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In the present research, the synthesis of cobalt oxide Co3O4 was carried out using the sol-gel technique with subsequent heat treatment at 225 and 235 °C. The final product obtained was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), showing a pure crystalline phase of Co3O4, cell parameters a=b=c=8.071 Å, and a volume of 525.7 Å3. The particle size was between 2.37 and 2.77 µm, which indicated that structural transformations from Co to Co3O4 induced an increase in the particle size. Through Rietveld refinement, the interatomic distances and inclination angles of the Co1, Co2, and Co3 polyhedra were analyzed in order to establish the structural behavior of cobalt oxide (II, III) at 235 °C. The UV-vis analysis allowed determining band gap (Eg) with values of 1.6 eV in the first region and 0.97 eV in the second. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the particles agglomerated with increasing calcination temperature and exhibited larger particles. This work presents a detailed analysis of structural parameters of Co3O4 using the Vesta software with Rietveld refinement data.

Background. Improvement of the technical aspects of surgery in aesthetic surgery led to an increase in the number of transactions and significant increase contingent of women who are turning to specialized clinics. But it also significantly increased the proportion of patients with a variety of concomitant diseases requiring new approaches to operational technologies and special attention in the postoperative period. In this group of patients is high risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications significantly limits the range of indications. So to prevent these complications is an important question when planning operations in aesthetic surgery of the face. Objective. Determine structural and functional changes of temporal area skin in women of different age groups with an additional internal pathology. Methods. Intraoperative biopsy material of skin of 104 women at the age from 19 to 73 years, that was taken during standard surgery instrumentations for different defects of face skin correction, was investigated. Results and conclusion. It was determined, that involutive dynamic of microvessel condition in papillary layer of derma coincides with grade reduction of relative volume of microvessels bed. Microcirculation age changes include structural disorders of intrapapillary capillary loops, disorganization of arterioles in papillary and reticular layers of derma, disorders of venules because of the changes in microenvironmental fibrillar network. It is typical at the patients with nicotinic dependence, ischemic heart disease, hypertonic disease, a diabetes, and also adiposity of a different degree essential infringement of microvessels bed structure criteria of skin condition that gives the basis for allocation of the given contingent of patients as group of high intraoperative and postoperative risk at carrying out of frontlift., Актуальность. Сегодня очевидна важность дальнейшего изучения субстрата старения кожи – ее структуры, где одно из важнейших мест занимает система гемомикроциркуляции. Именно эта система наиболее четко и адекватно реагирует на многочисленные экзогенные воздействия, она определяет гистогенетические закономерности преобразований кожи со временем, именно она является чувствительным компонентом дермы, отвечающим за состояние эпителиальных и соединительнотканных структур кожи. Цель. С целью определения структурных и функциональных изменений кожи височной области у женщин различного возраста с сопутствующей патологией в работе исследовали интраоперационный биопсийный материал кожи 104 женщин в возрасте от 19 до 73 лет при проведении стандартных хирургических вмешательств для коррекции разных дефектов кожи лица. Результаты и заключение. Установлено, что инволютивная динамика состояния микрососудов в сосочковом слое дермы сопровождается постепенной редукцией относительного объема микрососудистого русла. У пациентов, имеющих никотиновую зависимость, ишемическую болезнь сердца, гипертоническую болезнь, сахарный диабет, а также ожирение разной степени является характерным существенное нарушение структуры микроциркуляторного русла кожи, что дает основания для выделения данного контингента пациентов как группу высокого интраоперационного и послеоперационного риска., Актуальність. Сьогодні є очевидною важливість подальшого вивчення субстрату старіння шкіри – її структури, де одне з найважливіших місць посідає система гемомікроциркуляції. Саме ця система найбільш чітко й адекватно реагує на численні екзогенні впливи, вона визначає гістогенетичні закономірності перетворень шкіри з часом, саме вона є найчутливішим компонентом дерми, що відповідає за стан епітеліальних і сполучнотканинних структур шкіри. Мета. З метою визначення структурних та функціональних змін шкіри вискової області у жінок різного віку з супутньою патологією в роботі досліджували інтраопераційний біопсійний матеріал шкіри 104 жінок у віці від 19 до 73 років при проведенні стандартних хірургічних втручань для корекції різних дефектів шкіри обличчя. Результати та підсумок. Встановлено, що інволютивна динаміка стану мікросудин в сосочковому шарі дерми супроводжується поступовою редукцією відносного об’єму мікросудинного русла. У пацієнтів, що мають нікотинову залежність, ішемічну хворобу серця, гіпертонічну хворобу, цукровий діабет, а також ожиріння різного ступеня є характерним істотне порушення структури мікроциркуляторного русла шкіри, що дає підстави для виділення даного контингенту пацієнтів як групу високого інтраопераційного та післяопераційного ризику.

This study is the first quantitative synchrotron grazing incidence X-ray scattering investigation of nanoscale film morphologies of tricyclic block copolymers based on poly (n-decyl glycidyl ether) (PDGE) and poly (2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-ethoxy)ethyl glycidyl ether) (PTEGGE) blocks in equivalent volume fractions. Both PDGE and PTEGGE blocks of the tricyclic block copolymers are amorphous, but copolymers exhibit phase-separated lamellar nanostructures due to block immiscibility. The lamellar structures vary in their structural parameters such as lamellar orientation and structural integrity stability depending on the degree of topological confinement effect taking effect. Interestingly, sub-10 nm domain spacings are established by all nanostructures, which are remarkably shorter than that of the linear analogue. These exceptionally short domain spacings are evident that the tricyclic block copolymer approach is highly efficient for developing high-performance nanolithographic materials for future advanced semiconductor applications.

As a key component of a drip irrigation system, the performance of drip irrigation emitters is determined by the flow channel structures and parameters. In this paper, a novel Y-shaped labyrinth-channel emitter was proposed, and the influence of the hydraulic performance was researched under different waist-arc angles (α) and ratios of crown height to chord length (a:b). The flow characteristics and energy dissipation mechanisms of water in the emitter were analyzed by using fluid dynamics software. The analysis showed that, keeping the ratio of crown height to chord length unchanged and with an increase in the waist-arc angle from 90° to 180°, the pressure-drop ratio before and after the water flow through the vortex area increased, and the hydraulic performance of the emitter was improved, specifically: the design flow could be reduced by 6.02–26.7%, and the slope of the curve could be reduced by 9.83–28.1%. The smaller the ratio of crown height to chord length, the weaker the influence of waist-arc angle was on the design flow and hydraulic performance. Keeping the waist-arc angle unchanged, there was a decrease in the ratio of crown height to chord length from 6:30 to 1:30, the vortex strength inside the emitter channel increased, and the hydraulic performance was improved: the design flow could be reduced by 7.56–23.5%, and the slope of the curve could be reduced by 5.43–20.5%. The bigger the waist-arc angle, the weaker the influence of the ratio of crown height to chord length was on the design flow and the hydraulic performance, even to the point of having no effect. When the Y-shaped emitter was close to the pressure-flow curve slope of the commonly-used triangular-channel emitter, the hydraulic performance of the two was similar, and the former could increase the channel width by 25%, as compared to the latter, or shorten the channel length by 44.3%. The results showed that the Y-shaped emitter had better hydraulic performance compared with the triangular-flow-channel emitter commonly used today. Therefore, the Y-shaped emitter has broad application prospects in water-saving irrigation.

The challenges posed by elevated rock hardness, deficient drillability, excessive friction torque, and significant underpressure in extended−reach horizontal wells are the primary factors that contribute to low ROP (Rate of Penetration) and limited horizontal reach during the drilling operation. Reducing drag and friction is one of the primary methods of addressing the aforementioned challenges. To augment the pulse output characteristics of the oscillating jet and bolster the energy of the hydrodynamic impact load, we developed and designed a multi−source impact oscillation speed−increasing tool coupled with blade rotation disturbance and multi−order oscillation cavity self−excitation. We utilized fluid dynamics software to model and conduct numerical analysis on the multi−source pulsed jet generator. Furthermore, we constructed a prototype and subjected it to testing. This paper examines the impact of dimensionless structural parameters on the pressure output characteristics of the multi−source pulse−jet generator. Specifically, we used three dimensionless quantities (cavity length ratios, cavity diameter ratios, and inner wall collision angle ratios) to study this effect. The findings indicate that the multi−source impact oscillation speed−increasing tool is capable of augmenting the pulse oscillation amplitude, and the frequency of pulse oscillation can be adjusted within the range of 5 Hz to 15 Hz. During the study, we determined that the optimal oscillation output characteristics can be achieved when the cavity diameter ratio is 0.8, the cavity length ratio is 1.0, and the inner wall collision angle ratio is 1.5. These findings present a novel approach for the development of downhole hydraulic impact oscillation speed−increasing tools.

Catalytic coal gasification technology shows prominent advantages in enhancing coal gasification reactivity and is restrained by the cost of catalyst. Two typical biomass ash additions, corn stalk ash (CSA, high K–Na and low Si) and poplar sawdust ash (PSA, high K–Ca and high Si), were employed to study the influence of biomass ash on pyrolysis process and char gasification reactivity of the typical anthracite. Microstructure characteristics of the char samples were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Based on isothermal char-CO2 gasification experiments, the influence of biomass ash on reactivity of anthracite char was determined using thermogravimetric analyzer. Furthermore, structural parameters were correlated with different reactivity parameters to illustrate the crucial factor on the gasification reactivity varied with char reaction stages. The results indicate that both CSA and PSA additives hinder the growth of adjacent basic structural units in a vertical direction of the carbon structure, and then slow down the graphitization process of the anthracite during pyrolysis. The inhibition effect is more prominent with the increasing of biomass ash. In addition, the gasification reactivity of anthracite char is significantly promoted, which could be mainly attributed to the abundant active AAEM (especially K and Na) contents of biomass ash and a lower graphitization degree of mixed chars. Higher K and Na contents illustrate that the CSA has more remarkable promotion effect on char gasification reactivity than PSA, in accordance with the inhibition effect on the order degree of anthracite char. The stacking layer number could reasonably act as a rough indicator for evaluating the gasification reactivity of the char samples.

Favipiravir is a broad spectrum antiviral drug that has shown activity against many viruses. Sequel to the recent outbreak of COVID-19, favipiravir is investigated as one of the potential drugs for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. To augment these efforts, this article reports the rotational isomers, tautomeric states, electronic and spectral properties of favipiravir and its five analogues (Cl, Br, H, CN and CH3) using quantum chemcial code. The enol forms are more stable and the calculated keto���enol relative energies are in the range of 7.86���10.72 kcal/mol in the gas phase and 1.07���3.46 kcal/mol in the solution phase. The relative stabilization of the more polar keto structure in water environment leads to a significant reduction in keto���enol relative energy by 68% for T705, 71% for T705���Cl and T705���Br, 86% for T1105 (H), 88% for T705���CN and 80% for T705���CH3. The density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set were used in the computation. The theoretical results were successfully compared with available experimental and theoretical data.

Ball screws are used as precision transmission components in a wide range of industries. The combination of sliding/rolling motion can influence the degree of precision degradation of the ball screw. Optimization analysis of structural parameters can reduce precision loss and improve precision retention. This article presents an optimization analysis of the ball screw to improve precision retention under mixed sliding-rolling motion. Precision loss of the ball screw due to mixed sliding-rolling motion was calculated. In addition, the effects of operating conditions and structural parameters on the precision loss were analyzed. Factors affecting precision loss of the ball screw under mixed motion were determined and the objective function to characterize precision retention was established according to imposed constraints. Structural parameter optimization of the ball screw based on an advanced neural fuzzy network can reduce the average rate of precision loss by approximately 18.36% and improve precision retention.

Ground motion is categorized into near fault zone and across fault zone where impulsive component is included. The impulsive component usually causes larger damage than that by far-fault ground motion. To build a Benchmark model platform for cable-stayed bridges across-fault region for comparative analysis, the paper proposes a way combining the finite fault source model. In the paper, the finite fault source model was conducted based on the site Qiongshan earthquake. After the geological structural parameters were determined, forward modeling of near site earthquake was carried out, and the observation points were obtained using numerical simulation. Then, the analysis results were compared with the pulse characteristic parameters of similar grade of recording ground motion. Additionally, the ground motion near-fault region was analyzed to validate the finite fault source model. The authors are indebted to research funding provided by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC1500603), and to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER funds for the funding provided through the research project BIA2017-86811-C2-1-R.

Постановка задачи: на основе анализа существующих моделей поражения техники связи, методов для проведения предварительной дефектации техники связи военного назначения в условиях огневого поражения, определить научно-методический аппарат, позволяющий разработать методику для повышения оперативности проведения предварительной дефектации техники связи военного назначения в условиях огневого поражения противника средствами обычного вооружения. Целью работы является рассмотрение имеющихся способов моделирования поражения техники связи военного назначения при нанесении огневого удара противником, возможных методов проведения предварительной дефектации техники связи военного назначения, обоснование их применения в современных условиях, а также определение дальнейших направлений их совершенствования и развития. Используемые методы: в ходе анализа имеющегося научно-методического аппарата моделирования поражения техники связи военного назначения при нанесении огневого удара противником, проведения предварительной дефектации при выполнении мероприятий технической разведки, рассмотрены возможные методы моделирования для определения степени повреждений аппаратных полевых узлов связи – аналитические, имитационные, численные. Применено понятие механики сплошных сред. Новизна исследования состоит в выявлении построения и разработках имеющихся моделей и методик оценки степени повреждений и определения объема требуемых ремонтных работ полевых аппаратных связи, проводимых экипажами, личным составом групп технической разведки, без учета реальных геометрических параметров повреждений, таких как величин пробоин от осколочного поля боеприпасов, глубины проникновения осколков, учета конструктивных особенностей аппаратных связи, влияющих на прохождение осколков и потерю их энергии при прохождении преград. Результат проведенного анализа показал необходимость формирования рациональной очереди восстановления и объема ремонтных работ, выбора безошибочной стратегии ремонта, на основании разработки методики предварительной дефектации после оценки качественных характеристик полученных повреждений в результате огневого воздействия противника, полученных в результате моделирования огневого поражения техники связи военного назначения., Statement of the problem: On the basis of the analysis of existing models of defeat of military communication equipment, methods for preliminary defectification of military communication equipment under conditions of fire defeat, to determine the scientific methodological apparatus, allowing to increase the efficiency of preliminary defectification of military communication equipment under conditions of fire defeat of the enemy by conventional weapons. The aim of the work is to consider the available ways of simulating the defeat of military communications equipment, possible methods of preliminary defecting of military communications equipment, the justification of their use in modern conditions, as well as identifying further directions of improvement and development. Methods used: in the course of the analysis of the available scientific and methodological apparatus for modeling the defeat of communications equipment and preliminary defectification when carrying out technical reconnaissance measures, the possible methods of modeling defeat and determining the degree of damage of hardware field communications nodes analytical, simulation, numerical are considered. The concept of continuum mechanics is explained. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the existing models and methods of assessing the degree of combat damage and determining the amount of required repair work of field communication equipment carried out by crews, personnel of technical reconnaissance teams, technical observation points considered the conduct of preliminary defectization without taking into account the real geometric parameters of damage, such as the size of penetration of shrapnel field of munitions, the depth of penetration of splinters, taking into account the design features of communication equipment affecting the passage. The result of the conducted analysis lies in the fact that in order to form a rational repair queue and scope of repair works, to choose an error-free strategy of rehabilitation repair, it is necessary to form a methodology of preliminary defectization on the basis of qualitative characteristics of the damage resulting from the enemy fire action, identified by simulating the fire damage of military communication equipment.

Tree-cut width is a parameter that has been introduced as an attempt to obtain an analogue of treewidth for edge cuts. Unfortunately, in spite of its desirable structural properties, it turned out that tree-cut width falls short as an edge-cut based alternative to treewidth in algorithmic aspects. This has led to the very recent introduction of a simple edge-based parameter called edge-cut width [WG 2022], which has precisely the algorithmic applications one would expect from an analogue of treewidth for edge cuts, but does not have the desired structural properties. In this paper, we study a variant of tree-cut width obtained by changing the threshold for so-called thin nodes in tree-cut decompositions from 2 to 1. We show that this "slim tree-cut width" satisfies all the requirements of an edge-cut based analogue of treewidth, both structural and algorithmic, while being less restrictive than edge-cut width. Our results also include an alternative characterization of slim tree-cut width via an easy-to-use spanning-tree decomposition akin to the one used for edge-cut width, a characterization of slim tree-cut width in terms of forbidden immersions as well as an approximation algorithm for computing the parameter., LIPIcs, Vol. 249, 17th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2022), pages 15:1-15:18

In order to quantitatively study the difference in occurrence content of functional groups in coals with different metamorphic degrees, the samples of long flame coal, coking coal, and anthracite of three different coal ranks were characterized by FTIR and the relative content of various functional groups in different coal ranks was obtained. The semi-quantitative structural parameters were calculated, and the evolution law of the chemical structure of the coal body was given. The results show that with the increase in the metamorphic degree, the substitution degree of hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring in the aromatic group increases with the increase in the vitrinite reflectance. With the increase in coal rank, the content of phenolic hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, and other active oxygen-containing groups gradually decreased, and the content of ether bonds gradually increased. Methyl content increased rapidly first and then increased slowly, methylene content increased slowly first and then decreased rapidly, and methylene content decreased first and then increased. With the increase in vitrinite reflectance, the OH-π hydrogen bond gradually increases, the content of hydroxyl self-association hydrogen bond first increases and then decreases, the oxygen-hydrogen bond of hydroxyl ether gradually increases, and the ring hydrogen bond first significantly decreases and then slowly increases. The content of the OH-N hydrogen bond is in direct proportion to the content of nitrogen in coal molecules. It can be seen from the semi-quantitative structural parameters that with the increase in coal rank, the aromatic carbon ratio fa, aromatic degree AR and condensation degree DOC increase gradually. With the increase in coal rank, A(CH2)/A(CH3) first decreases and then increases, hydrocarbon generation potential ‘A’ first increases and then decreases, maturity ‘C’ first decreases rapidly and then decreases slowly, and factor D gradually decreases. This paper is valuable for analyzing the occurrence form of functional groups in different coal ranks and clarifying the evolution process of structure in China.

Large quantities of waste glass generated around the world are a source of environmental pollution and burden on landfill capacities. This glass can be brought in use by incorporating it in asphalt pavements as a replacement for aggregate particles. This research aims at evaluation of various structural, functional and durability parameters of asphalt containing waste borosilicate glass (BSG). Optimum binder content and volumetric characters were accessed using Marshall mix design method, wheel tracking test was used to evaluate the rutting resistance, and four-point beam fatigue test was used to measure the resistance against fatigue cracking. Deformation characteristics were studied using dynamic modulus test, and British pendulum test and aggregate polishing value test were used to study the skid resistance. Finally, moisture damage was evaluated using rolling bottle test. The results revealed that increasing BSG content reduces the optimum binder content requirements of final mixes. Maximum stability, maximum dynamic modulus, and rut resistance were observed at 10% dosage of BSG. Beam fatigue test results showed that BSG negatively affects the fatigue resistance of asphalt. However, this negative effect was insignificant for 5% dosage and slightly significant for 10% dosage, beyond which, considerable reduction in fatigue life was observed. Moisture damage studies showed that BSG had less affinity to adhere to bitumen, particularly when using dosage greater than 10% by weight. On one hand, skid resistance test showed that with the increasing quantity of BSG, skid resistance increased.

Titanium alloy is widely used in aerospace and other fields due to its low density, high specific strength, corrosion resistance, and other advantages. With the development of selective laser melting additive manufacturing technology, it is possible to manufacture triply periodic minimal surface porous structures. The effects of structural parameters on the mechanical properties of a Ti-6Al-4V Diamond (D)-type triply periodic minimal surface structure are studied. According to the characteristics of porous structures, the Gibson Ashby fitting formulas of D structures are modified using the concept of equivalent cross-sectional areas. The influence of cell size and surface thickness on the compressive modulus and strength of a D structure is discussed. Prediction formulas of the mechanical properties based on cell size and surface thickness are established by combining the relative density with the structural parameters. On this basis, the density optimization method is applied to the lightweight design of a rocket-related assembly based on D structure filling. The design results verify the feasibility of a lightweight design based on triply periodic minimal surface structure filling.

To apply functional honeycomb panels (FHPs) in actual engineering projects, the heat transfer performance and intrinsic heat transfer mechanism of laminated honeycomb panels (LHPs, total thickness of 60 mm) with different structural parameters were investigated in this study by a heat flow meter. The results showed that (1) the equivalent thermal conductivity λequ of the LHP was almost independent of the cell size, when it consisted of a small single-layer thickness. Thus, LHP panels with a single-layer thickness of 15–20 mm are recommended. (2) A heat transfer model of LHPs was developed, and it was concluded that the heat transfer performance of LHPs depends greatly on the performance of their honeycomb core. Then, an equation was derived for the steady state temperature distribution of the honeycomb core. (3) The contribution of each heat transfer method to the total heat flux of the LHP was calculated using the theoretical equation. According to the theoretical results, the intrinsic heat transfer mechanism affecting the heat transfer performance of LHPs was revealed. The results of this study laid the foundation for the application of LHPs in building envelopes.

Toxic and harmful gases may follow evacuees into the mine refuge chamber, endangering their life during the mine disaster. Gases from the outside environment are successfully kept out of the mine refuge chamber by air curtains. The effect of the air curtain installation position, jet velocity, angle, and structural parameters on the CO barrier efficiency is studied using numerical simulation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in this paper. The results are also used to show the influence of the above factors on the efficiency of the air curtain. The results show that: (1) increasing the air curtain jet speed does not always increase or even decrease the air curtain barrier efficiency. (2) The best CO barrier efficiency of 68.1% was obtained by an air curtain installed on the top side of the refuge door with a velocity of 22 m/s and a jet angle of 10°. (3) A mathematical relationship between air curtain structural parameters and barrier efficiency is developed to provide a reference for the design of air curtain pipeline structures.

Prefilming air-blast atomizers are widely used in modern gas turbine combustors. Due to insufficient awareness of the coupling mechanism of multi-stage swirling flow in gas turbines, there is a lack of effective methods for flow field optimization in combustor. In this study, the effect of some critical parameters on the flow field of a prefilming air-blast atomizer was analyzed with CFD. The parameters include the angle and number of the first swirler blades, the angle of the second swirler blades and the angle of sleeve. Furthermore, the coupling mechanism of two-stage swirling airflows of prefilming air-blast atomizer was discussed. Moreover, the influence of the interaction between two-stage counter swirling airflows on the characteristics of flow field was explained. The results show that with the increase in SNi, the axial length of the primary recirculation zone decreased, while the radial width increased. The starting position of primary recirculation zone (PRZ) moves forward with the increase in SNo. Reducing the sleeve angle β helps to form the primary recirculation zone. The results indicate that it is the transition of tangential velocity of airflow to radial velocity that promotes the formation of the PRZ. These results provide theoretical support for optimization of the flow field in swirl combustor.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a well-suited methodology to study bone composition and structural properties. This is because the NMR parameters, such as the T2 relaxation time, are sensitive to the chemical and physical environment of the 1H nuclei. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows bone structure assessment in vivo, its cost limits the suitability of conventional MRI for routine bone screening. With difficulty accessing clinically suitable exams, the diagnosis of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, and the associated fracture risk estimation is based on the assessment of bone mineral density (BMD), obtained by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). However, integrating the information about the structure of the bone with the bone mineral density has been shown to improve fracture risk estimation related to osteoporosis. Portable NMR, based on low-field single-sided NMR devices, is a promising and appealing approach to assess NMR properties of biological tissues with the aim of medical applications. Since these scanners detect the signal from a sensitive volume external to the magnet, they can be used to perform NMR measurement without the need to fit a sample inside a bore of a magnet, allowing, in principle, in vivo application. Techniques based on NMR single-sided devices have the potential to provide a high impact on the clinical routine because of low purchasing and running costs and low maintenance of such scanners. In this review, the development of new methodologies to investigate structural properties of trabecular bone exploiting single-sided NMR devices is reviewed, and current limitations and future perspectives are discussed.

The indicator of the degree of relative reduction of the cross-sectional area and the indicator of the degree of development of the necking, more sensitive to changes in the structural parameters and the deformation temperature of carbon steel compared to the traditional were proposed in comparison with the relative contraction and the true deformation index. The role of relaxation of internal stresses and increased mobility of dislocations in the formation of plastic properties of carbon steel is considered.

The purpose of the current theoretical study is to improve the efficiency of the technological process of harvesting flax seeds with a harvester of the stripping type by substantiating its structural-operational parameters. The goal has been accomplished by constructing an appropriate physical-mathematical model that takes into consideration the technological parameters for operation of the harvester, as well as the physical-mechanical properties of a flax pile. The theoretical study has been performed by means of numerical simulation using the software suite STAR-CCM+. The physical-mathematical apparatus is based on the k-ɛ conjugated flow turbulence model, a van der Waals model of real gas, averaging by Reynolds, a Navier-Stokes equation, a Lagrangian multiphase model, and a discrete element model. The undertaken theoretical research has established the effect of structural-technological parameters of the stripping-type harvester on the quality of the process in its region when harvesting flax by direct harvesting when stripping plants at the root. It has been proven that the course of the process is substantially affected by an air flow resulting from the operation of a beat-reflector and a harvester’s stripping rotor. The result of numerical modeling of the process of separating a flax pile in the stripping-type harvester is the derived distribution of an airflow in its region. We have determined the dependences of maximum speed of an airflow on the rotation frequency of the beat-reflector and stripping rotor. The maximal air flow speed is V Vmax=30m/s, predetermined by the rotation frequency of the beat-reflector and stripping rotor: n1=n2=800rpm. We have substantiated the position of an air grid and approximated the shape of the casing. The following rational structural-technological parameters have been obtained, which contribute to improving the quality of the process of pile separation: the rotation frequency of beat-reflector n1=782rpm, the rotation frequency of stripping rotor n2=671rpm, the position of a transparent zone border L=0.82m and its width B=0.45m. The constructed physical-mathematical models allow targeted control over the operational parameters of the stripping-type harvester in the process of harvesting flax seeds.

A hydrogen ejector for PEMFC system is designed based on thermodynamic theory with considering the influence of water vapor. A CFD model is built in order to optimize the geometric parameters, comprehensively considering performance of different operating conditions. Moreover, effect of structural parameters and operating conditions on PEMFC ejector performance was studied using single-factor and multi-factor analysis methods. The single-factors analysis results show that the nozzle throat diameter, nozzle divergent angle (A), nozzle throat length (B), nozzle exit position (C), mixing tube diameter (D), mixing tube length (E) and are crucial structural parameters that affect the performance of the ejector significantly. Multi-factors analysis is carried to gain the sensitivity of the crucial parameters and further optimize performance of the ejector on PEMFC. For low current (110 A), middle current (275 A), and high current (412.5 A), the order of influence of performance were (D > A > B > C > E), (D > A > B> E > C), and (D > C > E > B > A), respectively. The optimized ejector by multi-factor analysis method has a better performance than one optimized by single-factor. This study may provide a new way of thinking for optimization of structural parameters of any PEMFC ejector with various operating condition.

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles were fabricated using the chemical precipitation method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to investigate the structural parameters of the formed ZnS. The hexagonal crystal structure of the Zn and ZnS phases was formed. The average crystallite size of the ZnS phase is 10.3 nm, which is much smaller than that of the Zn phase (54.5 nm). Several frequencies and phonon modes were detected in the Raman scattering spectrum belonging to the ZnS nanoparticles. The synthesized ZnS nanoparticles were used as catalysts to eliminate the Congo red (CR) dye, with different concentrations, from synthetic wastewater. The impact of the CR dye concentration and shaking period on the adsorption of CR was thoroughly investigated, and various adsorption kinetic models were tested. After 3 h of shaking, the adsorption efficiency reached 26.01% for 40 mg/L CR dye and 27.84% for 20 mg/L CR dye. The adsorption capacities of the CR dye in the presence of ZnS are 16% and 9% for 40 and 20 mg/L, respectively. Based on the correlation factor, the intraparticle diffusion kinetic model was considered the best of the tested models.

We consider the algorithmic complexity of recognizing bipartite temporal graphs. Rather than defining these graphs solely by their underlying graph or individual layers, we define a bipartite temporal graph as one in which every layer can be 2-colored in a way that results in few changes between any two consecutive layers. This approach follows the framework of multistage problems that has received a growing amount of attention in recent years. We investigate the complexity of recognizing these graphs. We show that this problem is NP-hard even if there are only two layers or if only one change is allowed between consecutive layers. We consider the parameterized complexity of the problem with respect to several structural graph parameters, which we transfer from the static to the temporal setting in three different ways. Finally, we consider a version of the problem in which we only restrict the total number of changes throughout the lifetime of the graph. We show that this variant is fixed-parameter tractable with respect to the number of changes., LIPIcs, Vol. 221, 1st Symposium on Algorithmic Foundations of Dynamic Networks (SAND 2022), pages 16:1-16:18

In order to reveal the distribution characteristics of functional groups and the difference of microcrystalline structure parameters between outburst coal and primary coal, the coal samples inside and outside the outburst holes of the Sanjia coal mine were examined. The functional groups and microcrystalline structure parameters of outburst coal and primary coal in the Sanjia coal mine were studied by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiment and peak-splitting fitting method. The results showed that the substitution mode of the benzene ring in an aromatic structure was mainly benzene ring tri-substituted, with primary coal of 32.71% and outburst coal of 31.6%. The primary coal contained more functional groups, from which hydrogen bonds can easily be formed, meaning that gas is not easily adsorbed by coal. The aromatic hydrogen rate (fHa) of the outburst coal was 0.271, the aromatic carbon rate (ƒC) was 0.986, the aromaticity I1 was 0.477, I2 was 0.373 and the length of the aliphatic branched chain (ACH2/ACH3) was 0.850. Compared with the primary coal, the aromatic hydrogen rate, aromatic carbon rate and the aromaticity of the outburst coal were higher, indicating that the hydrogen and carbon elements in the aromatic functional groups of outburst coal were higher and that the aliphatic functional group was higher than the aromatic structural functional group. ACH2/ACH3 and maturity (Csd) were slightly lower than those of primary coal, indicating that the coal has more straight chains than side chains, while aliphatic hydrocarbons are mostly short chains and have high branched degree. There were obvious 002 and 100 peaks in the XRD pattern. The d002 and d100 of outburst coal were 3.570 and 2.114, respectively, while the number of effective stacking aromatics was 3.089, which was lower than that of primary coal, indicating that the structure of the dense ring in the coal saw certain changes.

This prospective cohort study evaluates associations between structural and ultrastructural parameters in baseline biopsies from human kidney transplants and long-term graft survival after more than 14 years’ follow-up. Baseline kidney graft biopsies were obtained prospectively from 54 consecutive patients receiving a kidney transplant at a single institution. Quantitative measurements were performed on the baseline biopsies by computer-assisted light microscopy and electron microscopy. Stereology-based techniques estimated the fraction of interstitial tissue, the volume of glomeruli, mesangial fraction, and basement membrane thickness of glomerular capillaries. The fraction of occluded glomeruli and scores according to the Banff classification were achieved. Kidney graft survival was analyzed by Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox regression. Association to long-term kidney function was also analyzed. The long-term surviving kidney transplants were characterized at implantation by less arteriolar hyaline thickening (P < 0.001) and less interstitial fibrosis (P = 0.001), as well as a lower fraction of occluded glomeruli (P = 0.004) and lower glomerular volume (P = 0.03). At the latest follow-up, eGFR was decreased by 12 ml/min/1.73 m2 per unit increase in the score for arteriolar hyalinosis at implantation (P = 0.02), and eGFR was decreased by 19 ml/min/1.73 m2 per 106 μm3 increase in glomerular volume at baseline (P = 0.03). The unbiased Cavalieri estimate of glomerular volume and the ultrastructural parameters are the first to be evaluated in a cohort study with prospective follow-up for more than 14 years. The study shows that baseline biopsies from human kidney grafts contain extraordinary long-term prognostic information, and it highlights the importance of these intrinsic graft factors.

In order to meet the requirements of airflow vibration piezoelectric generator, and solve the critical issue of stable excitation force, the key is to effectively control structure sensitive parameters. The range of structural parameters of airflow excitation device are optimized by simplified orthogonal test. The result shows that corresponding to different resonator lengths, it approximates a linear increasing trend between the amplitude of excitation force and airflow velocity, and the greater length owns the smaller slope, and vice versa. It is relatively complex for the space and ring gaps, too big or too small gap would make the amplitude smaller or even no waveform formed. The length of resonator is the main factor impacting on the frequency of excitation sound pressure, and the frequency decreases with the increase of the length, presenting an inverse relationship, and the space and ring gaps have less effect on the frequency. Therefore, for high airflow velocity, the stable excitation force of high amplitude and frequency can be obtained by short resonator. In addition, reasonable space and ring gaps are also important for ensuring bigger amplitude of excitation sound pressure. The resulting sensitive parameter values of sound excitation device can be used as references for engineering design.

We consider the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\#\hbox {P}$$\end{document}#P-complete problem of counting the number of linear extensions of a poset \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$(\textsc {\#LE})$$\end{document}(#LE); a fundamental problem in order theory with applications in a variety of distinct areas. In particular, we study the complexity of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\textsc {\#LE}$$\end{document}#LE parameterized by the well-known decompositional parameter treewidth for two natural graphical representations of the input poset, i.e., the cover and the incomparability graph. Our main result shows that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\textsc {\#LE}$$\end{document}#LE is fixed-parameter intractable parameterized by the treewidth of the cover graph. This resolves an open problem recently posed in the Dagstuhl seminar on Exact Algorithms. On the positive side we show that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\textsc {\#LE}}$$\end{document}#LE becomes fixed-parameter tractable parameterized by the treewidth of the incomparability graph.

Improved efficiency of using the self-propelled machines is defined by the existence of hydraulic machines for the actuators of active working elements and running systems. Hydraulic drives of self-propelled machines exploit planetary hydraulic motors. The advantage of these hydraulic motors is a possibility to install them directly to the actuators of drilling machines, conveyors, winches, motor-wheels, etc. The basic node, limiting the work of a planetary hydraulic motor, is the distribution system. A distribution system creates a rotating hydraulic field that enables the working cycle of a planetary hydraulic motor. Therefore, improvement of the structural parameters of the distribution system is an important field of research aimed at improving the output characteristics of the planetary hydraulic motor. We have developed a design diagram and proposed a mathematical apparatus which make it possible to explore the influence of structural parameters of the distribution system on the output characteristics of the planetary hydraulic motor. The study we conducted has established that the synchronicity of a hydraulic field rotation depends on the number of working chambers and is characterized by a kinematic diagram of the distribution system. Dependence of change in the total area of the flow section in the distribution systems for different kinematic circuits is cyclical in character with a fluctuation amplitude dependent on the kinematic diagram. We have substantiated rational kinematic diagram of the distribution systems. We identified a zone where hydraulic losses are formed. The losses are caused by local resistances, when the working fluid passes along the distributing windows of the sleeve valve and the distributor. We have developed an algorithm for designing the flow-through parts. It enables the application of rational kinematic diagrams of the distribution system in order to improve the output characteristics of the planetary hydraulic motor

This paper evaluates the application of a passive control technique with a tuned mass damper on platform for the barge-type offshore wind turbine. First of all, the three degrees of freedom mathematical model for the floating wind turbine is established based on Lagrange's equations, and the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is adopted to estimate the parameters of the wind turbine. Then, the method of frequency tuning which is utilized in engineering projects and genetic algorithm are employed respectively to simulate the optimum parameters of the tuned mass damper. The vibration mechanism about the phase-angle difference between tuned mass damper and floating platform is analyzed. Finally, the dynamic responses of floating wind turbine with/without tuned mass damper are calculated under five typical wind and wave load cases, and the vibration mitigation effects are researched in marine environment. Partial ballast is substituted by the equal mass of tuned mass damper due to the mass of floating platform with tuned mass damper would increase obviously, which would change the design of the wind turbine, and the vibration mitigation is also simulated in five typical load cases. The results show that the suppression rate of standard deviation of platform pitch is up to 47.95%, after substituting the partial mass of ballast, the suppression rate is 50%. Therefore, the dynamic responses of the barge-type floating wind turbine would be reduced significantly when the ballast is replaced by the equal mass of the tuned mass damper on floating platform.

Робота присвячена актуальній проблемі підвищення ефективності роботи систем теплопостачання шляхом розробки та впровадження нових ресурсозберігаючих технологій, оптимізації існуючих та впровадження нових конструкцій теплообмінників. Запропоновано математичні моделі для розрахунку основних конструктивних параметрів теплообмінників та динамічну математичну модель, яка дає можливість оптимізувати параметри теплових процесів. Запропонована система моделювання на базі SolidWork відображає широкий спектр теплових процесів з графічною інтерпретацією результатів і дозволяє оптимізувати параметри теплообмінників в Інтернеті. Також у роботі отримані алгоритми оптимізації енергетичних ресурсів в теплообмінниках під час їх експлуатації. This work is devoted to an actual problem of improve the efficiency of operation of heat supply systems through the development and introduction of new resource-saving technologies, optimization of existing and introduction of new designs of heat exchangers. Proposed the mathematical models for calculating the base constructive parameters of heat exchangers and the dynamical mathematical model, which makes it possible to optimize the parameters of beat processes. Suggested simulation system on base SolidWork gives a wide range of heat processes with a graphical interpretation of the results and allows you to optimize the parameters of heat exchangers online. Also in work got Algorithms of optimization of energy resources in heat exchangers during their operation Данная работа посвящена актуальной проблеме повышения эффективности работы систем теплоснабжения путем разработки и внедрения новых ресурсосберегающих технологий, оптимизации существующих и внедрения новых конструкций теплообменников. Предложены математические модели для расчета базовых конструктивных параметров теплообменников и динамическая математическая модель, позволяющая оптимизировать параметры тепловых процессов. Предлагаемая имитационная система на базе SolidWork представляет широкий спектр тепловых процессов с графической интерпретацией результатов и позволяет оптимизировать параметры теплообменников онлайн. Также в работе получены алгоритмы оптимизации энергоресурсов в теплообменниках при их эксплуатации.

Resumen Se estudio la composicion floristica, estructura y endemismo del componente lenoso de una parcela permanente de una hectarea de bosque andino en el parque universitario Francisco Vivar Castro (PUEAR) ubicado en la provincia de Loja, al sur del Ecuador. Se registro el DAP y altura total de todos los individuos con DAP ≥ 5 cm. Se calculo el area basal y volumen por clases diametricas y por especie; se elaboraron perfiles estructurales (horizontal y vertical). Se determino la composicion floristica, indice de Shannon, abundancia, frecuencia, dominancia, indice valor de importancia y endemismo de cada especie registrada. Se registraron 1370 individuos pertenecientes a 45 especies de 39 generos en 29 familias. El bosque tiene un area basal de 16,88 m 2 /ha y volumen de 77,57 m 3 /ha. Segun el indice de Shannon, la diversidad es media (3,16). Las especies ecologicamente importantes son Alnus acuminata, Palicourea amethystina, Phenax laevigatus y Clethra revoluta . La mayor cantidad de individuos se agrupan en las cuatro primeras clases diametricas reflejando una “J” invertida. En el perfil horizontal del bosque se observa agrupamiento de Palicourea amethystina y Clethra revoluta ; el resto de especies crecen al azar; en el perfil vertical del bosque se diferencian tres subestratos: dominante, codominante y dominado. Se registran cinco especies endemicas: Oreopanax andreanus, Oreopanax rosei, Ageratina dendroides, Myrsine sodiroana y Zinowiewia madsenii . El remanente de bosque estudiado es un buen referente de la diversidad floristica de la vegetacion andina del sur del Ecuador. Palabras clave: diversidad, bosque montano, parcela permanente, parametros estructurales, perfiles estructurales, endemismo. Abstract We studied the floristic composition, structure and endemism of the woody component of a permanent plot of one hectare of Andean forest in the Francisco Vivar Castro University Park, located in the province of Loja, southern Ecuador. The DBH and total height of all individuals with DBH ≥ 5 cm were recorded. The basal area and volume were calculated by diametric classes and species; structural profiles (horizontal and vertical) were developed. The floristic composition, Shannon index, abundance, frequency, dominance, value of importance index and endemism of each species were determined. There were 1370 individuals belonging to 45 species from 39 genera in 29 families. The forest has a basal area of 16.88 m 2 /ha and a volume of 77.57 m 3 /ha. According to the Shannon index, diversity is medium (3.16). The ecologically important species are Alnus acuminata, Palicourea amethystina, Phenax laevigatus and Clethra revoluta . The largest number of individuals are grouped in the first four diametric classes reflecting an inverted “J”. In the horizontal profile of the forest there is a grouping of Palicourea amethystina and Clethra revoluta ; the rest of species grow at random; in the vertical profile of the forest three substrates are differentiated: dominant, codominant and dominated. There are five endemic species: Oreopanax andreanus, Oreopanax rosei, Ageratina dendroides, Myrsine sodiroana and Zinowiewia madsenii . The forest remnant studied is a good reference of the floristic diversity of the Andean vegetation of southern Ecuador. Keywords: diversity, montane forest, permanent plot, structural parameters, structural profiles, endemism.

The present work has reported the compression properties of polyurethane-based warp-knitted spacer fabric composites (PWSF). In order to investigate the effect of structural parameters of fabric on the compression performance of composites, a series of warp-knitted spacer fabrics (WSF) with different structural parameters including spacer yarn inclination angle, thickness, fineness of spacer yarns, and outer layer structure have been involved. The produced composites have been characterized for compression properties. The energy-absorption performance during the compression process has been determined as a function of the efficiency and the compression stress obtained from compression tests. The results show that the composites based on spacer fabrics having smaller spacer yarns inclination angle, higher fabric thickness, finer spacer yarn, and larger mesh in outer layers perform better with respect to energy-absorption properties at lower stress level, whereas at higher stress level, the best energy-absorption abilities are obtained in case of spacer fabrics constructed of larger spacer yarn inclination angle, lower fabric thickness, coarser spacer yarn, and smaller mesh in surface layers.

For large-scale offshore wind turbine blades, ANSYS and UG were respectively used to complete the solid modeling and the calculation of vibration modes, and the influences of the rotating speed on each order vibration mode and their main reasons were analyzed. Furthermore, the effects of material categories, the deviations of physical parameters in the process of material manufacture and structural parameters on the natural frequencies of rotating blades were respectively compared. Numerical results show that the dynamic stiffening effect of rotating blades is obvious, and the stress stiffness and the geometric stiffness play a dominant role on the natural frequencies from the first to the sixth order and from the seventh to the tenth order respectively. The influences of material categories on natural frequencies of the blades are significantly higher than those of physical parameter deviations and chord length changes. The effects of the equal amplitude increase of elasticity modulus or the chord length and the equal amplitude decrease of density on the tenth order frequency for the torsional vibration are less than those of them on the first nine orders' frequencies for the shimmy and flapping vibration, making that the increase amplitude of the blade natural frequencies first increases and then decreases with the increase of the order number. In addition, the results in this work can provide technical references for the optimization design and the further analysis of vibration characteristics of wind turbine blades.

Gas pollution in marine lubricating oil systems is harmful to the normal operation of a ship, and is one of the main reasons for the decline of the performance of lubricating oil. In this research, a classic 75 mm hydrocyclone was selected as the oil&ndash, gas separation device. A hydrocyclone is a device that uses the density difference of the two-phase flow to separate the dispersed phase in the centrifugal force field. Compared with ordinary active oil&ndash, gas separators, hydrocyclones do not require additional power devices. After establishing the physical model of the hydrocyclone, the distribution characteristics of the flow field and oil&ndash, gas two-phase flow separation performance of the hydrocyclone were studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology. The influence of vortex finder diameter, vortex finder length, spigot diameter, cylindrical-part length, and cone angle on the oil&ndash, gas separation performance of the hydrocyclone were investigated. It was found that the vortex finder diameter and the spigot diameter have a significant influence on the oil&ndash, gas separation performance, whereas the vortex finder length, the cylindrical-part length, and the cone angle have little influence on its performance. Increasing the vortex finder diameter and reducing the spigot diameter can improve the gas separation efficiency. However, the liquid outflow from the vortex finder increases, which causes the liquid loss rate to increase. The presented research could lay a foundation for the optimal design of a hydrocyclone used for oil&ndash, gas separation of a marine lubricating oil system.

Paper presents results of studies on structural, electronic and magnetic properties of YFe5 compound using density functional theory (DFT) approach. The GGA functional with ultrasoft pseudopotentials were used as implemented in Quantum Espresso software. The structure of YFe5 compound was examined in three different states namely nonmagnetic, antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic. Also two antiferromagnetic configurations were considered. From the total energy viewpoint the most likely ferromagnetic configuration is favorable. In order to achieve mentioned aims we present projected density of states, electronic band structure and Löwdin population analysis studies results.

120&deg, phase belt toroidal winding solid rotor induction motor (120&deg, PBTWSRIM) has advantages of simple structure, short end winding, and high overload capacity, thus it has good development prospects. To study the influence of different structural parameters on 120&deg, PBTWSRIM performance, the 2D finite element model is established, and the electromagnetic characteristics are analyzed. The influence of six structure parameters on the average output torque, power factor, and torque ripple are analyzed, which are slot opening width, slot opening height, slot width, slot height, slot radius, and copper layer thickness. It is found that copper layer thickness has a significant effect on the performance of 120&deg, PBTWSRIM. When the copper layer thickness is 0.5 mm, locked average output torque is increased to 2.784 Nm, locked power factor is increased by 64.6%, and locked torque ripple is reduced by 79.7%. Finally, a prototype of 120&deg, PBTWSRIM is built and experimented, the correctness of performance influence analysis is verified by the comparison of results of the simulation and the experiment.

We demonstrate the efficacy of power-law models in the analysis of tree branch growth. The models can be interpreted as allometric equations, which incorporate multiple driving variables in a single scaling relationship to predict the amount of growth within a branch. We first used model selection criteria to identify the variables that most influenced (1) the length of individual elongating annual shoots and (2) the total length of all elongating annual shoots in the individual branches of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). We then applied the two resulting power-law equations as dynamic models to predict the trajectories of crown profile development and accumulation of branch biomass during tree growth, using total branch length as a proxy for biomass. In spite of the wide size range and geographical distribution of the study trees, the models successfully reproduced the dynamic characteristics of crown development and branch biomass accumulation. Applying the model to predict long-term growth of a single branch that was initiated at the crown top generated a realistic crown profile and produced a final basal branch size that was well within the range of field observations. The models also predicted a set of more subtle and non-trivial features of crown formation, including the increased rate of growth towards the tree apex, decrease in growth towards the lowest branches, the effect of branching order on the amount of elongation, and the higher vigour of thick branches when the effect of branch height was controlled. In contrast, a simple allometric model of the form Y = aX(b) was incapable of capturing all the variability in growth of individual branches and of predicting the features of crown shape and branch size that are associated with the slowing-down of growth towards the crown base. We conclude that power-law models where the parameter a is refined to include spatial information on branch features shows good potential for identifying and incorporating actual crown construction processes in dynamic models that utilize the structural features of tree crowns.

A novel approach of system characteristic matrix's correction in modal identification from ambient vibration is presented. As a result of this approach, actual system characteristic matrices are determined more accurately with minimum error. It is reflected on to updating system parameters more reliable. In first approximation, actual system characteristic matrices determined by singular value decomposition of block Hankel matrix, which build from the response correlation matrix. In second approximation, to make the system characteristic matrices optimal definite, for black-box modeling the input-output relation of the system used Kalman theory. Covariance of the nonmeasurable process noise and measurement noise matrixes are contained in Riccati equation are determined by expressing Hankel matrix's multiplicities from eigensolution of the system state matrix obtained in previous iteration. Another word process and measurement noises covariance matrixes indirectly is constructed only from measured output data. These iterations are repeated until satisfying estimated error. As a result of these iterations, actual system characteristic matrices are determined more accurately with minimum error. Then, from determined system characteristic, matrices are extracted system modal parameters. These system modal parameters are used for the system modal updating for which direct and iterative methods are applied. Supporting to this algorithm realized code maybe interfaced with finite element codes. © Springer International Publishing AG.

Background. Improvement of the technical aspects of surgery in aesthetic surgery led to an increase in the number of transactions and significant increase contingent of women who are turning to specialized clinics. But it also significantly increased the proportion of patients with a variety of concomitant diseases requiring new approaches to operational technologies and special attention in the postoperative period. In this group of patients is high risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications significantly limits the range of indications. So to prevent these complications is an important question when planning operations in aesthetic surgery of the face. Objective. Determine structural and functional changes of temporal area skin in women of different age groups with an additional internal pathology. Methods. Intraoperative biopsy material of skin of 104 women at the age from 19 to 73 years, that was taken during standard surgery instrumentations for different defects of face skin correction, was investigated. Results and conclusion. It was determined, that involutive dynamic of microvessel condition in papillary layer of derma coincides with grade reduction of relative volume of microvessels bed. Microcirculation age changes include structural disorders of intrapapillary capillary loops, disorganization of arterioles in papillary and reticular layers of derma, disorders of venules because of the changes in microenvironmental fibrillar network. It is typical at the patients with nicotinic dependence, ischemic heart disease, hypertonic disease, a diabetes, and also adiposity of a different degree essential infringement of microvessels bed structure criteria of skin condition that gives the basis for allocation of the given contingent of patients as group of high intraoperative and postoperative risk at carrying out of frontlift. Citation: Tverdokhlib IV, Makarchuk OI. [Morphological characteristics of temporal area skin in patients with an additional pathology on age aspect]. Morphologia. 2015;9(3):83-8. Ukrainian.

WOS: 000355041400009, Quantum chemical calculations using Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) basis set level were performed to investigate the azide group rotation from the trans to the cis isomer and the azido-tetrazole ring-chain isomerism equilibrium of 2-azido-1,3-azoles in the gas phase, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), acetonitrile (CH3CN) and water (H2O). The solvent effect on the relative stabilities of each species was analyzed within the self-consistent field theory using the Polarized Continuum Model (PCM). The transition states (TSs) of each step was identified and confirmed. The azido-tetrazole ring-chain isomerism equilibrium was investigated in detail. In addition, the electronic characteristics of each species were analyzed by means of Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) and Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analyses. The relative energies were increased with the increasing electronegativity of X atom in the 1,3-azole ring. The study confirmed that the relative stability of the tetrazole isomers could be maximized to a great extent by increasing the polarity of solvent, and vice versa for the azido isomers. The low rotational barrier of the azido group in the trans reversible arrow cis isomerization and the significant increase of the dipole moment of the tetrazole isomers were determined factors in ring-chain isomerization. The results obtained in advance for 2-azido-1,3-thiazoles were found to be consistent with the experimental and theoretically data reported. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

RESUMO A tomografia computadorizada quantitativa periférica de alta resolução (HR-pQCT) é uma nova tecnologia disponível comercialmente há menos de 10 anos que permite a feitura de exames in vivo para a avaliação de parâmetros ósseos. A HR-pQCT avalia a forma, o número, o volume, a densidade, a conectividade e a separação das trabéculas; a densidade e a espessura do osso cortical e o volume e a densidade total, em alta definição, o que permite a construção digital da microarquitetura óssea adicionalmente. A aplicação de cálculos matemáticos aos dados capturados, método denominado elemento finito (FE), permite a estimativa das propriedades físicas do tecido e simula cargas suportadas de forma não invasiva. Desse modo, a HR-pQCT adquire simultaneamente dados antes fornecidos separadamente pela densitometria óssea, pela ressonância magnética e pela histomorfometria e agrega estimativas biomecânicas antes só possíveis em tecidos extraídos. A reprodutibilidade do método é satisfatória, com coeficientes de variação que raramente ultrapassam os 3%. Quanto à acurácia, os parâmetros apresentam de regular a boa concordância (r2= 0,37-0,97). A principal aplicação clínica é na quantificação e no monitoramento das doenças osteometabólicas, porque avalia de modo mais completo a resistência óssea e o risco de fratura. Na artrite reumatoide permite-se a aferição do número e do tamanho das erosões e dos cistos, além do espaço articular. Na osteoartrite é possível caracterizar as áreas edema-símile que guardam correlação com a degradação da cartilagem. Restritas ainda a um instrumento de pesquisa, dado o seu elevado custo, a alta resolução e a eficiência mostram-se como vantagens em relação aos métodos atualmente usados para a avaliação óssea, com um potencial para tornar-se uma importante ferramenta na prática clínica. ABSTRACT High resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) is a new technology commercially available for less than 10 years that allows performing in vivo assessment of bone parameters. HR-pQCT assesses the trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, trabecular number and connectivity density and, in addition, cortical bone density and thickness and total bone volume and density in high-definition mode, which additionally allows obtaining digital constructs of bone microarchitecture. The application of mathematics to captured data, a method called finite element analysis (FEA), allows the estimation of the physical properties of the tissue, simulating supported loads in a non-invasive way. Thus, HR-pQCT simultaneously acquires data previously provided separately by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), magnetic resonance imaging and histomorphometry, aggregating biomechanical estimates previously only possible in extracted tissues. This method has a satisfactory reproducibility, with coefficients of variation rarely exceeding 3%. Regarding accuracy, the method shows a fair to good agreement (r2 = 0.37-0.97). The main clinical application of this method is in the quantification and monitoring of metabolic bone disorders, more fully evaluating bone strength and fracture risk. In rheumatoid arthritis patients, this allows gauging the number and size of erosions and cysts, in addition to joint space. In osteoarthritis, it is possible to characterize the bone marrow edema-like areas that show a correlation with cartilage breakdown. Given its high cost, HR-pQCT is still a research tool, but the high resolution and efficiency of this method reveal advantages over the methods currently used for bone assessment, with a potential to become an important tool in clinical practice.

ResumoA tomografia computadorizada quantitativa periférica de alta resolução (HR‐pQCT) é uma nova tecnologia disponível comercialmente há menos de 10 anos que permite a feitura de exames in vivo para a avaliação de parâmetros ósseos. A HR‐pQCT avalia a forma, o número, o volume, a densidade, a conectividade e a separação das trabéculas; a densidade e a espessura do osso cortical e o volume e a densidade total, em alta definição, o que permite a construção digital da microarquitetura óssea adicionalmente. A aplicação de cálculos matemáticos aos dados capturados, método denominado elemento finito (FE), permite a estimativa das propriedades físicas do tecido e simula cargas suportadas de forma não invasiva. Desse modo, a HR‐pQCT adquire simultaneamente dados antes fornecidos separadamente pela densitometria óssea, pela ressonância magnética e pela histomorfometria e agrega estimativas biomecânicas antes só possíveis em tecidos extraídos. A reprodutibilidade do método é satisfatória, com coeficientes de variação que raramente ultrapassam os 3%. Quanto à acurácia, os parâmetros apresentam de regular a boa concordância (r2 = 0,37‐0,97).A principal aplicação clínica é na quantificação e no monitoramento das doenças osteometabólicas, porque avalia de modo mais completo a resistência óssea e o risco de fratura. Na artrite reumatoide permite‐se a aferição do número e do tamanho das erosões e dos cistos, além do espaço articular. Na osteoartrite é possível caracterizar as áreas edema‐símile que guardam correlação com a degradação da cartilagem.Restritas ainda a um instrumento de pesquisa, dado o seu elevado custo, a alta resolução e a eficiência mostram‐se como vantagens em relação aos métodos atualmente usados para a avaliação óssea, com um potencial para tornar‐se uma importante ferramenta na prática clínica.AbstractHigh resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR‐pQCT) is a new technology commercially available for less than 10 years that allows performing in vivo assessment of bone parameters. HR‐pQCT assesses the trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, trabecular number and connectivity density and, in addition, cortical bone density and thickness and total bone volume and density in high‐definition mode, which additionally allows obtaining digital constructs of bone microarchitecture. The application of mathematics to captured data, a method called finite element analysis (FEA), allows the estimation of the physical properties of the tissue, simulating supported loads in a non‐invasive way. Thus, HR‐pQCT simultaneously acquires data previously provided separately by dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), magnetic resonance imaging and histomorphometry, aggregating biomechanical estimates previously only possible in extracted tissues. This method has a satisfactory reproducibility, with coefficients of variation rarely exceeding 3%. Regarding accuracy, the method shows a fair to good agreement (r2 = 0.37‐0.97).The main clinical application of this method is in the quantification and monitoring of metabolic bone disorders, more fully evaluating bone strength and fracture risk. In rheumatoid arthritis patients, this allows gauging the number and size of erosions and cysts, in addition to joint space. In osteoarthritis, it is possible to characterize the bone marrow edema‐like areas that show a correlation with cartilage breakdown.Given its high cost, HR‐pQCT is still a research tool, but the high resolution and efficiency of this method reveal advantages over the methods currently used for bone assessment, with a potential to become an important tool in clinical practice.

Technologies for active carbons obtaining from vegetable byproducts such as straw, nut shells, fruit stones, sawdust, hydrolysis products of corn cobs and sunfl ower husks have been developed. The physico-chemical characteristics, structural parameters and sorption characteristics of obtained active carbons were determined. The ability of carbonaceous adsorbents for detoxifi cation of soil against pesticides, purifi cation of surface waters and for removal of organic pollutants from wastewaters has been evaluated. The obtained results reveal the effectiveness of their use in a number of environmental technologies.

In industrial casting operations, the possibility of implantation of a diversity of operational conditions has as consequence the generation of a wide range of solidification structures, affecting the mechanical properties and the quality of the final product. Due to the importance of the study of thin slabs solidification, for this work is used a system that allows the physical simulation of initial stages of continuous casting of thin slabs for laboratory experiments under several solidification conditions. Experiments were carried out using Pb-2.5% Sb alloy that presents low melting temperature and characteristic structure. For the Pb-2.5% Sb alloy thin slabs were obtained in cooled mold without reduction and with 10 and 20 mm reductions. It was found that the degree of deformation applied tends to increase the equiaxed region by the breakage of the dendrites as well as the possibility of the formation of equiaxed dendritic structures. It was observed that the deformation of this alloy directly influences the secondary dendrite spacing, tending to decrease it.

Effects of randomness in fault rupture and in soil parameters (shear wave velocity and thickness of soil layers) and structural parameters of a R. C. portal frame ((shear stiffness and mass density) on the seismic response of the portal frame in the Delhi region has been studied. Bedrock outcrop ground motions have been generated for three earthquakes of magnitudes (MW of 7.5, 8.0 and 8.5) using stochastic finite fault model. One dimensional equivalent linear ground response analyses that takes into account the variations in soil parameters have been carried out at three typical sites. It is seen that randomness in fault rupture contributes predominantly to the variability in the response. It is further seen that the effect of randomness in soil and structural parameters on the seismic response may also be significant.

We develop a methodology to incorporate nonlocal optical response of the free electron gas due to quantum-interaction effects in metal components of periodic two-dimensional plasmonic crystals and study the impact of spatial dispersion on promising building blocks for photonic circuits. Within the framework of the hydrodynamic model, we observe significant changes with respect to the commonly employed local-response approximation, but also in comparison with homogeneous metal films where nonlocal effects have previously been considered. Notable are the emergence of a contribution from nonlocality at normal incidence and the surprisingly large structural parameters at which finite blueshifts are observable, which we attribute to diffraction that offers nonvanishing in-plane wave vector components and increases the penetration depth of longitudinal (nonlocal) modes.

Recently non-coding RNA (ncRNA) genes have been found to serve many important functions in the cell such as regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level. Potentially there are more ncRNA molecules yet to be found and their possible functions are to be revealed. The discovery of ncRNAs is a difficult task because they lack sequence indicators such as the start and stop codons displayed by protein-coding RNAs. Current methods utilize either sequence motifs or structural parameters to detect novel ncRNAs within genomes. Here, we present an ab initio ncRNA finder, named ncRNAscout, by utilizing both sequence motifs and structural parameters. Specifically, our method has three components: (i) a measure of the frequency of a sequence, (ii) a measure of the structural stability of a sequence contained in a t-score, and (iii) a measure of the frequency of certain patterns within a sequence that may indicate the presence of ncRNA. Experimental results show that, given a genome and a set of known ncRNAs, our method is able to accurately identify and locate a significant number of ncRNA sequences in the genome. The ncRNAscout tool is available for downloading at http://bioinformatics.njit.edu/ncRNAscout.

A novel High Temperature Superconductor Linear Induction Motor (HTS LIM) is researched in this paper. Since the critical current and the electromagnetic force of the motor are determined mainly by the primary slot leakage flux, the main magnetic flux and eddy current respectively, in order to research the influence of structural parameters and operating parameters on electromagnetic properties of HTS LIM, the motor was analyzed by 2D transient Finite Element Method (FEM). The properties of the motor, such as the maximum slot leakage flux density, motor thrust, motor vertical force and critical current are analyzed with different structural parameters and operating parameters. In addition, an experimental investigation was carried out on prototype HTS motor. Electrical parameters were deduced from these tests and also compared with the analysis results from FEM. AC losses of one HTS coil in the motor were measured and AC losses of all HTS coils in HTS LIM were estimated. The results in this paper could provide reference for the design and research on the HTS LIM.

Over the last four decades, a large number of structural models have been developed to estimate and price credit risk. The focus of the paper is on a neglected issue pertaining to fundamental shifts in the structural parameters governing default. We propose formal quality control procedures that allow risk managers to monitor fundamental shifts in the structural parameters of credit risk models. The procedures are sequential - hence apply in real time. The basic ingredients are the key processes used in credit risk analysis, such as most prominently the Merton distance to default process as well as financial returns. Moreover, while we propose different monitoring processes, we also show that one particular process is optimal in terms of minimal detection time of a break in the drift process and relates to the Radon-Nikodym derivative for a change of measure. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 146 364 375 364-375

A Multidisciplinary design optimization of a smart tensegrity structure using genetic algorithm is considered as a mixed discrete-continuous objective programing problem. Robust H2 and H∞ controller norms are considered as the objective. Performance of the H 2 and H∞ controllers for vibration control of the tensegrity structures are compared. A nested optimization strategy is used. The optimal gain matrix of the controller and estimator is found by solution of the corresponding Ricatti equations in the inner iteration as the first step. The optimal structural parameters are found in the outer iteration as the next step. Design variables include twist angle and the locations of the actuator, which are either discrete or continuous. The force generated by the electro-mechanical coupling of the piezoelectric actuator is used in the formulation. The tensegrity structure of class 1, comprising of two modules with piezoelectric actuators, is optimized.