that explain the phenomenon. The qualitative rationalistic method is used for explaining theoritical basis regarding waterfront and ethnical settelement by data collecting through literature study, field observation, and key person question. The result of this research shows that Kampung Melayu and Kota Lama are pioneer to use the waterfront concept because of it location constitute as sea port area, warehouse, and commerce. Kampung Pecinan as a commerce area, Kampung Kauman and Kampung Sekayu, as settlement, did not use the waterfront concept.

In the panorama of Planning Policies in Cross-Border States along the Adriatic Sea, the analysis of different territorial realities makes it clear that the coastline is a “critical zone” for town and country planning. The fragmentation of coastal areas, caused by residential constructions often unrelated to planning policies, generates a lot of areas that need to be reorganized. This paper aims to illustrate the results of international comparative studies in planning coastal areas, undertaken in the L.A.Co.S.T.A. Laboratory of the University of Molise. This work involves a comparative analysis of urban and territorial planning processes in force in Italy, Albania and Croatia. Italian processes aim to unify the concepts of “urban” and “landscape” that traditionally followed different planning and legislative schemes. In the Balkan States, the planning processes derive from a historical and political context profoundly marked by events from 1991 to today. The main laws of land-use planning were drawn up after 1991, ex novo or as replacements for existing ones, proposing a totally different system from the previous one, where existing.

Etablissements scolaires, bureaux, logements sociaux ou lofts de prestige, musées, médiathèques, salles de spectacles ou centres commerciaux, les reconversions architecturales d'anciens sites industriels font maintenant partie de notre paysage quotidien. Elles lui apportent une originalité de formes, une qualité des matériaux et de leur mise en œuvre ainsi qu'une dimension historique que plus personne ne remet en cause. Il n'en a pas toujours été ainsi. Cet article, extrait de l’ouvrage Reconversions : l’architecture industrielle réinventée (Images du patrimoine - 2013), est une introduction générale à la reconversion des sites industriels. Il propose une contextualisation du phénomène à l’échelle nationale voire mondiale permettant de comprendre : comment a émergé la reconnaissance du patrimoine industriel (condition préalable à toute démarche de reconversion), comment est apparue et s’est développée cette nouvelle pratique architecturale, quels sont ses spécificités et ses enjeux (patrimonial, économique, requalification des territoires et développement durable…). Cet article présente aussi à travers une typologie de l'architecture industrielle, la richesse des nouveaux usages possibles de ces anciennes usines en fonction de leur morphologie plus ou moins contraignante. Schools, offices, social housing or prestigious apartments, museums, libraries, theatre, shopping centres… the architectural conversion of former industrial buildings is now an integral part of our daily landscape. These conversions offer original forms, the use of high-quality materials and historical dimensions which, today, nobody thinks of calling into question. This has not always been the case, however. This article, originally published in the book entitled Reconversions, l’architecture industrielle réinventée [Conversions, industrial architecture re-invented] published in 2013 in the collection Images du patrimoine, offers a general introduction to the question of the conversion of industrial buildings and sites. It begins with a contextualisation of this question at the national (French) level, and then at broader, worldwide levels. It sets out to explain how the industrial heritage came to acquire recognition (a necessary precondition for any re-use project), how this new architectural approach appeared and developed, and what are the specific aspects of the issues it raises in terms of the heritage, in economic terms, from the point of view of the requalification of territories and in terms of sustainable development. The article offers a typological overview of industrial architecture with a rich range of new uses to which old factories can be adapted, taking into consideration their more or less limiting morphology.

Kawasan waterfront merupakan suatu kawasan dinamis yang memiliki kontak fisik dan visual dengan air laut, sungai, danau, dan badan air lainnya. Kawasan ini memiliki potensi tersendiri untuk dikembangkan melalui suatu waterfront development. Sebagai salah satu kanal besar di Semarang, Kanal Banjir Barat dikembangkan menjadi kawasan waterfront yang diberi nama “Semarang New Waterfront” Kawasan ini direncanakan dengan fungsi recreational and historical waterfront. Untuk fungsi rekreasi sudah cukup terpenuhi, namun sayangnya masih terdapat berbagai kekurangan, salah satunya belum ditunjang oleh fasilitas yang memadai. Kurang beragamnya aktivitas yang tercipta serta tidak adanya karakter yang khas juga mempengaruhi minat pengunjung untuk datang. Sedangkan untuk fungsi sejarah belum mampu tercipta. Beragam masalah tersebut diyakini memberi pengaruh terhadap keberhasilan kawasan ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh integrasi tata guna lahan terhadap keberhasilan “Semarang New Waterfront” development. Metode kuantitatif rasionalistik digunakan dengan pengumpulan data melalui studi literatur, kuesioner, dan observasi lapangan. Analisis data menggunakan analisis statistik dengan uji regresi menggunakan SPSS 21.0 for windows. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh integrasi tata guna lahan terhadap keberhasilan Semarang New Waterfront development sebesar 42,4%.[Perception of Integrated Land Use in The Area Waterfront Development (Case Study: West Flood Canal Semarang)] A dynamic area which has physical and visual contact with sea, river, lake, and other water’s bodies is called waterfront. This area has a potency to be developed through waterfront development. As one of big canals in Semarang, West Floodway was developed as a waterfront called “Semarang New Waterfront”. It was planned with the function of recreational and historical waterfront. This area can fulfill the recreational function, but unfortunately there are still some shortages, such as the amount of amenities. The lack of the diversity of activities and unique character also influence people interest to come. Meanwhile, the historical function also can’t be sensed yet. Those problems are believed give impact to the success of this waterfront. This research aims to know the influence of land use integration to the success of “Semarang New Waterfront” development. A quantitative rationalistic method is used with data collection by literature study, questionnaires, and field observations. While the method of data analysis use statistical analysis by regression test using SPSS 21.0 for windows. This research shows that there is influence of land use integration to the success of "Semarang New Waterfront" development as amount as 42.4%.

Desde las últimas décadas del siglo XX se registra una aceleración de procesos que se caracteriza por producir nuevas dinámicas de territorialización. Estas des-reterritorializaciones cambian las lógicas de los ámbitos metropolitanos, generando relaciones y flujos de interconexión que conducen hacia una nueva “metropolización”. En este contexto, se considera que los límites taxativos de abordaje territorial resultan obsoletos y restrictivos. De manera que, tomando como caso de estudio la ribera metropolitana de Rosario -Argentina-, el presente artículo se propone demostrar las limitaciones del concepto tradicional de Área Metropolitana -AMR-, debido a las diversas dinámicas territoriales existentes, y se lo sustituye por el de Región Metropolitana. Se considera que la visión que plantea al Paraná como límite del AMR impide comprender las potencialidades y relaciones que suceden actualmente en este territorio. Por lo cual, se invierte este mirada, considerando al río como elemento estructurador de la misma. Since the last decades of the twentieth century is registered an acceleration of processes characterized by generating new dynamics of territorialisation. These des-reterritorialisations change the logics of the metropolitan areas, creating relationships and interconnection flows leading to a new "metropolisation". In this context, it is considered that taxative territorial limits turn out to be obsolete and restrictive. So, taking as a case of study the metropolitan banks of Rosario, the present article proposes to demonstrate the obsolescence of the traditional concept of Metropolitan Area - AMR-, given the diverse territorial dynamics that take place in recent decades, and it is replaced with the concept of Metropolitan Region. It is considered that the vision that raises the Paraná as limit of the AMR prevents from understanding the potentials and relations that happen nowadays in this territory. For which, this look is reversed, considering the river as a structural element of it.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2015, Bu çalışma Avrupa’daki kıyı yenileme projelerinin aşamalarını, bu sureci etkileyen faktörler ile aktörleri analiz etmeyi ve uygulamalarını ortaya koymayı amaçlar. Kıyı alanları 1980lerden bu yana yenileme projeleri arasında önemli bir yer edinmiştir. Bu sebeple liman kentleri kentsel yenileme projelerinin incelenebilmesi için bir laboratuvar olarak değerlendirilebilir. Liman kentleri terkedilmiş endüstri mirasının dönüştürülmesi ve yeniden değerlendirilmesi açısından da büyük bir potansiyele sahiptir. Çalışma, Avrupa liman kentlerinde geçtiğimiz yıllarda gerçekleşen ve günümüzde de devam eden kıyı yenileme projelerini tarihsel sebepleriyle ve “Liman kentlerindeki gerilemenin sebepleri nelerdir?”, “Kıyı yenileme projeleri nasıl geliştirilmiştir/ geliştirilmelidir?”, “Hangi aktörler bu surece dahil olmuştur?”, “Avrupa’daki kiyi yenileme projeleri arasındaki etkileşimler nelerdir?”, “Kıyı yenileme projelerinin prensipleri nelerdir?” soruları üzerinden ortaya koymayı hedefler. İlk bölüm amaç ve methodolojiyi açıklar. İkinci bölümde kıyı yenileme kavramı, kıyı yenileme projelerinin tarihi, aşamaları, prensipleri aktarılmıştır. Üçüncü bolum örnek projelerin değerlendirilmesi üzerinedir. Günümüze kadar gerçekleşmiş kıyı yenileme projeleri başlangıcından itibaren on yıllık süreç içinde değerlendirilecektir; ancak ilk örneklerinin Kuzey Amerika’da gerçekleştiği kıyı yenileme projeleri, Avrupa liman kentlerindeki gelişmeleri irdelemesiyle sınırlandırıldığı için Amerika örnekleri tez dahilinde değerlendirilmeyecektir; ancak 1980ler, 1990lar ve 2000lerde gerçeklesen başarılı olarak kabul göre örnekleri olarak siıasıyla Londra (Docklands), Genoa (EXPO’92) ve Hamburg (Hafencity) incelenecektir. Her bir örnek projenin, şehrin liman hareketlerinin başladığı andan itibaren tarihi, tarihsel süreçte bu işlevi yitirme sebepleri, kiyi yenileme projelerine duyulan ihtiyacı ve bu projelerin hedefleri, sureci ve dahil olan aktorleri ile aktörlerin rolleri, mimari ve kentsel planlama yaklaşımları ile birlikte her bir çalışma alanının değerlendirildiği bir bölümle açıklanacaktır. Gerçekleştirilememiş olan İzmir Kıyı Yenileme Projesi için atılan adımlar aktarılacak, sebep ve sonuçları ile değerlendirilecektir. Dördüncü bölümde, bahsedilen yenileme projelerinin günümüz mimarlığını yönlendirmekte üstlendiği misyona vurgu yapılarak, geçmişten bugüne liman şehirleri kıyısındaki mimari ve kentsel planlama yaklaşımları tarihsel bir çerçevede değerlendirilecektir. Çalışma, alan gezileri ve yetkililerle yapılan görüşmelerle desteklenmiştir. İkincil kaynaklarsa geliştirme stratejilerinden, master plan kararlarından, basılı yayınlardan sağlanmıştır., This in-depth study has the intention of producing an overall analysis and description of the evolution of waterfront regeneration projects in European port cities and uses this to conclude with an exploration of the future for such regeneration projects through a reflection on the lessons that can be learned from projects both complete and under construction at present. At present, there is a lack of study related to contemporary waterfront regeneration undertaken in European countries. Therefore, this thesis aims to fill the research gaps and provide a holistic picture of European waterfront regeneration. Port cities have a unique perspective in terms of urban renewal. They marry undisputedly industrial heritage with a historical significance geographically. As such cities, and the shipping industries central to their historical value, have undergone waves of development across time, there have been corresponding physical shifts in the ports themselves and subsequently, dereliction of key areas close to the traditional city core. It is the approaches and processes which have been chosen to regenerate these areas that are at the heart of this study. It can be argued that it would be reasonable and productive to see such projects as laboratories for the process of urban renewal on a wider scale and the lessons drawn as instructive for contemporary architecture and planning. To reach its conclusions in a rigorous and scientific fashion, this study begins by establishing a definition for a port city waterfront, and the range of waterfront types within these parameters is described. Remaining within the parameters, an overview of the requirements of such projects is taken and a lexical analysis of the term itself is outlined. This enables the study to note where individual projects vary from the generic needs and conditions of waterfront regeneration projects. The methodology applied in this research consisted of documentary review of waterfront regeneration, and case studies based on the questions. The primary data were based on site visits and master plans. The secondary data came from development strategy and other documents provided by public authorities and academic publications. This is detailed in the first chapter along with the purpose of the thesis and other points outlined above. Contemporary projects cannot be considered without contextualizing them. They need to be framed by a global perspective, taking in port cities from St Petersburg to San Francisco, as well as by a chronological context taking in the distant origins of port cities in terms of function and scale and bringing them up to the present day via the influence of industrialization, global exploration, advances in shipping technology, and containerization: each of which has impacted the ports directly and their surrounding hinterland by proxy. This historical background is described in the second chapter and key turning points within the history are identified. Once detailed and examined, it can be argued that the developments coincide with different movements within architecture and so each time span has added its own characteristics. This is, therefore, an important opportunity to analyze the different eras and their impact on architecture. Because of their geopolitical locations and the interest port city waterfront projects have garnered from various agents and actors, regenerated port areas have somehow become a reflection of the contemporary architecture of each decade since the 1960s and provide a microscope under which key features of the architectural movements of each period can be identified. The final elements examined in the second chapter include a look at the organizations concerned with regeneration projects, the typologies of different projects as well as the organizational structure of the project itself. Four case studies were chosen to exemplify successive waves of port city renewal – London Docklands, Genoa Expo, Hamburg Hafencity and Izmir – and these are explored in the third chapter. However, the case studies do not include a project from the first wave, which is generally agreed to be located in North America in the 1960s. These projects are used only as background to the cases set in Europe, where this study is focused. As such, while regeneration projects in the United States, such as Baltimore and San Francisco, are referenced, they do not form part of the key analysis. Additional factors in the choice of case studies includes the fact that the study deals with different scales of transformation, which can be seen in the various examples. Not only that but the case studies were also selected from different decades to reflect the effect of accumulated experience in European waterfront projects culminating in suggestions for the Izmir project. The breakdown of the case studies is dealt with systematically. Building on the historical exploration of chapter two, the historical backgrounds and especially the reasons for decline are explored within chapter three. Once the reasons behind the area becoming de-industrialized are clear, the processes and approaches of the regeneration project are detailed. This involves first analyzing the objectives, for example, commercial, social or conservative. Additionally, the processes for funding and deployment as well as the organizational structure of the project will be described and analysed with regard to the apparent success of the case. the architectural and urban design approaches, and ultimately, the outcomes of the projects. Each of these elements will be explained in sub-chapters and key features uniting the projects will be drawn out. One aspect that reveals variation between port cities relates to the value placed on the land by a number of parties who are involved; be they political, commercial or social in nature. Exploring the extent of participation and ambition by such stakeholders in different generation projects is a particularly key feature of this study. Variation also arises as a result of intercultural interactions. These play an important role in the design practices hence design issues can differ in each project. Therefore this thesis will evaluate today’s architectural and urban design practices in waterfront regeneration in the framework of cross-culturalism. The final variation between the four case studies lies in the outcomes. While London, Hamburg and Genoa are considered successes which exemplify their generations, Izmir stands apart. Izmir is a port city and it has long played an important role in trans-shipments in the east Mediterranean. In fact, the city of Izmir has had the identity of a port city since its establishment in 3000 BC. But the port-city identity of Izmir reached its peak in the nineteenth century, when the city became the main entrance port of Europe to Western Anatolia, especially in connection with the industrialization processes underway all around the world. In common with the other case studies, the port area of Izmir became a derelict area after de-industrialization. The industrial zone, which is directly connected with the port, was particularly heavily affected by geopolitical changes and became vacant. Industrial buildings could not adapt to the economical and global changes and so they therefore became abandoned. As with other port cities in the world, the regeneration of Izmir’s waterfront came onto the development agenda, but the project did not come into effect as was expected. This makes it different and the reasons for this will be explored. As the case studies will show, general themes can be ascribed to the decline of port city waterfronts, which can be used to make predictions for the future of port cities which have yet to undergo such transformative projects. Additionally, principles will be identified that underpin successful projects and unite them. It is the opinion of this author that valuable predictions can be made based upon this research and analysis with concrete implications for contemporary port cities like Izmir, which are as yet to complete the process of transformation. These elements and the arguments supporting them are drawn together in the conclusions and suggestions made in the fourth chapter where a general view and suggestions for a better future direction of European waterfront regenerations will be provided. The importance of waterfront regeneration projects both in architectural history and for the future will be emphasized. Finally, the fourth chapter additionally highlights the importance of waterfront regeneration projects in the context of architectural history, suggesting that the analysis of such projects enhances scientific study. This indicates that research invested in the planning and design stages of a project is necessary for the effective development of a waterfront area., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

Introduction In Montreal, as in most port cities, the waterfront has long been the primacy interface between the city and the markets of the world. Over the last two centuries or so, since the onset of industrialisation, cityports across the globe have been compelled, over and over again, to redevelop their waterfronts. The focus in this paper is on the (re)development of the port of Montreal from its formal beginnings in 1830, through a period of rapid industrialisation up to World War I (1914). The purpose was to elucidate how and why the primitive pre-industrial waterfront was repeatedly adapted and transformed into a 'modern' port district. A port is a place where land and water-borne transport systems converge, where cargo and passenger traffic are exchanged across a waterfront (Figure 1). The efficiency of a port, and the health of the urban economy as a whole, is represented by its ability to maximise traffic through this physical space at minimum cost and with minimum delay. The waterfront, therefore, is at once both an interface and an impediment to exchange; its physical configuration may contribute to the efficiency of the port or may form costly spatio-temporal barriers. It has been suggested that the flow of goods and people through a city, like the circulation of blood in the human body, is channelled and constrained by the physical dimensions of its 'vascular system', that is, the entire network of streets, canals, channels, Harbours, tracks, piers, bridges and elevators (Gilliland 1999). In this paper, I argue that for cities to survive and grow, they must, again and again, accelerate circulation and expand the capacity of the urban vascular system; in particular, they must periodically redimension the entire waterfront time-space. While previous studies have described the historical development of individual physical components of the port of Montreal, such as the Lachine Canal (Desloges and Gelly 2002), St Lawrence River ship channel (Corley 1967) and grain elevators (GRHPM 1981), this paper offers a new perspective on port development in that it considers the entire port as a comprehensive circulatory system and examines the (re)development of various components in relation to others. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Beyond a detailed examination of the physical transformation, or morphogenesis, of the waterfront, this paper attempts to elucidate the formative and adaptive processes underlying its evolution. To understand the processes that continually reshape the landscape of the port, we need to turn our attention to the compelling logic of the urban economy--that is, the revolutionary historical and geographical dynamics of capitalism. Prevailing studies in transport geography view the contemporary redevelopment of cityports across the globe as the spatial outcome of processes of economic restructuring, symptoms of the ever-increasing globalisation of maritime transport (Slack 1975, 1995, 1999; Hoyle and Pinder 1981; Hoyle et al. 1988; Kilian and Dodson 1995, 1996; Malone 1996; Meyer 1999; Rodrigue 1999; Slack et al. 2002). Drawing insights from 'spatialised' interpretations of the rhythm of capital accumulation (Harvey 1985, 1989, 2001; Smith 1990), I formulate a complementary conceptual approach that recognises the circulation of capital as the driving force behind the morphogenesis of the Montreal waterfront. My central thesis is that periodic innovations in transport methods were preconditions for the redimensioning of the Montreal waterfront in the industrial era, and these changes were adopted in response to the perennial demands of local investors to reduce the turnover time of capital. The turnover time (or time necessary to reconstitute the value) of a given capital is equal to the time devoted to production and circulation (exchange) of commodities. The longer the turnover time of a capital, the smaller its surplus value; therefore, by accelerating circulation through more efficient and effective means of transport, investors are able to increase profits. …

If governments have an objective to participate in a globalized economy, they should address the challenges of blighted inner city and particularly older water front areas. In doing the latter there is often a degree of consistency in place making. While the processes and principles behind urban design and planning need to have an internal logic across different scales to create quality public realms, the outcome of these interventions are frequently unresponsive to regional diversities in culture and identity. This indifference can lead to changes in the built form through urban regeneration activities that do not respect, celebrate or represent the history and traditions of the local community associated with an inner harbour or other forms of urban waterfronts. This research was undertaken to develop a set of design principles for the Inner Harbour renewal project in Port Adelaide, South Australia that would be sensitive to the historical role of the water front and in particular to incorporate the sentiments and needs of long term residents for whom the character of the area and their attachment to it shapes their sense of identity. The research established a theoretical framework for the development of design principles such as functionality, accessibility, natural environment and culture, history and memory. The findings showed that the redevelopment did not significantly disrupt residents' sense of place or sense of local identity however some more additional design attributes would nevertheless strengthen the capacity of the project to preserve local identity. This paper concludes with recommendations for preserving local identity for residents adjacent to waterfront renewal projects. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Le 21 mai 2012, l’agglomération nancéienne connaissait un épisode pluvieux exceptionnel avec comme conséquence une inondation par ruissellement. Pourtant, la ville avait réalisé d’importants travaux pour la mise hors d’eau du quartier compris entre la Meurthe et le Canal de la Marne au Rhin. Ce quartier industriel et ouvrier construit dans le lit majeur de la rivière était régulièrement touché par les crues, une vulnérabilité qui explique son dépérissement. La mémoire autant que la vulnérabilité au risque d’inondation ont pesé sur l’avenir du quartier. Depuis 1986, les travaux d’aménagements et de protection ont permis de rénover cet espace et de réconcilier les nancéiens avec leur rivière. Le quartier forme désormais un front d’eau redynamisé et un modèle pour l’ensemble de l’agglomération. May 21, 2012, the greater metropolitan area of Nancy knew an exceptional wet episode with consequent flooding by runoff. Yet the city had big work getting out of water in the area between Meurthe and Canal. Built in the floodplain of the river, this industrial and working-class district was the most vulnerable. Floods regularly affected this space and leading to its decline. The proximity of the river, the memory as much as vulnerability to the risk of flooding have weighed on the future of the district. Since 1986, protection work helped to renovate this space and to reconcile Nancy with their river. Now, this district forms a revitalized waterfront and a model for the whole of the urban area.

Esta comunicación recorre la evolución del paisaje urbano de Benidorm, como ciudad vertical (acotado entre dos fechas clave: 1956 y 1986), con la aprobación de su PGOU, inspirado en un urbanismo funcionalista (CIAM), enfocado a un turismo de masas en aumento año tras año. Acontecimientos, turismo y planeamiento justificaban las diferentes ampliaciones urbanas de Benidorm, sometidas a constantes modificaciones y que se reflejaba en una libertad a través del análisis y relación entre el nuevo skyline vertical (de bloques y rascacielos de uso privado) y el tándem paseo marítimo-playa (de espacios urbanos de uso público). Para este seguimiento se hace necesario conocer cómo se construye la propia ciudad y, en particular, sus nuevos frentes marítimos que constituyen la postal más importante de cualquier ciudad turística litoral –su imagen–, la que se publicita como reclamo: la fachada que se extiende tras sus playas y cuyo éxito depende de la capacidad de articulación los espacios públicos que entrelazan la trama urbana con su frontera marítima. This communication traces the evolution of the urban landscape of Benidorm as vertical city (bounded between two key dates: 1956 and 1986), with the approval of the General Plan, inspired by a functionalist urban planning (CIAM), focused on mass tourism on the rise year after year. Events, tourism and planning justifying different Benidorm urban extensions, subject to constant change and that was reflected in a freedom through analysis and a new relationship between vertical architecture (skyscrapers blocks and private use) and the tandem boardwalk-beach (urban spaces for public use). For this follow-up is necessary to know how to build the city itself and, in particular new waterfronts that are the most important post any coastal tourist city-his image, which is advertised as a teaser: the facade which extends after its beaches and its success depends on the ability to articulate the public spaces that weave the urban fabric with its maritime border.