Search

Multiple studies employ consumers’ intentions rather than actual purchases when assessing organic food consumption. These studies typically suggest a green bias in organic market share. Employing reactance and construal level theory, this research investigates the impact of one’s social distance to the character depicted in ads (animal vs. human) and the temporal distance (present vs. future) toward organic animal husbandry on consumers’ purchase responses directly; indirectly, as related to the portrayed character; and generally to organic foods. Three 2 (temporal distance: low, high) × 2 (social distance: low, high) between-subjects experiments demonstrate that low social distance depicting humans rather than animals induces psychological reactance, which impedes purchase intentions of organic groceries, whereas ads featuring high social and temporal distance (depicting animals in an ideal future husbandry state) increase consumers’ purchase intentions and actual purchase behavior, even for products with no direct connection to the depicted character in the ads.

Episodic specificity inductions, involving brief training in recollecting episodic details, have been shown to improve subsequent performance on tasks involving remembering the past, imagining the future and problem solving. The current study examined if specificity inductions targeting self-referential past or future episodic thinking would have dissociable effects on generating past and future episodic detail and problem solving. Sixty-three participants were randomised to either a past self-referential or future self-referential episodic induction. All participants also completed a control task. Participants randomised to the self-referential future thinking induction generated more episodic details on past and future narrative tasks compared to a control task, whereas participants randomised to a self-referential past thinking induction showed similar performance to the control task. When examining within-group performance of participants randomised to the past or future induction, we found some evidence of dissociable effects of inductions on narrative generation tasks, but not on problem solving outcomes. Our findings suggest that self-referential inductions may be useful for increasing episodic specificity, but that the temporal distance and direction of the induction matters. We discuss our results in the context of the potential clinical utility of this approach for populations vulnerable to autobiographical memory disruption.

A new design can be compared with its contemporaries or older designs. In this study, we argue that the temporal distance between the new design and its comparison play an important role in understanding how a new design’s similarity with other designs contributes to its valuation. Construing the value of designs as a combination of their informational value and their expressive value, we propose the “anchored differentiation” hypothesis. Specifically, we argue that expressive value (which is enhanced by how much the new design appears different from others) is emphasized more than informational value (which is enhanced by how much the new design appears similar to others) compared with contemporary designs. Informational value, however, is emphasized more than expressive value when compared against designs from the past. Therefore, both difference from other contemporary designs (contemporary differentiation) and similarity to other past designs (past anchoring) help increase the value of a new design. We find consistent evidence for our theory across both a field study and an experimental study. Furthermore, we show that this is because temporal distance changes the relative emphasis on expressive and informational values. We discuss our contribution to the growing literature on optimal distinctiveness and design innovation by offering a dynamic perspective that helps resolve the tension between similarities and differences in evaluating new designs.

Research on the effectiveness of protective orders indicates that they have only marginal protective value for the victim. This exploratory study investigated how the physical distance and temporal distance between the victim and offender corresponds to the percent of protective order violations. Results indicated that the percent of protective order violations was reduced to virtually zero when the victim and offender lived 25 miles or more apart. Surprisingly, this condition held for all types of contacts examined (physical, telephone, and cyber). The study concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of the findings and suggestions for future research.

Cluster memberships associated with the mediation effect are often changed due to the temporal distance between the cause-and-effect variables in longitudinal data. Nevertheless, current practices ...

This study investigates whether there is a relation between the semantics of linguistic expressions that indicate temporal distance and the spatial properties of their co-speech gestures. To this date, research on time gestures has focused on features such as gesture axis, direction, and shape. Here we focus on a gesture property that has been overlooked so far: the distance of the gesture in relation to the body. To achieve this, we investigate two types of temporal linguistic expressions are addressed: proximal (e.g., near future, near past) and distal (e.g., distant past, distant future). Data was obtained through the NewsScape library, a multimodal corpus of television news. A total of 121 co-speech gestures were collected and divided into the two categories. The gestures were later annotated in terms of gesture space and classified in three categories: (i) center, (ii) periphery, and (iii) extreme periphery. Our results suggest that gesture and language are coherent in the expression of temporal distance: when speakers locate an event far from them, they tend to gesture further from their body; similarly, when locating an event close to them, they gesture closer to their body. These results thus reveal how co-speech gestures also reflect a space-time mapping in the dimension of distance.

Practice-Oriented Abstract

Previous research on adults’ moral licensing and cleansing suggested the moderating role of psychological distance: psychologically close actions generate behavior opposite in valence that would restore moral balance, while distant actions motivate similar behaviors, as they are abstractly conceptualized as identity features. We adapted an experimental paradigm previously used in this area, that of recalling past moral and immoral behaviors, and used it in two studies on children (N = 285) aged 7 to 10 years. In each, we varied the temporal distance (recent vs. distant) to and valence (moral, immoral, and neutral) of the recalled behavior, and then we measured children’s altruism. In the second study, we also explored the mediating role of present versus retrospective guilt within the relationships between recalling immoral behavior and present altruism. In contradiction with the general results of research conducted among adults, our results only highlighted a moral cleansing effect of recalling immoral behavior from the distant past, a condition in which children in both studies behaved more altruistically compared to most of the other conditions. Additionally, the guilt experienced in the present towards the recalled behavior was a potential mediator of this cleansing effect. A potential explanation of this difference from the results on adults could reside in children’s lower abstraction abilities and the differences in the intensity of guilt associated with distant and recent behaviors.

Through the lenses of construal-level theory and goal-directed behavior theory, this study proposed and tested a conceptual model of tourists’ goal-directed behaviors. The proposed model depicted the impacts of tourism goal disclosure on tourists’ goal-directed behaviors through the mediation of goal commitment. The moderating role of temporal distance was also investigated. Two experimental studies were conducted to test hypotheses. Study 1 revealed that goal disclosure (vs. nondisclosure) on social media would enhance tourists’ commitment to tourism goals, which in turn would elicit more goal-directed behaviors. Study 2 further showed that the findings of study 1 are only applicable to the condition of short temporal distance. However, when it comes to the condition of long temporal distance, there is no significant difference in goal commitment and goal-directed behaviors regardless if the goal is disclosed or not. The findings of this study provided valuable theoretical and managerial implications.

Online daily coupons (ODCs) (e.g., Groupon) differ from conventional coupons, in that they require customers to make a prepayment for a product or service to receive a substantive discount at a later point in time. Drawing from escalation of commitment literature, this article examines how ODCs’ unique prepayment structure might affect customers’ spending upon redemption. The results reveal that a high prepayment enhances redemption spending, but only if the temporal distance between the prepayment and the redemption is small. A high prepayment also can enhance redemption spending if the consumer purchases the ODC (versus receives it as a gift). In combination, this evidence reveals a joint impact of the prepayment amount and redemption spending on the revenue generated for the ODC provider.

Climate change adaptation requires that we anticipate future conditions that may deviate from our historical experiences. Our ability to do so is associated with the perceived proximity of decision...

We aim to replicate the significant effect reported by McCrea, Liberman, Trope and Sherman (2008) in study two, that participants with a low-level construal of a task absolve this task in a significantly shorter time intervall, and with higher probability before the deadline ends, as compared to participants with a high-level mindset of the subsequent task.

Please see pre-registration folder for Qualtrics survey and very detailed pre-registration with simulated random dataset and analysis code attached.

This OSF is a repository documenting the study and the analysis used in publications using the Blursday database. The Blursday database assembles a broad range of behavioral tests and questionnaires designed to capture subjective time and related processes during confinement together with vital quantitative statistics such as sleep patterns, personality traits, and psychological well-being. The database contains data gathered from over 2800 participants (over 9 countries, 4 continents) tested on 14 questionnaires and 15 tasks during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns. It presents data in an easy-to-process and accessible format to facilitate its use by researchers interested in studying the effects of social isolation on temporal information processing, time perspective, decision-making, sleep, metacognition, psychological well-being, attention, self-perception and mindfulness...

This study tests the effect of temporal distance on abstraction (measured with the Behavioral Identification Form) across two different DV formats.

In this research we want to investigate whether temporal distance level influences the ease of assessing causes versus consequences of the Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemia. Additionally, we test whether this ease affects risk perception and risk behavior concerning the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2).

Significant life events have a clear time frame, interfere with everyday life, and are perceived as personally significant (Luhmann et al., 2020). Although significant life events have a major impact on our lives and well-being (Luhmann et al., 2012), studies of the experience and handling of significant life events across the lifespan are not yet sufficiently available. The first part of the paper aims to investigate whether there are age differences in the characteristics of significant life events, meaning, whether (a) age-normativity, (b) valence, and (c) perceived control of life events differ with increasing age. The second part examines whether these characteristics age-differentially predict the outcomes of significant life events in terms of subjective well-being, subjective health, and life satisfaction. (a) Age-normativity is a socially shared idea about age-appropriate development across the life course (e.g., Neugarten, 1969). Different life events are normative in different age groups (Wrosch & Freund, 2001). For example, starting a family is more likely to occur in young adulthood, while losing a partner is more likely to occur in older adulthood. Non- normative events are usually not expected (Frazier et al., 2011) and are not shared with peers who would provide mutual support (Leopold & Lechner, 2015). Thus, people who experience non-normative events need to invest more internal resources and self-regulation to compensate for the lack of socio-structural support (Wrosch & Freund, 2001). This has consequences for the outcomes of normative and non-normative life events. According to some studies (most recently Shi & Brown, 2021), normative events are perceived more positively, whereas non- normative life events are perceived more negatively. Across the life span, non-normative events might become more prevalent and prominent (Baltes et al., 1980). In other words, older adults might report lower expectancy of and fewer peers with similar experiences than younger adults. At the same time, older adults might deal with non-normative events better than young adults. This might be the case because older adults have better self-regulatory skills than younger adults (Kunzmann et al., 2014). Thus, we expect that non-normative events are negatively associated with subjective well-being, life satisfaction, and subjective health, but that this negative association becomes weaker with increasing age. (b) Across the lifespan, individuals experience both positive (e.g., birth of a child) and negative life events (e.g., loss of a loved one). However, people of different ages might not experience the same amount of positive and negative life events. Older compared to younger adults experience more developmental losses and fewer developmental gains (Heckhausen et al., 1989). Thus, older adults might experience less positive life events (indicating developmental gains) and more negative life events (indicating developmental losses). At the same time, older adults might deal with negative life events, or strains and challenges better than young adults. There are two reasons for this assumption. According to the positivity effect (Reed & Carstensen, 2012), older adults perceive and remember more positive and less negative information than younger adults. Thus, they might experience the same life event more positively than younger adults. In addition, older adults have better emotion-regulation strategies when dealing with difficult life situations (Birditt et al., 2005; Charles et al., 2010; Kunzmann et al., 2014), which might help them to deal with negative life events. In line with these arguments, Gomez and colleagues (2009) found that the influence of negative life events on subjective well-being was weaker in older compared to younger adults. Accordingly, we expect that the association between the valence and strain of the life event on the one hand and subjective well-being, life satisfaction, and subjective health on the other is weaker in older compared to younger adulthood. (c) Perceived control over one’s life (e.g., individual’s perceived capacity to influence a certain incident) is fundamental for the mobilization of resources and coping strategies in stressful situations (Lachman, 2006), leading to better well-being and psychological outcomes (Kunzmann et al., 2002; Lachman et al., 2011). It has been shown that older adults experience less controllable events (e.g., losses or illnesses) and have fewer resources to control significant life events (Glück & Bluck, 2007). However, although older adults might experience life events that are less under their control, they use self-regulatory strategies to compensate for control losses (Heckhausen et al., 1989). Specifically, as older adults have less capacity to influence their lives through primary-control strategies (i.e., influencing the life event), they use secondary-control strategies (such as reframing the life event) to counteract possible negative effects of loss of primary control (Lang & Heckhausen, 2001). Thus, we expect that perceived control over the life event (indicating primary control) is less strongly related to subjective well-being, life satisfaction, and subjective health in older compared to younger adults. To counteract the limitation of one measurement point, the temporal distance between the survey (i.e., the time point of the assessment) and the occurrence of the life event will be included as a moderator in the analyses. The strength of the associations between the life events’ characteristics and the outcome variables should diminish the further back the event occurred (see for example Nikitin et al., 2012; Suh et al., 1996).

Significant life events have a clear time frame, interfere with everyday life, and are perceived as personally significant (Luhmann et al., 2020). Although significant life events have a major impact on our lives and well-being (Luhmann et al., 2012), studies of the experience and handling of significant life events across the lifespan are not yet sufficiently available. Life events occur in a social environment and affect social relationships of a person. Social relationships are, in turn, fundamental to subjective well-being and health across the lifespan (Wrzus et al., 2013) and can provide support during life events (Cohen & McKay, 2020). This paper investigates whether people of different ages experience changes in their social relationships during the experience of a significant life events differently. Thereby, we distinguish between establishing new social relationships and maintaining existing, close social relationships. According to the socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen et al., 1999), there is a shift in social goals with increasing age. Older people favor emotional aspects of social relationships and prefer close relationships, such as those with family members, because close relationships promise more satisfying social interactions. In contrast, younger adults are more motivated to establish new social contacts that provide them with information and resources relevant for future development (e.g., Fung & Carstensen, 2006). In addition, older adults invest their resources more selectively into existing relationships because they have generally fewer resources than younger adults (Bühler & Nikitin, 2020; Rook & Charles, 2017). Finally, an age-related shift from gains to losses motivates people to pursue less gains and avoid more losses in their lives as they age (Freund & Ebner, 2005; Gong & Freund, 2020). Applied to the social domain, a study demonstrated that striving for gains in new and peripheral relationships was positively associated with daily well-being of young but not older adults, whereas avoidance of losses in social relationships was more adaptive for daily well-being of older than of younger adults (Nikitin & Freund, 2019). Based on these theoretical and empirical considerations, we hypothesize that – even though establishing new and maintaining existing social relationships is adaptive for well-being across the entire life span (in terms of subjective well-being, subjective physical and mental health, and life satisfaction) – life events that are associated with establishing new social contacts are more adaptive for well-being of younger than older adults, whereas life events that are associated with the maintenance of existing close social relationships become more adaptive with age. To counteract the limitation of one measurement point, the temporal distance between the survey (i.e., the time point of the assessment) and the occurrence of the life event will be included as a moderator in the analyses. The strength of the associations between the predictors (establishing new/maintaining existing social relationships) and the outcome variables (f.ex. well-being) should diminish the further back the event occurred (see for example Nikitin et al., 2012; Suh et al., 1996).

Background To date, it is unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 is present in spent dialysate from patients with COVID-19 on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Our aim was to assess the presence or absence of SARS-CoV-2 in spent dialysate from patients on chronic PD who had a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. Methods Spent PD dialysate samples from patients on PD who were positive for COVID-19 were collected between March and August 2020. The multiplexed, real-time RT-PCR assay contained primer/probe sets specific to different SARS-CoV-2 genomic regions and to bacteriophage MS2 as an internal process control for nucleic acid extraction. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from patients’ electronic health records. Results A total of 26 spent PD dialysate samples were collected from 11 patients from ten dialysis centers. Spent PD dialysate samples were collected, on average, 25±13 days (median, 20; range, 10–45) after the onset of symptoms. The temporal distance of PD effluent collection relative to the closest positive nasal-swab RT-PCR result was 15±11 days (median, 14; range, 1–41). All 26 PD effluent samples tested negative at three SARS-CoV-2 genomic regions. Conclusions Our findings indicate the absence of SARS-CoV-2 in spent PD dialysate collected at ≥10 days after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. We cannot rule out the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in spent PD dialysate in the early stage of COVID-19.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine individuals’ subjective perception of spare time available for activities that are more or less attractive. Design/methodology/approach Three experiments with adult samples manipulate liking of activity and temporal distance and assess the resulting predicted time available. Findings The authors demonstrate that individuals’ subjective perception of spare time is influenced by how much they like or dislike the activities they plan for. Individuals perceive they have more spare time for activities they like than ones they dislike. The strength of individuals’ liking for activities has more impact on perceived spare time available for liked activities than for disliked ones. These effects are attenuated by individuals’ propensity to plan. Originality/value Understanding the effect of spare time perception contributes to the literature on resource slack and provides insights into individuals’ planning for time.

espanolEl articulo investiga la raiz de la nostalgia del pasado industrial. Es un tipo de analisis frecuente en el ambito anglosajon pero ignorado habitualmente por la sociologia de nuestro pais. A partir de dos grupos de discusion llevados a cabo con personas trabajadoras de los sectores textil, naval, mineria y automocion afectadas por procesos de desindustrializacion, cierres de actividad o despidos colectivos, se examina criticamente el pasado. Se trata de conocer el tipo de nostalgia predominante, si los trabajos representan lo mismo para quienes estuvieron implicados en ellos y si la distancia temporal puede cambiar las representaciones asociadas a la perdida de una forma de vida. Los discursos oscilan entre el lamento y la resignacion, el enfado y el desconcierto que provocan la perdida de la estabilidad e incluso de la dignidad en las personas trabajadoras, hasta los recuerdos negativos en los que afloran las tensiones en el trabajo. EnglishThe article studies the roots of nostalgia for the industrial past. It is a type of analysis frequent in the Anglo-Saxon sphere but which has been habitually ignored by the sociology of our country.From two discussion groups carried out with workers from the textile, naval, mining and automotive sectors affected by processes of deindustrialization, activity closures or collective layoffs, the past is critically examined. The article tries to find out the predominant type of nostalgia, if the jobs represent the same for those who are involved in them and if the temporal distance can change the representations associated with the loss of a way of life. The speeches range from lament and resignation, anger and bewilderment that cause the loss of stability and even dignity in workers, to negative memories in which tensions arise at work.

The film noir offers some of the first cinematographic representations of homosexuality in the XX Century, thus adding to stereotypes in the United States. Despite the temporal distance between the Mexican productions and the North American classic noirs and neo noirs, both show similar character and style attributes, allowing our national features to show a different and sensitive approach from the LGBTI+ perspective, imprinted by our national violence.

Tourist experiences are the product of a temporally extended series of events and activities. The temporal distance from actual experiences distorts the recalled evaluation of their experiences so ...

Risk perception is a critical determinant for individuals' health behavior change, especially for behaviors with distal future consequences. Building on construal-level theory, this study investigates if and how thinking concretely about the negative consequences of opioid misuse influences people's risk perception toward opioid misuse. Two message cues - images and concrete (vs. abstract) language - are proposed to influence concrete thinking and perceived temporal distance, which in turn influence risk perception directly and through negative affect. Using a factorial online experiment with Amazon Mechanical Turk workers (N = 220), this study found that messages using concrete language made people think more concretely about the negative consequences of opioid misuse. Perceived concreteness, in turn, increased risk perception and negative affect. Negative affect also increased risk perception. The use of images decreased perceived temporal distance, which in turn, changed risk perception through its influence on negative affect. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

E-procurement platforms facilitate transactions between suppliers and buyers from all over the world. Over time, suppliers and buyers may develop familiarity from prior experience with earlier transactions. The literature has established that prior experience leads to better project performance. In this study, we examine the effectiveness of prior experience between buyers and suppliers in e-procurement platforms with a focus on the moderating roles of temporal distance and language difference between the buyer and the supplier as well as the effect of routine tasks in the project (termed “task routinization”). Using a unique data set from a large e-procurement platform, we first find that buyers’ prior experience with a supplier positively affects project outcomes, and temporal distance and language difference both negatively affect project outcomes. This is consistent with previous findings for emerging e-procurement platforms. More interestingly, we find that the effectiveness of prior experience is constrained by both temporal distance and language difference, such that if a greater temporal distance separates the buyer and supplier or if the two speak different languages, prior experience is less likely to be helpful. In addition, while task routinization does not directly affect a project’s success, it has a positive interaction effect with prior experience, suggesting that buyers’ prior experience with a supplier is more effective in enhancing project outcomes when a project comprises routine tasks. Our findings on prior experience, temporal distance, language difference, and task routinization contribute to a better understanding of the e-procurement platform for global outsourcing and procurement. Limitations are discussed and topics are identified for future research.

Temporal distance refers to the time between purchase and consumption in advanced-sales industries. We explore how the response of aggregate demand to price changes with temporal distance in a large, proprietary data set of Florida cruise prices, bookings, and product attributes. We offer the first evidence that cruise demand becomes more sensitive to price during the advance sales period, unlike extant findings in other settings. The results also show that demand is greatest late in the advance sales period, providing the first finding that a late-season high-demand period coincides with a late-season increase in aggregate price sensitivity. The high-demand effect more than offsets the high-price-responsiveness pattern, leading the firm to increase prices throughout the advance sales period. Although the data do not disentangle multiple competing explanations for the main findings, they are large enough to appear in simple data visualizations and robust enough to replicate across many model specifications, parameterizations, and partitions of the data. This paper was accepted by Matthew Shum, marketing.

espanolEl presente articulo analiza el pensamiento latinoamericano en torno a relaciones internacionales, especificamente sobre la integracion regional, enfocandose en tres propuestas surgidas en America Latina en diferentes momentos historicos, como fueron las doctrinas Drago y Haya de la Torre (a principios del siglo XX) y la nocion de “integracion solidaria” ideada por Juan Carlos Puig (a fines del mismo siglo). Dichas propuestas se inscriben, a pesar de su distancia temporal, en un paradigma que privilegio el estudio de las relaciones internacionales desde una concepcion de mundo propia y ligada a su lugar de origen, enmarcada en los procesos historicos propios vividos a lo largo del siglo XX en la region, a partir de los cuales es posible analizar la integracion al sistema mundo de America Latina y considerar posibles vias de solucion a la problematica de la presion ejercida por las grandes potencias EnglishThe present work will analyze Latin American thinking on international relations, specifically on regional integration, focusing on three proposals that emerged in Latin America at different historical moments, such as the Drago and Haya de la Torre Doctrines (at the beginning of the 20th century) and the notion of “solidarity integration”devised by Juan Carlos Puig (at the end of the same century).These proposals are inscribed, despite their temporal distance, in a paradigm that privileged the study of international relations from a conception of their own world and linked to their place of origin, framed in the own historical processes lived throughout the XX century in the region, from which it is possible to analyze the integration into the Latin American world system and possible ways of solving the problem of pressure exerted by the great powers.

Video-based person re-identification aims to match videos of pedestrians captured by non-overlapping cameras. Video provides spatial information and temporal information. However, most existing methods do not combine these two types of information well and ignore that they are of different importance in most cases. To address the above issues, we propose a two-stream network with a joint distance metric for measuring the similarity of two videos. The proposed two-stream network has several appealing properties. First, the spatial stream focuses on multiple parts of a person and outputs robust local spatial features. Second, a lightweight and effective temporal information extraction block is introduced in video-based person re-identification. In the inference stage, the distance of two videos is measured by the weighted sum of spatial distance and temporal distance. We conduct extensive experiments on four public datasets, i.e., MARS, PRID2011, iLIDS-VID and DukeMTMC-VideoReID to show that our proposed approach outperforms existing methods in video-based person re-ID.

We present an algorithm to insert a train path in an existing railway timetable close to operation, when we want to affect the existing (passenger) traffic as little as possible. Thus, we consider all other trains as fixed, and aim for a resulting train path that maximizes the bottleneck robustness, that is, a train path that maximizes the temporal distance to neighboring trains in the timetable. Our algorithm is based on a graph formulation of the problem and uses a variant of Dijkstra’s algorithm. We present an extensive experimental evaluation of our algorithm for the Swedish railway stretch from Malmö to Hallsberg. Moreover, we analyze the size of our constructed graph. Funding agency: Linköping University Shift2Rail

People often underestimate their completion times of future tasks or events. The phenomenon of optimistic time prediction is called the planning fallacy. Prior research has demonstrated that indivi...

We conducted 2 studies (N = 86 and 248) to examine people's tendency to overestimate their personal budget. The findings support 3 hypotheses. First, about 35% of participants in our first study tended to overestimate their budget when dealing with an uncertainty goal. Second, we found that focalism played a mediating role in this relationship. Third, in our second study we found that temporal distance positively moderated this relationship: The distant future strengthened the effect of dealing with an uncertainty goal on budget overestimation, whereas the near future attenuated it. These findings shed light on the cause and internal mechanism of consumer budget overestimation. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.

This study discusses how tourists’ personality traits influence their perceived travel constraints during the destination selection process. Specifically, it investigates how the personalities of tourists involved in the preliminary consideration of a tourist destination influences their perceived leisure travel constraints and the corresponding information searches under different temporal distance conditions. Partial least squares (PLS) and PLS multi-group analyses were performed on 335 completed surveys (177 and 158 for the distant- and near-future scenarios, respectively) and revealed that the constraints of safety concerns and a lack of interest, time, and money were major concerns of tourists. These constraints were experienced more strongly for a high temporal distance, than a low temporal one. The impact of personality on perceived constraints was more evident for high temporal distance. The study has practical ramifications for destination marketing organizations in that it can enhance their understanding of tourists’ behavior during the pre-trip planning stage, and help prevent the “premature” elimination of their destinations.

Results of previous studies show that, compared to other-judgments, self-judgments are characterized by higher accessibility of covert (unobservable) versus overt (observable) features. The current...

Variation in economic preferences is systematically related to both individual and aggregate economic outcomes, yet little is known about the origins of the worldwide preference variation. This paper uses globally representative data on risk aversion, time preference, altruism, positive reciprocity, negative reciprocity, and trust to uncover that contemporary preference heterogeneity has its roots in the structure of the temporally distant migration patterns of our very early ancestors: In dyadic regressions, differences in preferences between populations are significantly increasing in the length of time elapsed since the ancestors of the respective groups broke apart from each other. To document this pattern, we link genetic and linguistic distance measures to population-level preference differences (i) in a wide range of cross-country regressions, (ii) in within-country analyses across groups of migrants, and (iii) in analyses that leverage variation across linguistic groups. While temporal distance drives differences in all preferences, the patterns are strongest for risk aversion and prosocial traits.

Max Scheler (1874–1928) and Mencius (孟子, 372–289 BC) both take feeling to be the origin of value and could therefore be considered to be proponents of axiological sentimentalism. Despite the great spatial and temporal distance between them, there are striking similarities between the theories of value they developed. It should be noted, however, that there are also some differences between them that are mainly derived from some difficulties with their theories of value. These difficulties should be removed so that a better theory of value could be developed. It is accordingly the aim of this paper to promote a phenomenological dialogue between Scheler and Mencius that could lead to such a better theory. In Sects. 1, 2, I will first delineate Scheler’s theory of value and feeling, then that of Mencius. In Sect. 3, I will point out some difficulties with the two theories and promote a dialogue between them that would improve each theory. In Sect. 4, I will conclude with some remarks concerning the future task of the phenomenological dialogue between Scheler and Mencius.

The aim of this article is to explore how the dimensions of psychological distance and motivation impact the left-digit effect in consumer price evaluation. The left-digit effect occurs when the leftmost digit of the prices being compared changes (e.g., $499 vs. $500); the difference between the prices is perceived as larger than if the leftmost digit does not change (e.g., $569 vs. $570). Furthermore, a nine-ending price may be perceived as larger than a price that is actually one dollar higher, when the motivation to process the price information is high and the psychological distance (temporal distance) is near. Likewise, when the motivation to process information is low, regardless of whether the temporal distance is near or far, consumers are also more likely to process information heuristically, strengthening the left-digit effect. However, when the motivation to deal with information is high and the temporal distance is distant, consumers are more likely to process information systematically which tends to diminish the perceived magnitude of the difference due to the left-digit effect.

The temporal distance that separates us from the work of Candido and Rama allow us to situate these authors within a historical period – marked by the consolidation of the national state and the belief in modernization as a homogenizing force in society – which has already been ended and can thus be seen as a unity in itself. In Gadamer terms, one can say that this tradition is sufficiently dead so that we can comprehend it as a whole. On the other hand, the problems that affect Latin American criticism today are not so different from the ones tackled by those authors. Because the effects of the tradition of Candido and Rama can still be felt today, there is interest in keeping alive a dialogue with them. In this process, we are invited to rethink our place in the tradition which was handed down to us and reconcile aesthetics with cultural criticism.

The eighteenth century is considered as the golden age of epistolary art. If we analyze the historical and social value of letters, we will notice that epistolary change soon becomes one of the principal ways of communication and of providing information. The most relevant merit, which is attributed to the epistolary novel, is the immediate reproduction that touches feelings. So, the epistolary novel removes the temporal distance existing between the personal history and its written reproduction. The most famous writers of the time (like Montesquieu) and libertine writers (Laclos and Sade particularly) have employed the epistolary novel showing several intentions. Le dix-huitième siècle est l’âge d’or qui concerne le roman épistolaire. Si l’on analyse la portée historique et sociale de la lettre, il est fondamental de mettre en relief que l’échange épistolaire représente l’un des principaux moyens d’information et de communication de l’époque. Le plus grand mérite que l’on attribue à la lettre est de représenter l’expression « à chaud » des sentiments parce qu’elle supprime la distance temporelle existant entre le sentiment vécu et sa reproduction écrite. Enfin, l’absence du narrateur garantit l’authenticité des faits car personne ne pense et ne parle à la place des personnages. Les auteurs les plus célèbres de l’époque (Montesquieu) ainsi que les écrivains libertins (Laclos et Sade en particulier) ont fait recours au roman épistolaire en montrant des propos très différents.