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When ionic dyes are close together, the internal Coulomb interaction may affect their photophysics and the energy-transfer efficiency. To explore this, we have prepared triangular architectures of three rhodamines connected to a central triethynylbenzene unit (1,3,5-tris(buta-1,3-diyn-1-yl)benzene) based on acetylenic coupling reactions and measured fluorescence spectra of the isolated, triply charged ions in vacuo. We find from comparisons with previously reported monomer and dimer spectra that while polarization of the π-system causes redshifted emission, the separation between the rhodamines is too large for a Stark shift. This picture is supported by electrostatic calculations on model systems composed of three linear and polarizable ionic dyes in D3h configuration: The electric field that each dye experiences from the other two is too small to induce a dipole moment, both in the ground and the excited state. In the case of heterotrimers that contain either two rhodamine 575 (R575) and one R640 or one R575 and two R640, emission is almost purely from R640 although the polarization of the π-system expectedly diminishes the dipole-dipole interaction.

Motifs represent local subgraphs that are overrepresented in networks. Several disciplines document multiple instances in which motifs appear in graphs and provide insight into the structure and processes of these networks. In the current paper, we focus on social networks and examine the prevalence of dyad, triad, and symmetric tetrad motifs among 24 networks that represent six types of social interactions: friendship, legislative co-sponsorship, Twitter messages, advice seeking, email communication, and terrorist collusion. Given that the correct control distribution for detecting motifs is a matter of continuous debate, we propose a novel approach that compares the local patterns of observed networks to random graphs simulated from exponential random graph models. Our proposed technique can produce conditional distributions that control for multiple, lower-level structural patterns simultaneously. We find evidence for five motifs using our approach, including the reciprocated dyad, three triads, and one symmetric tetrad. Results highlight the importance of mutuality, hierarchy, and clustering across multiple social interactions, and provide evidence of “structural signatures” within different genres of graph. Similarities also emerge between our findings and those in other disciplines, such as the preponderance of transitive triads.

The goal of the research is twofold. First, it aims to reveal the basic modes of governance run by the manufacturer across the examined triadic supply chains. Secondly, the paper compares the groups of triadic supply chains, applying certain modes of governance, including network governance, in terms of the relational benefits and supply chain performance. To investigate the relationship between network governance and the supply chain performance, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with Varimax Rotation was used, followed by the cluster analysis and non-parametric tests. The study showed that the triadic supply chains significantly differentiate in terms of the modes of governance. Further findings also indicated that the triadic supply chains that follow the network governance mode consider their performance to be significantly higher in comparison to the supply chains that do not run this type of governance mechanism. Firstly, the research showed that it is difficult to unequivocally reveal the pure mechanisms of governance, undistorted by the influence of another distinct mode in the triadic supply chains. On the contrary, they are more or less influenced by other modes of governance distinguished in the literature. Likewise, it is also important to highlight that the mechanism of governance is inseparably bound with a certain dyadic relationship established between two actors in the wider structure of supply chains. The study also showed that incorporating a clan as a social mechanism of governance together with a market and hierarchy results in increasing the relational benefits and overall performance for both dyads in the triadic supply chains.

This paper presents an analysis of human-human-computer triads (HHC triads) in institutional settings, more specifically of the way in which advisor, customer and computer cooperatively generate the maximum loan amount in mortgage orientation consultations (MOCs). HHC triads involve a participation framework in which three actors collaborate in order to fulfill a specific consultation goal. We argue that the computer, despite its restricted interactional repertoire, is a full participant in this framework, considered in terms of the turn-taking system . First, we will focus on the global organization of HHC triads, on how these triads emerge in the course of institutional interactions and how they are closed. Second, we analyze the interactional dynamics of HHC triads in the MOC. We demonstrate how turn-taking rules apply, how turn-taking is managed by the participants and how the participants, including the computer, collaborate to perform a task. In the final section we will describe the local sequential structure of HHC triads and identify the actions of the participants, including the computer. The use of HHC-triads not only facilitates easy transitions for the advisors between activities in the consultation, it also cleverly combines the advisor's computer use and customer-centeredness. As the computer becomes an actual “participant” in this institutional goal-oriented participation framework, both advisors and customers show that they make use of the interactional affordances the framework creates.

Junctin is a transmembrane protein of striated muscles, located at the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). It is characterized by a luminal C-terminal tail, through which it functionally interacts with calsequestrin and the ryanodine receptor (RyR). Interaction with calsequestrin was ascribed to the presence of stretches of charged amino acids (aa). However, the regions able to bind calsequestrin have not been defined in detail. We report here that, in non-muscle cells, junctin and calsequestrin assemble in long linear regions within the endoplasmic reticulum, mirroring the formation of calsequestrin polymers. In differentiating myotubes, the two proteins colocalize at triads, where they assemble with other proteins of the junctional SR. By performing GST pull-down assays with distinct regions of the junctin tail, we identified two KEKE motifs that can bind calsequestrin. In addition, stretches of charged aa downstream these motifs were found to also bind calsequestrin and the RyR. Deletion of even one of these regions impaired the ability of junctin to localize at the junctional SR, suggesting that interaction with other proteins at this site represents a key element in junctin targeting.

The relationship between a firm and its supply chain has been well studied, however, the association between the position of firms in complex supply chain networks and their performance has not been adequately investigated. This is primarily due to insufficient availability of empirical data on large-scale networks. To addresses this gap in the literature, we investigate the relationship between embeddedness patterns of individual firms in a supply network and their performance using empirical data from the automotive industry. In this study, we devise three measures that characterize the embeddedness of individual firms in a supply network. These are namely: centrality, tier position, and triads. Our findings caution us that centrality impacts individual performance through a diminishing returns relationship. The second measure, tier position, allows us to investigate the concept of tiers in supply networks because we find that as networks emerge, the boundaries between tiers become unclear. Performance of suppliers degrade as they move away from the focal firm (i.e., Toyota). The final measure, triads, investigates the effect of buying and selling to firms that supply the same customer, portraying the level of competition and cooperation in a supplier’s network. We find that increased coopetition (i.e., cooperative competition) is a performance enhancer, however, excessive complexity resulting from being involved in both upstream and downstream coopetition results in diminishing performance. These original insights help understand the drivers of firm performance from a network perspective and provide a basis for further research.

Through the pedagogical experience of the teacher's knowledge and in the formative path of the guitar students of the conservatory of the University of Antioquia, it has been possible to understand and observe how the expressive and creative capacity of the students is inadvertently diluted by a rigorous academic interpretative technique, leaving aside the functional harmonic thought of the instrument as a vital component in the construction of the full musical formative sense. This project proposes as a fundamental object, the creation of a guide booklet of 3-chapter, which brings the student closer to the important bases of harmonic structural thinking of the guitar, presented from different approaches: musical perception, creative harmonic reading, imagination, sound expression, conscious active listening, aesthetic sensitivity and structured systematization of contents, by means of graphics, shapes and colors, anchored in the thinking of the Bauhaus School of architecture and art, with simple structures and images, which stimulate learning in different directions (visual, kinesthetic, metacognitive and auditory). These approaches, accompanied by semi-structured interviews and thematic academic pilots, complement the realization of the primer, which aims to facilitate in the guitarist the appropriation of skills necessary to stimulate the development of integrated harmonic thinking, for the sake of an improved instrumental praxis from the interpretative, technical and expressive, with application to folkloric and classical repertoires. A través de la experiencia pedagógica del saber maestro y en el camino formativo de los estudiantes de guitarra del conservatorio de la Universidad de Antioquia, se ha podido comprender y observar cómo la capacidad expresiva y creativa de los estudiantes se diluye de manera inadvertida, por una rigurosa técnica interpretativa académica, dejando al margen el pensamiento armónico funcional del instrumento como un componente vital en la construcción del sentido formativo musical pleno. Este proyecto propone como objeto fundamental, la realización de una cartilla guía de 3 capítulos, que acerque al estudiante a importantes bases del pensamiento estructural armónico de la guitarra, presentadas desde diferentes enfoques: percepción musical, lectura armónica creativa, imaginación, expresión sonora, escucha activa consciente, sensibilidad estética y sistematización estructurada de contenidos, por medio de gráficos, formas y colores, anclados en el pensamiento de la Escuela de arquitectura y arte, Bauhaus, con estructuras e imágenes simples, que estimulen el aprendizaje en diferentes direcciones (visual, kinestésica, metacognitiva y auditiva). Estos enfoques, acompañados de entrevistas semiestructuradas y pilotajes académicos temáticos, complementan la realización de la cartilla, que propende facilitar en el guitarrista, la apropiación de habilidades necesarias para estimular el desarrollo del pensamiento armónico integrado, en aras de una praxis instrumental mejorada desde lo interpretativo, técnico y expresivo, con aplicación a repertorios folclóricos y clásicos.

Работа представлена в виде научного эссе, в основе которого лежат размышления о природе Начал, касающихся механизма рождения Вселенной и ее эволюции. Исходя из эвристических соображений и анализа экспериментальных данных, пользуясь индуктивным методом, мы сформулировали универсальный Принцип 3-х начал (сил, энергий, материи, элементов…) и вывели из него космологические следствия, главным из которых считаем Принцип трансформации первичной субстанции в конкретный вид материи, с указанием необходимых для этого условий. Логика исследования позволила нам сформулировать систему понятий, на основе которых получено представление о природе Темной энергии и Темной материи; их первичных структурах-триадах со специфической иерархией и динамикой частиц; о возможном механизме формирования пространства-времени после Большого взрыва; о Реальности и многом другом, This article is presented in the form of a scientific essay, which relies on reflections on the nature of the Principles, concerning the mechanism of the birth of the Universe and its evolution. Based on heuristic considerations and analysis of experimental data, using the inductive method, we have formulated the universal Concept of three principles (forces, energies, matter, elements ...) and derived from it some cosmological consequences. Among these consequences, the frontmost one is the Concept of transformation of primary substance into a specific type of matter, indicating the conditions required for this. The research logic has enabled to formulate a system of notions, which have constituted the basis for the idea of the nature of Dark energy and Dark matter. In addition, it has helped to obtain the relevant knowledge about their primary structures-triads with a specific hierarchy and dynamics of particles; about the possible mechanism of the formation of space-time after the Big Bang; about Reality and many other things.

We analysed a set of uninstructed pedestrian trajectories automatically tracked in a public area, and we asked a human coder to assess their group relationships. For those pedestrians who belong to the groups, we asked the coder to identify their apparent purpose of visit to the tracking area and apparent gender. We studied the quantitative dependence of the group dynamics on such properties in the case of triads (three people groups) and compared them to the two pedestrian group case (dyads), studied in a previous work. We found that the group velocity strongly depends on relation and gender for both triads and dyads, while the influence of these properties on spatial structure of groups is less clear in the triadic case. We discussed the relevance of these results to the modelling of pedestrian and crowd dynamics, and examined the possibility of the future works on this subject.

Centronuclear myopathies (CNM) are rare congenital disorders characterized by muscle weakness and structural defects including fiber hypotrophy and organelle mispositioning. The main CNM forms are caused by mutations in: the MTM1 gene encoding the phosphoinositide phosphatase myotubularin (myotubular myopathy), the DNM2 gene encoding the mechanoenzyme dynamin 2, the BIN1 gene encoding the membrane curvature sensing amphiphysin 2, and the RYR1 gene encoding the skeletal muscle calcium release channel/ryanodine receptor. MTM1, BIN1, and DNM2 proteins are involved in membrane remodeling and trafficking, while RyR1 directly regulates excitation-contraction coupling (ECC). Several CNM animal models have been generated or identified, which confirm shared pathological anomalies in T-tubule remodeling, ECC, organelle mispositioning, protein homeostasis, neuromuscular junction, and muscle regeneration. Dynamin 2 plays a crucial role in CNM physiopathology and has been validated as a common therapeutic target for three CNM forms. Indeed, the promising results in preclinical models set up the basis for ongoing clinical trials. Another two clinical trials to treat myotubular myopathy by MTM1 gene therapy or tamoxifen repurposing are also ongoing. Here, we review the contribution of the different CNM models to understanding physiopathology and therapy development with a focus on the commonly dysregulated pathways and current therapeutic targets.

Supramolecular membrane complexes of low abundance are difficult to study by routine bioanalytical techniques. The plasmalemmal complex consisting of sarcoglycans, dystroglycans, dystrobrevins and syntrophins, which is closely associated with the membrane cytoskeletal protein dystrophin, represents such a high‑molecular‑mass protein assembly in skeletal muscles. The almost complete loss of the dystrophin isoform Dp427‑M and concomitant reduction in the dystrophin‑associated glycoprotein complex is the underlying cause of the highly progressive neuromuscular disorder named Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This gives the detailed characterization of the dystrophin complex considerable pathophysiological importance. In order to carry out a comprehensive mass spectrometric identification of the dystrophin‑glycoprotein complex, in this study, we used extensive subcellular fractionation and enrichment procedures prior to subproteomic analysis. Mass spectrometry identified high levels of full‑length dystrophin isoform Dp427‑M, α/β‑dystroglycans, α/β/γ/δ‑sarcoglycans, α1/β1/β2‑syntrophins and α/β‑dystrobrevins in highly purified sarcolemma vesicles. By contrast, lower levels were detected in transverse tubules and no components of the dystrophin complex were identified in triads. For comparative purposes, the presence of organellar marker proteins was studied in crude surface membrane preparations vs. enriched fractions from the sarcolemma, transverse tubules and triad junctions using gradient gel electrophoresis and on‑membrane digestion. This involved the subproteomic assessment of various ion‑regulatory proteins and excitation‑contraction coupling components. The comparative profiling of skeletal muscle fractions established a relatively restricted subcellular localization of the dystrophin‑glycoprotein complex in the muscle fibre periphery by proteomic means and clearly demonstrated the absence of dystrophin from triad junctions by sensitive mass spectrometric analysis.

ispartof: EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR NURSING vol:19 issue:2 pages:98-99 ispartof: location:England status: published

Lyric after Pindar should be seen not as declining and petering out, but as developing in ways which radically question or play with the fundamentals of the genre (or “super-genre”). The stanza is a crucial feature of lyric up to Pindar, especially when seen textually; “modernist” expansion into huge astrophic entities (Timotheus, etc.) and “postmodern” reduction into stichic lines (Callimachus, etc.) both involve radical rethinking of the super-genre, and one is a reaction to the other. However, the most innovative postmodernists are the poets somewhat earlier than Callimachus and Theocritus (Simmias, Philicus, etc.); Callimachus and Theocritus continue their ideas with new twists and new point. And the stanza is not really dead: within Timotheus’ and Callimachus’ poems stanza-like structures are built up. The late-classical and Hellenistic development of lyric is as dynamic and thought-provoking as that of sculpture. On ne devrait pas considérer que la lyrique après Pindare décline et s’épuise, mais plutôt qu’elle se développe selon des voies qui questionnent radicalement ou jouent avec les fondements du genre (ou « super-genre »). La strophe est une caractéristique cruciale de la lyrique jusqu’à Pindare, surtout d’un point de vue textuel ; l’expansion « moderniste » en grandes entités astrophiques (Timothée entre autres) et la réduction « postmoderne » à des vers stichiques (Callimaque entre autres) impliquent toutes deux une remise en cause radicale du super-genre, et l’une est une réaction à l’autre. Cependant, les postmodernistes les plus novateurs sont les poètes un peu antérieurs à Callimaque et Théocrite (Simmias, Philicos entre autres) ; Callimaque et Théocrite prolongent leurs idées avec de nouveaux ajustements et de nouveaux objectifs. Mais la strophe n’est pas réellement morte : dans les poèmes de Timothée et de Callimaque se construisent des structures d’apparence strophique. Le développement tardif et hellénistique de la lyrique est aussi dynamique et stimulant que celui de la sculpture. Dopo Pindaro la poesia lirica non declina e non si esaurisce, ma si sviluppa in modi che mettono in discussione o giocano con i fondamenti del genere (o sopra-genere). La stanza è un aspetto cruciale della lirica fino a Pindaro, specialmente se considerata da un punto di vista testuale; un’espansione “modernista” in enormi entità astrofiche (Timoteo, ecc.) e una riduzione “postmoderna” in versi stichici (Callimaco, ecc.) implicano entrambe un totale ripensamento del sopra-genere e l’una è una reazione all’altra. Tuttavia, i postmodernisti più innovativi sono i poeti che collochiamo un po’ prima di Callimaco e Teocrito (Simmia, Filico, ecc.). Callimaco e Teocrico riprendono il loro pensiero con nuovi sviluppi e una nuova prospettiva critica. La stanza non è davvero morta. Con i poemi di Timoteo e Callimaco vengono costruite strutture simili alla stanza. Lo sviluppo tardo-classico e ellenistico della lirica è dinamico e stimolante come quello della scultura.

Discourse patterns in a small group are assumed to form largely through the group's internal social dynamics when group members compete for floor in discourse. Here we approach such discourse pattern formation through the agent-based model (ABM). In the ABM introduced here the agents' interactions and participation in discussions are dependent on the agents' inherent potential activity to participate in discussion and on realised, externalised activity, discursivity. The discourse patterns are assumed to be outcomes of peer-to-peer comparison events, where agents competitively compare their activities and discursivities, and where activities also affect agents' cooperation in increasing the discursivity, i.e. floor for discourse. These two effects and their influence on discourse pattern formation are parameterised as comptetivity and cooperativity. The discourse patterns are here based on the agents' discursivity. The patterns in groups of four agents up to seven agents are characterised through triadic census (i.e. though counting triadic sub-patterns). The cases of low competitivity is shown to give rise to fully connected egalitarian, triadic patterns, which with increasing competitivity are transformed to strong dyadic patterns. An increase in cooperativity enhances the emergence of egalitarian triads and helps to maintain the formation of fully and partially connected triadic pattern also in cases of high competitivity. In larger groups of six and seven agents, isolation becomes common, in contrast to groups of four agents where isolation is relatively rare. These results are in concordance with known empirical findings of discourse and participation patterns in small groups. Discourse patterns in a small group are assumed to form largely through the group's internal social dynamics when group members compete for floor in discourse. Here we approach such discourse pattern formation through the agent-based model (ABM). In the ABM introduced here the agents' interactions and participation in discussions are dependent on the agents' inherent potential activity to participate in discussion and on realised, externalised activity, discursivity. The discourse patterns are assumed to be outcomes of peerto- peer comparison events, where agents competitively compare their activities and discursivities, and where activities also affect agents' cooperation in increasing the discursivity, i.e. floor for discourse. These two effects and their influence on discourse pattern formation are parameterised as comptetivity alpha and cooperativity lambda. The discourse patterns are here based on the agents' discursivity. The patterns in groups of four agents up to seven agents are characterised through triadic census (i.e. though counting triadic sub-patterns). The cases of low competitivity alpha is shown to give rise to fully connected egalitarian, triadic patterns, which with increasing competitivity are transformed to strong dyadic patterns. An increase in cooperativity lambda enhances the emergence of egalitarian triads and helps to maintain the formation of fully and partially connected triadic pattern also in cases of high competitivity. In larger groups of six and seven agents, isolation becomes common, in contrast to groups of four agents where isolation is relatively rare. These results are in concordance with known empirical findings of discourse and participation patterns in small groups.

Summary Isoform 2 of calsequestrin (CASQ2) is the main calcium-binding protein of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), expressed both in cardiac and in skeletal muscles. CASQ2 acts as an SR calcium (Ca2+) sensor and regulates SR Ca2+ release via interactions with triadin, junctin, and the ryanodine receptor. Various mutations of the csq2 gene lead to altered Ca2+ release and contractile dysfunction contributing to the development of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in young individuals affected by catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). Recently, a transgenic mouse carrying one of the identified CASQ2 point-mutations (R33Q) associated to CPVT was developed and a drastic reduction of the mutated protein was observed. Following a biomolecular approach, several analysis were performed using different antibody treatments in order to identify when the reduction of CASQ2 begins in skeletal muscles, unveil the mechanism involved in the reduction of CASQ2 in slow-twitch and fast twitch muscles and verify if other proteins are affected by the presence of the mutated protein. Mutated CASQ2 decreased soon after birth. Up-regulation of proteins associated to the unfolded protein response (UPR) was also observed. Important proteins in skeletal muscle triads formation were analyzed and increased protein levels were observed in adult knock-in CASQ2-R33Q/R33Q mice. Probably, R33Q mutation induced the decrease of CASQ2 by activation of the UPR and subsequently degradation through proteasome.

Value propositions are reciprocal resource-integration promises and value alignment mechanisms, operating to and from actors seeking an equitable exchange. In a business triad any change between two of the actors will also affect the relationships with the third actor, thus influencing resource integration and value creation on a value constellation level. The objective of this paper is to conceptualize a triadic value proposition and analyze how service innovation changes the structural, economic, and social ties between the actors in the triad. Through a qualitative empirical enquiry, we study a six-year process in which a multinational industry incumbent enters the service business. Data comes primarily from interviews with respondents from the manufacturer, dealers, and users. As the value proposition evolves over time, the network ties and thus the interdependence between manufacturer, dealer, and user are strengthened. The findings provide firms a better understand of how to involve and collaborate with key actors in order to initiate a discontinuous change on a firm and network level. This is particularly timely given the major difficulties product firms face when intermediaries play a decisive role for the success of their service innovation initiatives. Previous status of this article was Manuscript.

The nonlinear psychology is a new approach to studying psychological phenomena, putting the main task the research of specifically nonlinear properties of psychological phenomena. On the basis of the author's method of multiple comparisons, we develop the new approach of studying in one problem of statistical dependences of the various form, in which is used a method of multiple comparisons for quintile splitting’s (a triad, a quart, a quint) of the data on each parameter. The method of multiple comparisons based on pair comparisons and revealing of authentic differences: between groups of examinees for all parameters; between parameters for all studied groups; between all ordered pairs "group – parameter", is a structural component of our statistical approach developed for a construction of psychological typologies. For classification are defined kinds of dependences: 11 for triads and 28 for quarts. The basic types of dependences: dependence with a maximum and a minimum, increasing and decreasing, but it is far not linear, fluctuations max–min and min–max. In each type are included various quantity (from 2 to 9) of kinds of dependences (for triads less, it has more than quarts) which are defined by symmetry, the general increasing or decreasing tendency, shift to the left or to the right, uniformity of change. In the article is considered: 1) the typology of nonlinear dependences in the research on revealing of the basic requirements to the teacher’s profession; 2) the typology of nonlinear dependences by results of research of features of positive parental feelings and their influence on formation of an adequate self–estimation of the preschool child; 3) the typology of dependences based on results of studying of the style of family education as a factor of formation of semantic sphere of the child; 4) the typology of nonlinear dependences based on the results of research "Experience of a trust crisis"; 5) the typology of relations of tolerance, viability, and base belief in graphic parameters of measurements of valuable relations of the person "I–Others". In the article as examples, the separate dependences from these 5 psychological types of research are considered.

In this, the first of two papers outlining a Nielsen theory for “two, more readily computable equivariant numbers”, we define and study two Nielsen type numbers N ( f , k ; X − { X ν } ν ∈ M ) and N ( f , k ; X , { X ν } ν ∈ M ) , where f and k are M-ad maps. While a Nielsen theory of M-ads is of interest in its own right, our main motivation lies in the fact that maps of M-ads accurately mirror one of two fundamental structures of equivariant maps. Being simpler however, M-ad Nielsen numbers are easier to study and to compute than equivariant Nielsen numbers. In the sequel, we show our M-ad numbers can be used to form both upper and lower bounds on their equivariant counterparts. The numbers N ( f , k ; X − { X ν } ν ∈ M ) and N ( f , k ; X , { X ν } ν ∈ M ) , generalize the generalizations to coincidences, of Zhao's Nielsen number on the complement N ( f ; X − A ) , respectively Schirmer's relative Nielsen number N ( f ; X , A ) . Our generalizations are from the category of pairs, to the category of M-ads. The new numbers are lower bounds for the number of coincidence points of all maps f ′ and k ′ which are homotopic as maps of M-ads to f, respectively k firstly on the complement of the union of the subspaces X ν in the domain M-ad X, and secondly on all of X. The second number is shown to be greater than or equal to a sum of the first of our numbers. Conditions are given which allow for both equality, and Mobius inversion. Finally we show that the fixed point case of our second number generalizes Schirmer's triad Nielsen number N ( f ; X 1 ∪ X 2 ) . Our work is very different from what at first sight appears to be similar partial results due to P. Wong. The differences, while in some sense subtle in terms of definition, are profound in terms of commutability. In order to work in a variety of both fixed point and coincidence points contexts, we introduce in this first paper and extend in the second, the concept of an essentiality on a topological category. This allows us to give computational theorems within this diversity. Finally we include an introduction to both papers here.

In this paper, we present and make computations of two equivariant Nielsen type numbers N G ( f ( H ) , k ( H ) ) and N G ( f ( H ) , k ( H ) ) . The second one is new, while the first one extends and clarifies one given earlier by the author and Jianhan Guo. Both numbers were defined here in terms of Nielsen theory of M-ads introduced in the prequel to this work. The theory of M-ads is also used to give both upper and lower bounds on our numbers, and to make specific computations. Our numbers moreover, fit together in the same way that the two Nielsen type periodic point numbers NP n ( f ) and NΦ n ( f ) fit together. In particular, we show that N G ( f ( H ) , k ( H ) ) is greater than or equal to a sum of numbers of the form N G ( f ( K ) , k ( K ) ) , and give conditions for equality and Mobius inversion. The periodic point theory results are then seen to follow from what are actually generalizations of them. We work with both fixed point, and coincidence point classes, in the context of a category with essentiality which we introduced in the prequel on M-ads. It is intended that this paper be read in tandem with said prequel.

Studies of high-level models of visual object categorization have left unresolved issues of neurobiological relevance, including how features are extracted from the image and the role played by memory capacity in categorization performance. We compared the ability of a comprehensive set of models to match the categorization performance of human observers while explicitly accounting for the models’ numbers of free parameters. The most successful models did not require a large memory capacity, suggesting that a sparse, abstracted representation of category properties may underlie categorization performance. This type of representation––different from classical prototype abstraction––could also be extracted directly from two-dimensional images via a biologically plausible early-vision model, rather than relying on experimenter-imposed features.

Parallel pathways for visual information processing start at the first synapse of the retina, at the cone pedicle. At least eight different types of bipolar cells receive direct synaptic input from an individual cone. The present study explores whether enough synaptic sites are available at the cone pedicle to supply all these bipolar cells. Monkey retinae were optimally fixed for electron microscopy. Serial horizontal sections were cut through the cone pedicle layer in a piece close to the fovea (eccentricity: 0.75 mm) and in a peripheral piece (eccentricity: 5–6 mm). The ribbon synapses (triads) at the cone pedicle base were analysed. The average number of synaptic ribbons per cone pedicle increased from 21.4 ± 1.6 (n = 26) in central retina to 41.8 ± 3 (n = 14) in peripheral retina. Five central and five peripheral pedicles were reconstructed and the invaginating bipolar cell dendrites forming the central elements of the triads were characterized. Close to the fovea an average of 18 invaginating bipolar cell dendrites was found, in peripheral retina the average was 90. Pedicles of foveal cones have one invaginating central process per ribbon, pedicles of peripheral cones have two. It is possible that midget bipolar cell dendrites occupy the majority of triads in the fovea, while in peripheral retina both midget and diffuse bipolar cell dendrites share the triads. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.

In a study of a project concerning Swedish juvenile care professionals, youngsters and parents were studied by ethnographic field observations as well as interviewed. During the course of the investigation various and shifting triads forming conflicts as well as alliances were observed. In this paper the triads described in interviews will be compared to field observations of triads formed during various meetings connected to the juvenile care project. I will analyze similarities and differences in retold triads during interviews and interactional “in situ” formed triads according to (1) different alliance formations, (2) different roles in changing constellations, (3) the temporal development of the alliances in the triad and (4) the alliance’s including and excluding function in the triads.

Author(s): Kadushin, Charles | Abstract: Homans' insights that interaction and sentiment are in a feedback loop that includes clique formation, social ranking and leadership are formalized and derived from a set of limited assumptions and propositions. Freeman's model of groups is used to detect pure informal groups, those that are not consequential upon anything else than sheer hanging around. It produces a system of cliques and rankings based purely on the rates of transitive triads that may include a third who is only weakly connected to the other two. Two assumptions about motivation in networks – the need for safety and efficacy are then combined with Gould's modeling of asymmetric relations in which members are valued for either intrinsic or extrinsic merits. The ratings tend to cascade according to the "Matthew Effect." Finally, people like to choose others who are more attractive than they are, subject to the condition that too much unrequited love is painful. Gould's Formalization of these ideas for the case of small groups produces, among other results, the consequence that those who are chosen more often than others also tend to direct interaction more towards others with lesser rank, a non-intuitive result observed by Homans, but explained by him in substantive rather than formal terms. The logic of rank further dictates that groups become segmented by structural equivalence. Other results are also summarized.

In recent years the challenges for the textile industry have changed because of technological development and outsourcing. Present paper reports on a research project concerned with emotional values in textile design and how the designer can actively involve and empathise with end-users and other stakeholders in the design process. Exploratory approaches using the triadic difference are proposed as a means for dialogue about emotional values. The triadic difference and how it influences the dialogue are demonstrated through cases and research literature. Hence cases and research literature exemplify how working with the triadic difference enables various stakeholders to express personal experiences concerning emotional values.